EXAMPLE 5.6. A 660 V, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor draws 50 kW at power factor 0.8 lagging. Find the new current and power factor when the back emf. increases by 50%. The machine has synchronous reactance of 3 Q and effective resistance is negligible, ie Sotution. P39 = 3 Vr i, cos 50 x 10° = V3 x 660 I, x 0.8 50 x10" =e x 6a nde 7 O87 A Vy= ae =P =381v Z,= Ry +jX,=0+j3=3/90°Q Let V, be taken as reference phasor. V,=V, 20° =381 20° =381+j0V 1,=1, 2-$=1, Z—cos ‘0.8 = 54.67 /— 36.87° A Ey =V,-1,Z, = 381 + j0 — (54.67 , - 36.87°) (3 90°) = 381 — (54.67 x 3) / 90° - 36.87° = 381 — 164.01 / 53.13° = 381 — (98.4 + j131.2) = 282.6 — j131.2 = 311.57 ;—24.9°V When the e.m.f. is increased by 50%, the new value of e.m.f. will be Ey = 1.5 x 311.57 = 467.36 V Since Er 2 V,, the power factor is leading. P39= BV, I cos >; 50 x 10° = 18 x 6601, cos $4 I,cos = Saxe =43.74A—— = MA — wens power factor, when R, = 0, _ For EP = (Vy +h, Xe sin Oy) + (L, X, C08 4) "1 E = (1, X_ c08 oy = (V,+ I, X, sin 4) nw E,?=(,,c08 6) Xe ~ Vy 1, sind, = : x, 1 467.362 — 2 al 467.36" = (3 x 43.74)" - 381] = 22524 For leading power factor i=l, 201= he cos >) +) I, sin >, = 43.74 + j22.52 = 49.2 /27.242° A New power factor cos $, = cos 27.242° = 0.8890 (leading) New current 1, =49.2A— EXAMPLE 5.8.-A 6600 V, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor draws a i-load current of 80 A at 0.8 p.f. leading. The armature resistance is 2.2 and synchro- s reactance 22 Q per phase. If the stray losses of the machine are 3200 W, determine : (a) the emf. induced ; (b) the output power ; (c) the efficiency. = 6600 ar: sowuTion. V,= "7 =38106 v T,=80A, cos$=08, sino=06 R,=229, X,=229 For leading power factor E,=(V,—1,R, cos > + 1,X, sin ¢) —j (I,X, cos 6+ [,R, sin 4) = (3810.6 — 802.2 x 0.8 + 80 x 22 x 0.6) — j (80 x 22 k 0.8 +.80 x 2.2 x 0.6) = 4725.8 — j 1513.6 = 4962 | - 17.76°.V Induced line emf. = V3 x 4962 = 8594 V Power input =Y3 V, I, cos 6 = V3 x 6600 x 80 x 0.8 = 731618 W Total copper loss =31?R,=3x80?x 2.2 = 42240 W Stray loss = 3200 W Power output = power input — copper losses ~ stray loss = 731618 — 42240 — 3200 = 686178 W - _ output _ 686178 _ Efficiency = "input ~ 731618 0.9379 p.u.EXAMPLE 5.11. A 400 V, 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz, star-connecteq synchro has a resistance and synchronous impedance of 0.5 Q and 4Q per phase a MOUS roy takes a current of 15 A at unity power factor when operating with a certain fil lian’ It If the load torque is increased until the line current is increased to 60 A, the fia remaining unchanged, calculate the gross torque developed and the new ote factoy y. ent, SOLUTION. V= a =231V R,=05Q, Z,=4Q, X,=V4-0.5? =3,9689. (i ave ie.,coso=1, sing=0 V—-TRa— jy X, = 231-15 x 0.5 -j15 x 3.968 = 223.5 — j59.52 = 231.29 /-14.9° V With the increased load torque, the field c t i wit remains ees ‘urrent remains the same and srerefo For lagging power factor cos , EP =(Vcos $+1,R,)? +(V sin +1, X)? =V?+(I,Z,)?-2V I, Z,cos (0-4) (231.29)? = 231? + (60 x 4)?-2 x 231 x 60x 4 cos (8 — 4) 2 2 2 — 4) = 231 + 60 x 4)? - (231.29) cos (8 - $) = XA)" = (231.29)" _ 0.51827 = cos 58.78° 2x231x60x4 @— =58.78° = @ — 58.78° = 82.82° — 58.78° = 24.04° New power factor cos = cos 24.04° = 0.9133 (lag) Motor input P;= V3 V, I, cos ¢ = V3 x 400 x 60 x 0.9133 = 37965 W Total armature copper loss =312 R,=3x (60) x 0.5 = 5400 W Electrical power converted into mechanical power, P,, = P;~3 17 Ry = 37965 — 5400 = 32565 W Synchronous speed N,= 120f _ 120%50 =1000r.p.m. 2nn,T =P Ta bm = 3256560 _ 51907 Nm 2nn, 2x 1000EXAMPLE 3.21. A 400 V, 50 Hz, delta-connected alternator has a direct... reactance of 0.1.9 and a quadrature-axis reactance of 0.07 2 per phase. The armatye resistance is negligible. The alternator is supplying 1000 A at 0.8 lagging pf. a (a) Find the excitation emf neglecting saliency and assuming X,= X, (b) Find the excitation emf taking into account the saliency. SOLUTION. X, =0.1.Q, X, = 0.07 2 Line voltage V, = 400 V For delta-connected alternator, phase voltage = line voltage . V,=400V 1 7 For delta connection phase current = 7 * line current 1, = px 1000 =577.4 A Taking V, as reference phasor. V,=V, 10° = 400 /0° V=400+j0 I, =577.4/-cos"'08 =577.4/-36.9° A(a) Saliency neglected Ey = Vp +1, Z, HV taj X= Vpt jl Xp = 400 + (1 90°) (577.4 |- 36.99) x 0.1 = 400 + 57.74 / 90° — 36.9° = 400 + 57.74 /53.1° = 400 + 34.7 + j 46.2 = 437.15 | 6.07° V Ep. = Eg = 437.15 V (b) Saliency taken into account Since is taken positive for lagging pf, $=+ cos” 10.8 =36.9° From Eq. (3.39.16) V, sin d+ X, | eo q7a aa V,coso+R, I, If the armature resistance is neglected, R, =0. _V,sino+ Xl, ne V, cos > 400 x 0.6 + 0.07 x 577.4 =e iy 400 x 08 es w=41.2° . 8=y-o=41.2° - 36.9° =4.3° l=], sin w=5774 sin 41.2° = 380.3 A Eg =V,cos 8+ Xala = 400 cos 4.3° + 0.1 x 380.3 = 436.9 V Eg = Ep = 436.9 Va —-—— : AMPLE 3.41. A 3 MVA, 6-pole alternator runs at 1000 . : cpchnes on 3.3 kV busbars. The synchronous reactance pclae Peau ( es ' is 25 percent. Cal om pentizinng, pOCer per mechanical degree of rotor rien ae no Gane ie a sponding synchronizing torque. and the a SOLUTION. On no-load c= V S=\3V, I, S 3x 10° ie ee SXd0n “BV, Bx3axi0 4 33x 10° V,= c p= fe = 1905 V 52 25. Xe Xsqu= 9p 0-25 pu p V, _ 0.25 x 1905 a 2p Leo eA 000) Xea= Xe T, 524.86 One Synchronizing power per mechanical degree (Ve 8 P= P-( cos & 180 Xs Atno load, 8=0, E=V, Also P=6, 3 nm _ 31905? EVE eg ye BE = 31905" Py=x, *1* 1807 0.9075 = 628149 W = 628.149 kW Psyn_ _ 628149 _ 5998.4 Nm Ton = sn ans nxEXAMPLE 3.34. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator with R=0.4.Q and x 6 per phase delivers 300 A at power factor 0.8 to constant frequency 10 kV busbars, ie steam supply is unchanged, find the percentage change in the induced emf necessary raise the power factor to unity. Ignore the change in losses. 6 SoLuTIon. E,=V,+1,, Z, = 1909 4. (300 p=cos"! 0.8) (0.4 +76) = 5773.6 + (300 / — 36.87°) (6.01 / 86.18°) = 5773.6 + 1803 /49.31° = 5773.6 + 1175 + j 1367 = 6948.6 + j 1367 = 7081.8 / 11.12° V As the output is constant and the current is at unity power factor T,, COS $4 = ly, COS $2 300x0.8=1, x1, 1,,=240 AE,=V,+ I, Z, = 5773.6 + (240 /.0°) (6.01 /86.18°) = 5773.6 + 1442.4 | 86.18° =5773.6 + 96.1 +] 1439.2 = 5869.7 + 1439.2 = 6043.6 /13.77° V Percentage change in excitation Eo Er" =P, 100 E, 7081.8 — 6043.6 _ See = ES = 14.66% TORR % 100 = 14.66%Chapter 11, Problem 90. * ed A 2000-kW turbine-generator of 0.85 power factor operates at the rated load. An additional load of 300 kW at 0.8 power factor is added. What kVAR of capacitors is required to operate the turbine-generator but keep it from being overloaded? * An asterisk indicates a challenging problem. Chapter 11, Solution 90 Original load : P,=2000kW, cos, =0.85 —> 6,= P $,=—L = 2352.94 kVA £050, Q =S,sin®, = 1239.5 KVAR Additional load : P; = 300kW, 030, =08 —> 0, =36.87° P, S2= S56, B7SKVA Q, =S; sin@, = 225 kVAR Total load : S=S, +S. =(P, +P,)+ j(Q +Q.)=P+jQ P= 2000 + 300 = 2300 kW Q=1239.5 +225= 1464.5 kVAR The minimum operating pf for a 2300 kW load and not exceeding the kVA rating of the generator is P2300 COs, 2352.94 or @=12.177° The maximum load kVAR for this condition is Qq, = §; sin = 2352.94 sin(12.1779) Q,, = 496.313 KVAR The capacitor must supply the difference between the total load KVAR (ic. Q) and the permissible generator kVAR (i.e. Q,,). Thus, Q, = Q-Q,, = 968.2kKVAR§6 A 750 RW, 11 RV, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 35 Q phase and negligible resistance. Determine the excitation emf per phase when the motor is operating on full-load at 0.8 pf leading. Its efficiency under this condition is 93%. Solution n= 093 Input = ay = 806.45 kW 806.45 V3 x11x0.8 _ 11,000 76 Ey= v, ~jlas E,= 6.351 ~ j 52.908 + j 0.6) x 35 = 7,462 - j 1,481 607.5 Vor 13.18 kV (line) = 52.9 A, 0.8 pf leading = 6351 V or E;EXAMPLE 3.2. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 8-pole alternator has a star-connected windir with 120 slots and 8 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb, inusoidall all distributed. Determine the phase and line voltages. eer SOLUTION. Let us take the full-pitch coil. @=0°, k,=c0s 0/2 =cos0°=1 m=—_tlots__ 120 poles x phases 8x3 p=180°x poles _ 180°x8 _ 50 slots 120 sin™® gin SHIP - 2 2 y= = =0.9567 msin® 5 sin az Total number of conductors = conductor per slot x number of slots =8x120=960 Conductors per phase, Z, = 22° = 329 Generated voltage per phase "ER 222 kk f OZ, = 2.22 x 1 x 0.9567 x 50 x 0.05 x 320 = 1699 V Generated line voltage E, = V3E, =\3 x 1699 = 2942.8 Veel > Example 3.7: 7 7: An alternator has a di tance of 0-7 Per uni rect axis synchronous rene as axis synchronous reactance of 04 per unit. ft le weet ‘supply full load tage at 0.8 pf. Find the total induced e.m,f. on open circuit Aution : The given values are, Xy = 07 pu, Xq= 04 pur Let rated terminal voltage be 1 pu and full load a R, = 0s not given Visin+l,Xq _ 1%06+1%08 cet = Now tan = Ycos orl, Ra 7x08+0 w = 513" b= 0 = 51.34 - 36.86 = 14.48 k= J, sin y = 1% sin 51.34 = 0.7808 Now wo Wom 8+ 1g Xs + igBy = 1x ee MSs OTM” " 1.5148 pu— , Examp! voltage hronous reac percentage tion = R Ve cos tan y % Reg Examet. . —— Je 3.21: A 3 phase, 25 MVA, 13.8 kV alternator delivers rated load at rated nd 0.8 pf. lagging. The values of armature resistance, direct and quadrature axes tances are 0.15 Q, 7.6 Q and 4.5 Q per phase respectively. Compute regulation of the machine. 0.15 Q, Xq =7.6Q, V, = 13.8 kV, X_=452 Vi _ 13.8x 10% = SSA = 7967. Br 4 67.43 V 0.8, sing=0.6 hence 6 = 36.86° V; cosh +1, Xq V, sino+1,R, 2! 6 VAR 2 OE 104592140 V3V, 3138x109 (7967.43)(0.8) + (1045.92)(4.5) (7967.43)(0.6)(1045.92)(0.15) 6373.944 + 4706.65 _ 2.24 4780.458+156.88 ~~ 65.94° W— $= 65.94°-36.86° = 29.08° I, sin = (1048.92) (sin 65.94)= 955.04 A I, cosy = (1045.92)(cos 65.94) = 426.41 A V, cos8+1gXq +14Ra (7967.43) (cos 29.08°) + (955.04) (7.6) + (426.41)(0.15) 6963.07 + 7258.30 + 63.96 = 14285.331 V 14285,.331—7967.43 a % 100 = ——“Feegag —_* 100 = 79.29 %. E, Ve soak. aE aa Pine etn339: The effective resistance of a 2200 V, " 7, 50 Hz, » 7 i 0.5 ©. On short circuit, a field current of 4 A sive: fn ea fing. open circuit for the same field current is 1160 V. Find ree bs 6 us reactance and % regulation of 0.6 pf. lagging. ‘ SEE .5Q, Single phase = 2200 V, 440 KVA, Ry ution Note : As alternator is single phase, all values are per phase values. VA = VI, ie. 440x103 = 22001, I, = 20A » Full load curren Voc = 1160V, Inge=200A, I= 4A ¥. 1166) Z, = | = 35 = 582 Tacleamey 20h, =4a xX, = (22-R? =/68)?-05)* =5.782 cos 6 = 0.6 lagging, sing= 0.8 ER, = (Veoso+1,R,)? + (V sine+ 1%)? = (220006 + 200x 0.5)? + (2200 08+ 200% 578)" En = 3243.01146 V Ey -V 0114-2200 499 = 47.409 % wr = PAY ¥100= 2Bim> Example 5.11: An induction motor, driving @ load, takes 350 kW at 0; ‘An over excited synchronous motor is then connected in parallel with the j taking power of 190 kW. If the overall pf. af the two motors combined is to bg calculate KVA rating of synchronous motor, ST EE TE Pao Solution : Let induction motor be load 1 » P, = 350kW cos 64= 0.707 lagging The power triangle for the load 1 is shown in the Fig. 5.48. tan, = 1-% . 350 = Q, = 350kVAR _... reactive power Let synchronous motor used is load 2. 7 P, = 190 kW Hence total active power absorbed by both the loads is, Py = P, +P; = 350 + 190 = 540 kW Pr The resultant power triangle is shown in the Fig. 5.49. me cos ¢7 = 0.9 lagging Sy or = 25.84° yr = 25: -_& Fig. 5.49 patie ps Q 0.484 = <2 540 Qr = 261.534 kVAR «.. total reactive p om Or = 2+ where = i: Q = Reactive power supplied by synchronous motor s 261.534 = 350 +Q, 2 Q = - 88.46 kVARThus for synchronous motor, 190 kW and Q, = 88.46 kVAR leading P, = V@)P?+Q)? = (190)? + (88. 46)? kVA rating = 209.58 kVA "yy EXAMPLE 3.14. A 550 V, 55 kVA, single-phase alternator has an fective fees M1 Short ee of 0.2.Q. A field current of 10 A produces an armature current of 200 A oj and an emf of 450 V on open circuit. Calculate the synchronous reactance ay, id et Gi fi ‘Re regulation at full load with power factor 0.8 lagging. SOLUTION. S,4= VI, 55 x 10° = 550 I, 55x 10° =e A = eq 7 100 cos 6 = 0.8, sin $= 0.6 Synchronous impedance = —open-circuit phase voltage Z.= a * short-circuit armature current won = 999 = 2-252 “Synchronous reactance X, = VZ2—R? = V(2.25""— 0.2) =2.24.2 Generated armature voltage per phase for lagging pf E,=V(V cos +1, R)"+ (Vin 6+ 1, Xr = V(@50x 0.8 + 1000.2)" + (650 x 0.6 + 100 x 224" = V460" + 5547 = 720 V Voltage regulation E,-V 720 - 550 =Ty *100= 350 x 100 = 30.91% Alternative method of calculating E, Let V be taken as reference phasor. V=V/0° =550/0°=550+j0V For lagging pf cos I, =, (= 9° = I, (~ cos”! 0.8° = 100 /- 36.87° A Z,=R,+jX,=0.2+ 2.24 = 2.25 /84.9° 2 E,=V+1,Z, : = 550 + j 0+ (100 / - 36.87”) (2.25 / 84.9°) = 550 + 225 /48,03° = 550 + 150.47 +7 167.3 = 720/13.4° Vin nee EXAMPLE 3.41. A 3 MVA, 6-pole alternator runs at 1000 F. ’ ; p.m. in parallel with other machines on 3.3 kV busbars. The synchronous reactance is 25 percent. Calculate the gynchironizing power per mechanical degree of rotor displacement at no load and the corresponding, synchronizing torque. SOLUTION. On no-load E,= V s=BV,1, Ss 3x 10° l= Wey —; = 524.86 A «BV, V3 x33 10" 33x10" V)= ye = 1905 V I, X, 25 Xen = yee Xepu = 799 7 O25 PU P 0.25 x 1905 524.86 Synchronizing power per mechanical degree 3V,E Py= ex my Vis V, Xe epue% p= = 0.9075 Q a x 180 Atno load, 8=0, Ey=Vp Also P=6, pob=8=3 3V; 3x 1905? 3% eee gy pr _3xtMy y= Py = 1% 769 7" 0.9075. * 180 = 628149 W = 628.149 kW ts Pom 628149 _ e i Toy i = 000 5998.4 Nmchronous impedance per phase is (0.2 + j2) Q. 400 SovwTion. §—V,="Jy-=231V cos ¢=0.9, sin = 0.4359 R,=029, X,=20 Current at 0.9 power factor 1,= 25 = 26.66 A For leading power factor E,= (Vp —InR, cos $+ I,X, sin 9) — j (I, X,cos +I, R, sin 4) = (231 — 26.66 x 0.2 x 0.9 + 26.66 x 2x 0.4359) —j (26.66 x2 x 0.9 + 26.66 x 0.2 x 0.4359) = 249.44 — j50.31 = 254.46 i-11.4°V Induced line emf. = V3 x 254.46 = 440.7V 2 24 c Total copper loss =31?R,=3 “(5 x 0.2 = 426.67 W Input power P)= V3 VI, cos 6 = V3 x 400 x 24. x 0.9 = 16627.68 W 09 Mechanical power developed = input power — copper loss = 16627.68 — 426.67 = 16201 W = 16.201 kWEXAMPLE 8.10. The synchronous reactance per phase of a 3 ~%, 6600 V synchronous motor is 20 Q. For a certain load the input is 909 Star-con, ana ear RW at nated voltage and the induced line emf is 8500 V. Determine the line current an Nom d 1a Power facto SOLUTION. V,=6600V, V= oe = 3810.5 V X,=200, R,=0, Z,=/X, Input P, =N3 Vi 1, cos > 900 x 10° = V3 x 6600 I, cos @ 3 1, cos = ON = 78.73. A Line induced emf En =8500 V Phase induced emf E,= 292 = 49075v ar oe Since E, > V,, the power factor is leading B=V,-1,Z, =(V+}0)- (I, 29) (20 90°) = V- 201, 90° + = V~ 20], [cos (90° + ) +] sin (90° +4)} =V-20], [-sin 6+; cos 9] E,=(V + 20 I, sin 9) - j (20 I; cos ¢) E/ =(V +201, sin $y + (20 I, cos 4)" (4907.5)? = (3810.5 + 20 I, sin 4)? + (20 x 78.732 (3810.5 + 20 J, sin ¢) = V(4907.5)? — (20 x 78.73)? = 4648 4648 - 3810. 1, SiO = cee 105 _ 41.876A I, = |, cos $ + jl, sind = 78.73 + j41.876 = 89.17 / 28° A ~ 0S = cos 28° = 0.8829 (lead) 1,=89.17 A