Unit 2

Input Device & Output Device

Prepared by,
Prof. Karuna Patel
Input Device

An INPUT DEVICE
lets you TALK TO the
computer
Parts of a Computer
Input Devices

Mouse

Keyboard

Microphone

Scanner

Webcam
Some of the Input Devices
Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer:

◦ Keyboard

◦ Mouse

◦ Joy Stick

◦ Light pen

◦ Track Ball

◦ Scanner

◦ Graphic Tablet

◦ Microphone

◦ Magnetic Ink Card Recognition(MICR)

◦ Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Input devices mentioned in your syllabus
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanners

Extra input devices I have mentioned in the slides for your knowledge
purpose
Keyboards
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps
in inputting data to the computer.
The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although
there are some additional keys provided for performing additional
functions.
Keyboards
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards
with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows:

Sr.No Keys Description

1 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9)
which generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
Sr.N Keys Description
o

2 Numeric It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it

Keypad consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same
configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.

3 Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are
arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key
has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

4 Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End,
Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

5 Special Purpose Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
Keys Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Keyboard - Eg
Mouse
Mouse is most popular pointing device.
It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with
a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends
corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Mouse
Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is
present between the buttons.
Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot
be used to enter text into the computer
Mouse
Advantages
◦ Easy to use
◦ Not very expensive
◦ Moves the cursor faster
than the arrow keys of
keyboard.
Actions Performed By Pointer Device
The action performed using pointer device is Pointing,
Clicking, and Double clicking, And Dragging.
Pointing: Moving mouse pointer on desired location or
item is known as pointing.
Clicking: The action of pressing any button of the
mouse and releasing it is known as Clicking. To select
an item we click the left button once, while to display
the short cut menus of Windows XP we click the right
button once.
Actions Performed By Pointer Device

Double clicking: The action of pressing the left mouse

button twice in quick succession known as Double
clicking.
Dragging: Moving of mouse while keeping the left
button pressed is called Dragging. It is used to move to
an item from one position to other on the desktop.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move
cursor position on a monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and
upper ends.
The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Joystick
The function of joystick is
similar to that of a mouse.
It is mainly used in
Computer Aided
Designing(CAD) and
playing computer games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a computer input device that looks like a pen.
The tip of light pen contains a light sensitive detector that enables the user
to point to or select objects on the display screen.
Its light sensitive tip detects the object location and sends the corresponding
signals to the CPU.
It also helps you draw on the screen if needed.
Light Pen
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and pen
button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location
and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
Light Pen
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook
or laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers
on ball, pointer can be moved.
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires
less space than a mouse.
A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button
and a square.
Track Ball
Scanner
Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine.
It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be
transferred to the hard disc of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the
digital form that can be stored on the disc.
These images can be edited before they are printed.
Scanner
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form.
Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of
numbers that could be stored in a computer.
They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had
been pointed at.
Digitizer
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it converts
graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs.
A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing and
image manipulation applications.
Digitizer
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital
form.
The microphone is used for various applications like adding sound to a
multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
Microphone
Digital Cameras
A digital camera lets you capture pictures and videos
in a digital format.

By connecting the camera to your computer's USB port,

you can transfer the images from the camera to the
computer.
Web Cameras
A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that can
record videos and take pictures.
It can also transmit video over the Internet in real time, which allows
for video chat or video conferencing with someone else.
Many webcams also include a microphone for this reason.
Other Input Devices
Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
Optical Character Reader(OCR)
Bar Code Readers
Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Optical character recognition
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans text
optically character by character, converts them into a machine readable
code and stores the text on the system memory.
Optical Mark Recognition
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of
mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few
alternatives is to be selected and marked.
It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations
having multiple choice questions.
Magnetic ink character recognition
MICR input device is generally used in banks because of a large number
of cheques to be processed every day.
The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques
with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that
are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error
prone.
Bar code reader
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in
form of light and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books
etc. It may be a hand held scanner or may be embedded in a stationary
scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an
alphanumeric value which is then fed to the computer to which bar code
reader is connected.
Output Device

An OUTPUT DEVICE
lets the computer TALK
TO you
Parts of a Computer
Output Devices
Monitor

Printer

Speaker/Headphone
Output Device - Monitors
The monitor is the most common output device. It displays information in a pictorial form or
commonly referred to as pixels.

More the number of pixels, the better is the picture clarity and sharpness. It includes a screen,
circuitry, and the box, in which the circuit is enclosed. The user can view the processed data on the
screen.

It is the main output device that displays the processed data or information as text, images, audio
or video.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

◦ Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

◦ Flat- Panel Display

 40

CRT Monitor

CRT monitors are based on the cathode

ray tubes. They are like vacuum tubes
which produce images in the form of
video signals.
Cathode rays tube produces a beam of
electrons through electron guns that
strike on the inner phosphorescent
surface of the screen to produce images
on the screen.
The monitor contains millions of
phosphorus dots of red, green and blue
color.
The main components of a CRT monitor include the
electron gun assembly, deflection plate assembly,
fluorescent screen, glass envelope, and base.
The front (outer surface) of the screen onto which
images are produced is called the face plate. It is made
up of fiber optics.
There are three electron beams that strike the screen:
red, green, and blue. So, the colors which you see on
the screen are the blends of red, blue and green lights.
The magnetic field guides the beams of electrons.
Although LCDs have replaced the CRT monitors, the
CRT monitors are still used by graphics professionals
because of their color quality.

41
LCD Monitor
The LCD monitor is a flat panel screen that is
compact and light-weight as compared to CRT
monitors.

It is based on liquid crystal display technology

which is used in the screens of laptops, tablets, smart
phones, etc.

An LCD screen comprises two layers of polarized

glass with a liquid crystal solution between them.

When the light passes through the first layer, an

electric current aligns the liquids crystals. The
aligned liquid crystals allow a varying level of light
to pass through the second layer to create images on
the screen.

42
The LCD screen has a matrix of pixels that display the image on the screen.

Old LCDs had passive-matrix screens in which individual pixels are controlled by sending a charge. A
few electrical charges could be sent each second that made screens appear blurry when the images
moved quickly on the screen.

Modern LCDs use active-matrix technology and contain thin film transistors (TFTs) with capacitors.

This technology allows pixels to retain their charge. So, they don’t make screen blurry when images
move fast on the screen as well as are more efficient than passive-matrix displays.

43
LED monitor
The LED monitor is an improved version of an
LCD monitor.
It also has a flat panel display and uses liquid
crystal display technology like the LCD monitors.
The difference between them lies in the source of
light to backlight the display.
The LED monitor has many LED panels, and
each panel has several LEDsto backlight the
display, whereas the LCD monitors use cold
cathode fluorescent light to backlight the display.
Modern electronic devices such as mobile
phones, LED TVs, laptop and computer screens,
etc., use a LED display as it not only produces
more brilliance and greater light intensity but also
consumes less power.

44
Plasma Monitor
The plasma monitor is also a flat panel display that is based
on plasma display technology.
It has small tiny cells between two glass panels. These cells
contain mixtures of noble gases and a small amount of
mercury.
When voltage is applied, the gas in the cells turns into a
plasma and emits ultraviolet light that creates images on the
screen, i.e., the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of plasma,
a charged gas.
Plasma displays are brighter than liquid crystal displays
(LCD) and also offer a wide viewing angle than an LCD.
Plasma monitors provide high resolutions of up to 1920 X
1080, excellent contrast ratios, wide viewing angle, a high
refresh rate and more. Thus, they offer a unique viewing
experience while watching action movies, sports games, and
more.

45
Output Device - Printers
A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It enables the user, to print images,
text or any other information onto the paper.
Based on the printing mechanism, the printers are of two types: Impact Printers and
Non-impact Printers.
Impact Printers: They are of two types:
◦ Character Printers
● Dot Matrix printers
● Daisy Wheel printers
◦ Line printers
● Drum printers
● Chain printers
Non-impact printers: They are of two types:
◦ Laser printers
◦ Inkjet printers
Classification/types of Printers

Printers

Non-Impact
Impact Printers
Printers

Characters
Line Printer Laser Printer
Printer

Dot Matrix
Daisy Printer Drum Printer Chain Printer Inkjet Printers
Printer
Impact Printer
The impact printer uses a hammer or print head to print the character or
images onto the paper. The hammer or print head strikes or presses an ink
ribbon against the paper to print characters and images.

Impact printers are further divided into two types.

Character Printers
Line printers
A) Character Printers

Character printer prints a single character at a time or with a single stroke

of the print head or hammer.
It does not print one line at a time.
Today, these printers are not in much use due to their low speed and
because only the text can be printed.
The character printers are of two types,
Dot Matrix printer and
Daisy Wheel printer
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
Dot Matrix Printer is an impact printer. The characters and images printed by
it are the patterns of dots.
These patterns are produced by striking the ink soaked ribbon against the
paper with a print head.
The print head contains pins that produce a pattern of dots on the paper to
form the individual characters.
The print head of a 24 pin dot matrix contains more pins than a 9 pin dot
matrix printer, so it produces more dots which results in better printing of
characters.
To produce color output, the black ribbon can be changed with color stripes.
The speed of Dot Matrix printers is around 200-500 characters per second.
Daisy Wheel Printer
Daisy Wheel Printer was invented by David S. Lee at Diablo Data
Systems.
It consists of a wheel or disk that has spokes or extensions and looks like a
daisy, so it is named Daisy Wheel printer.
At the end of extensions, molded metal characters are mounted.
To print a character the printer rotates the wheel, and when the desired
character is on the print location the hammer hits disk and the extension
hits the ink ribbon against the paper to create the impression.
It cannot be used to print graphics and is often noisy and slow, i.e., the
speed is very low around 25-50 characters per second. Due to these
drawbacks these printers have become obsolete.
B) Line Printers
Line printer, which is also as a bar printer, prints one line at a time.
It is a high-speed impact printer as it can print 500 to 3000 lines per minute.
Drum printer and chain printer are examples of line printers.
Drum Printer
Drum printer is a line printer that is made of a rotating drum to print
characters.
The drum has circular bands of characters on its surface.
It has a separate hammer for each band of characters.
When you print, the drum rotates, and when the desired character comes
under the hammer, the hammer strikes the ink ribbon against the paper to
print characters.
The drum rotates at a very high speed and characters are printed by
activating the appropriate hammers. Although all the characters are not
printed at a time, they are printed at a very high speed.
Furthermore, it can print only a predefined style as it has a specific set of
characters. These printers are known to be very noisy due to the use of
hammering techniques.
CHAIN PRINTER
Chain printer is a line printer that uses a rotating
chain to print characters.
The characters are embossed on the surface of the
chain.
The chain rotates horizontally around a set of
hammers, for each print location one hammer is
provided, i.e., the total number of hammers is equal
to the total number of print positions.
The chain rotates at a very high speed and when the
desired character comes at the print location, the
corresponding hammer strikes the page against the
ribbon and character on the chain.
They can type 500 to 3000 lines per minute. They are
also noisy due to the hammering action.
Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers don't print characters or images by striking a print head or
hammer on the ink ribbon placed against the paper.
They print characters and images without direct physical contact between the
paper and the printing machinery.
These printers can print a complete page at a time, so they are also known as page
printers.
The common types of non-impact printers are Laser printer and Inkjet printer.
Laser Printers
A laser printer is a non-impact printer that uses a laser beam to print the
characters.
The laser beam hits the drum, which is a photoreceptor and draws the
image on the drum by altering electrical charges on the drum.
The drum then rolls in toner, and the charged image on the drum picks the
toner.
The toner is then printed on the paper using heat and pressure. Once the
document is printed, the drum loses the electric charge and the remaining
toner is collected.
The laser printers use powdered toner for printing instead of liquid ink and
produce quality print objects with a resolution of 600 dots per inch (dpi) or
more.
Inkjet Printers
The inkjet printer is a non-impact printer that prints images and
characters by spraying fine,ionized drops of ink.
The print head has tiny nozzles to spray the ink. The printer
head moves back and forth and sprays ionized drops of ink on
the paper, which is fed through the printer.
These drops pass through an electric field that guides the ink
onto the paper to print correct images and characters.
An inkjet printer has cartridges that contain ink.
Modern inkjet printers are color printers that have four
cartridges containing different colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow,
and Black.
It is capable of printing high-quality images with different
colors. It can produce print objects with a resolution of at least
300 dots per inch (dpi).
Inkjet Printers
ADVANTAGES
◦ High quality printing
◦ More reliable

DISADVANTAGES
◦ Expensive as cost per page is high
◦ Slow as compared to laser printer
Inkjet Printers
Modems
The modem is an input and an output device.
It is used for sending and receiving information and data over telephone
lines.
There are at least two ways that can be used to represent data and
information electronically.
One way is digital and another way is analogue.

Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information

transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog
waves.
Modem
Modulator – Demodulator
A network hardware device that modulates one or more
carrier wave signals to encode digital information for
transmission and demodulates signal to decode the
transmitted information
Modem enables a computer to transfer data over the
telephone cable lines
Modem
Modulate – process of converting binary information into analog signals
Demodulate – process of converting analog signals back to binary
information
Basic Types of Modem
Onboard – Built on computer motherboard. Cannot be
removed but can be disabled
Modem
The CPU

The CPU
(Central Processing Unit) is
the brain of a computer – it
tells the other parts what to
do
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU consists of the following features:
◦ CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

◦ CPU performs all types of data processing operations.

◦ It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).

◦ It controls the operation of all parts of computer.

Computer - CPU(Central Processing Unit)
CPU itself has
following three
components.
◦ Memory or Storage Unit
◦ Control Unit
◦ ALU(Arithmetic Logic
Unit)
Memory Unit or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results.
This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed.
It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access
memory(RAM).
Its size affects speed, power and capability.

Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer.
Memory Unit or Storage Unit
Functions of memory unit are:
◦ It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
◦ It stores intermediate results of processing.
◦ It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
◦ All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.
MEMORY
Memory is the essential part of the computer.
It is used to store data and instructions, which are required by the CPU
for processing
Computer memory can be classified into different types
◦ Primary Memory
● RAM
● ROM
◦ Registers
◦ Cache Memory
◦ Secondary Memory
● Floppy Disk
● Hard Disk
● Compact Disc (CD)
● Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
● Flash Drive – means pen drive or USB Drive
● Zip Drive – similar to portable disks
● Blu-Ray Disc – similar to CD and DVD but can store upto 25GB of data
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry
out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are:
◦ It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units
of a computer.
◦ It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
Control Unit
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results
from storage.
It does not process or store data.
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely
Arithmetic section
◦ Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making
repetitive use of above operations.

Logic Section
◦ Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching and merging of data.
 Introduction of Hardware and Software

Hardware:
A computer system consists of hardware, the electronic devices that are capable of
computing and manipulating information.
This is also sometime called the machinery or the equipment of the computer.
Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and
the central processing unit.
However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not an external
element of the computer, but rather an internal one, surrounded by the computer's casing
(tower).
A computer's hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the most important
of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of even more parts that power
and control the computer.
Software:
Software is a set of instructions that carries out predefined tasks to complete a given job.
As we know, a computer cannot think or perform on its own. It performs operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division only when the user instructs it to do so.
The user issues instructions and the CPU acts in accordance with the instructions. The sets of
instructions, which control the sequence of operations, are known as programs, and collectively
programs are called software. software systems into two major classes:

System software: Helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself. System software
includes operating systems, device drivers, and more. System software is almost always
pre-installed on your computer.

Application software: Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It includes word processing,
web browsing and almost any other task for which you might install software. (Some application
software is pre-installed on most computer systems.)
 System Software
The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by
computer manufactures.
These software comprise of programs written in low level languages which interact with the
hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between hardware
and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, and
Assemblers etc.
Features of System Software are following
Close to system.
Fast in speed.
Difficult to design.
Difficult to understand.
Less interactive.
Smaller in size.
Difficult to manipulate.
Generally written in low level language.
 Application Software
Application software is the software that is designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment. All software prepared by us in the computer lab can come under
the category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for
writing and editing simple text. It may also consists of a collection of programs, often
called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet package.
Examples of Application software are following
Payroll Software
Inventory Management Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Office Suite Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Powerpoint
Features of Application Software are following
It is close to user.
It is easy to design.
More interactive.
Slow in speed.
Generally written in high level language.
Easy to understand.
Easy to manipulate and use.
Bigger in size and requires large storage space.
 Relationship between Hardware and Software
Mutually dependent. Both of them must work together to make computer produce
a useful output.
Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is
useless.
To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded
into the hardware
Hardware is a onetime expense.
Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.
Different software can be loaded on hardware to run different jobs.
Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other.
Computer languages
Programming is an interesting activity which gives instant results in most of the
cases based on the programs written by us.
It's always fun to write programs. The programming languages are evolved to
great extent over past few decades from Assembly Language to Kotlin and Swift.

Evolution of programming languages

1951 - 1960 - The long-lasting languages evolved over this decade are Fortran and
COBOL and laid down the foundation for further evolution. Assembly Language
- the first in this list is a low-level programming language and works closure to
hardware and specific to computer architecture.
Assembly language– Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer or other
programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming
languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.

Fortran language- Fortran was originally developed by a team at IBM in 1957 for scientific calculations. Later
developments made it into a high level programming language.

COBOL language- COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language.The US Department of Defense, in
a conference, formed CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Language) to develop a language for business
data processing needs which is now known as COBOL.
COBOL is used for writing application programs and we cannot use it to write system software. The applications
like those in defense domain, insurance domain, etc. which require huge data processing make extensive use of
COBOL.
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) -is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming
languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. The original version was designed by John G.
Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz and released at Dartmouth College in 1964. They wanted to enable students in fields other
than science and mathematics to use computers.
C language- is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop software like operating
systems, databases, compilers, and so on. C programming is an excellent language to learn to program for beginners.

SQL language- is a programming language that enables programmers to work with that data. SQL stands for
Structured Query Language. Essentially, it's a language that allows communication with databases in order to
manage all the data they contain.

C++ language- is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems,
browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional,
and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.
 MATLAB, FoxPro and Objective C evolved as major languages during this decade where MATLAB was widely used
for algorithms and visualizations. FoxPro is a mix of programs having DBMS concepts and it's also Object Oriented
Programming Language. Object C is an object-oriented programming language and majorly used by Apple for OS X and
iOS development.

Perl Language- Perl is a general-purpose programming language originally developed for text manipulation and now used
for a wide range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, GUI development, and
more.
Python is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It is used in web development, data science, creating
software prototypes, and so on. Fortunately for beginners, Python has simple easy-to-use syntax.

Visual Basic (or VB) is a programming language developed by Microsoft that runs on the .Net Framework. With Visual
Basic you can build Windows applications, web applications and Windows phone applications. Programs developed in
Visual Basic will only run on a Windows Operating System.
Ruby is a pure object-oriented programming language. It was created in 1993 by Yukihiro Matsumoto of Japan. A
dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant
syntax that is natural to read and easy to write.

Java is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It is used to develop desktop and mobile applications,
big data processing, embedded systems, and so on. According to Oracle, the company that owns Java, Java runs
on 3 billion devices worldwide, which makes Java one of the most popular programming languages.

JavaScript is a powerful and flexible programming language. It can execute on a web browser that allows us to
make interactive web pages such as popup menus, animations, form validation, etc.
PHP is a server side scripting language. that is used to develop Static websites or Dynamic websites or Web
applications. PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, that earlier stood for Personal Home Pages.PHP scripts can
only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed.

ActionScript is an object oriented programming language. The commencement of ActionScript was as an object
oriented language to be used for Macromedia’s Flash authoring tool, which is now developed as Adobe Flash.
Go and Rust were released by the end of this decade focusing on system programming and competent to each other. Go
lang is majorly used for developing Micro services. Learning Rust is a bit difficult whereas Go is easy to learn.

C# is a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft within its
.NET initiative led by Anders Hejlsberg. C# programming is very much based on C and C++ programming languages,
so if you have a basic understanding of C or C++ programming, then it will be fun to learn C#.
Kotlin has emerged as the major alternative to Java since Java was overtaken by Oracle. Kotlin is being widely used for
Android development with its easy syntax as compared to Java.

Swift is another important language introduced by Apple as an alternative to Objective C. Swift is easier to learn as
compared to Objective C and also need less code, hence becoming a popular choice of programmers to develop iOS
applications.
Feature of Good Programming Language
1) Clarity, Simplicity And Unity: A Programming language provides both a conceptual framework for Algorithm planning
and means of expressing them. It should provide a clear, simple and unified set of concepts that can be used as primitives
in developing algorithms.

2) Orthogonality: It is one of the most important feature of PL orthogonality is the property that means " Changing A does
not change B". If I take Real world example of an orthogonal system Would be a radio, where changing the station does
not change the volume and vice versa. When the features of a language are orthogonal, language is easier to
learn and programs are easier to write because only few exceptions and special cases to be remembered.

3) Support for Abstraction:- There is always found that a substantial gap remaining between the abstract data structure and
operations that characterize the solution to a problem and their particular data structure and operations built into a
language.

4) Programming Environment: An appropriate programming environment adds an extra utility and make language to be
implemented easily like
The availability of- Reliable- Efficient - Well documentation
Speeding up creation and testing by-special Editors- testing packages
Facility- Maintaining and Modifying- Multi Version of program software product.
5) Ease of program verification:- Reusability:
The reusability of program written in a language is always a central concern. A program is checked by various
testing technique like Formal verification method Desk checking Input output test checking. We verify the
program by many more techniques. A language that makes program verification difficult maybe far more
troublesome to use.

6) portability of programs: Programming language should be portable means it should be easy to transfer a
program from which they are developed to the other computer.
A program whose definition is independent of features of a Particular machine forms can only
support Portability. Example: FORTRAN, C, c++, Java, etc.
Starting a Computer
Step 1: Switch ON the Power Supply.
Step 2: Switch ON the CPU and

Step 3 : Switch ON the Screen (Monitor)

Step 4: Wait for the computer to boot up. A screen showing a logo "starting
window“ will appear - this is the initial 'boot up' screen.
Step 5: Wait until everything is loaded. The more programs that are set to load
when the computer is started, the longer it will take. You may not want to attempt
to start up programs or open files right away, as this creates more work for the
computer, and this will mean it takes more time before you can begin using the
computer
 Stopping a Computer
Before shutting down the Computer, close all opened windows at first. Then,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Shutdown (Turn Off Computer).
Then, Computer asks you:
What do you want the Computer to do?
• Standby
• Shutdown (Turn Off)
• Restart
• Restart in MS-DOS mode.

3. Choose 2nd option (i.e. Shutdown/Turn Off).

4. Click on OK.
Then, wait until the message “It’s now safe to turn off your Computer”.
5. Then, Switch Off the screen.
6. Switch Off the CPU.
7. At last, Switch Off the power supply.
Installing Computer Software
Installing software using downloaded media (Downloaded from a
website or an App-store)
1. Click or Double-click the software’s icon on the desktop to begin installation
2. Follow the onscreen prompts
3. Select the Hard drive you wish to install the software on; (This is usually a small picture of a
hard drive)
4. Continue to follow onscreen prompts until installation is finalized
5. Right click desktop install icon if still present and select eject
6. Double-click installed application icon to ensure installation was successful
Installing Computer Software
App Store: Future distribution method of applications where software is
purchased and installed with a single click
◦ Currently available on portable devices (Tablets/Smartphones).
◦ Same technology is coming to PC operating systems.
◦ Allows for simplified purchasing and updating of Apps.
Uninstalling Computer Software
Uninstalling Software on a PC
1. Click the Start button in the bottom left of the window
pane
2. Select the Control Panel
3. Select Programs (May also be Add/Remove Programs)
4. Select Programs and Features
5. Select the program and click Uninstall