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Case Study 01

The document describes well logs recorded through the Pennsylvanian Atoka sandstone in the Permian Basin. Analysis of the dual induction, neutron-density, and other logs indicates the presence of gas in the formation. Calculations using the log data show the reservoir has high porosity and permeability, with low water saturation and high gas saturation. However, other factors like residual oil saturation and moveable hydrocarbon index provide evidence much of the gas may remain in place. Estimated recoverable gas reserves are around 11.49 billion cubic feet, suggesting the well may not be commercial without further analysis.

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Tanvir Shawon
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64 views

Case Study 01

The document describes well logs recorded through the Pennsylvanian Atoka sandstone in the Permian Basin. Analysis of the dual induction, neutron-density, and other logs indicates the presence of gas in the formation. Calculations using the log data show the reservoir has high porosity and permeability, with low water saturation and high gas saturation. However, other factors like residual oil saturation and moveable hydrocarbon index provide evidence much of the gas may remain in place. Estimated recoverable gas reserves are around 11.49 billion cubic feet, suggesting the well may not be commercial without further analysis.

Uploaded by

Tanvir Shawon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Engineering

CASE STUDY
01

Course Title: Well Logging and Formation Evaluation


Course Code: PMRE 6003
Case Study 1
Pennsylvanian Atoka Sandstone Permian Basin
Deep and Medium Induction curve, Shallow Focused Laterolog and a Spontaneous Potential curve.
It is suitable in high-resistive mud systems.

The logs mentioned were recorded through the Atoka sandstone provides the subsequent data. The
Dual Induction Log provides four measurements:

Fig1.1- Dual Induction Laterolog with Spontaneous Potential and gamma radiation Log,
Pennsylvanian Atoka sandstone, Permian basin.
From the figure 1.1, from a depth of 14,600 to 14,625 ft,
The SP log shows SP reading is a smaller amount than SSP. So, the SP deflection is reduced. This
is often the indication of the presence of organic compounds and this result is termed hydrocarbon
suppression.
Figure 1.2- Combination Neutron-Density Log with Gamma Ray Log and caliper, Pennsylvanian
Atoka Sandstone, Permian basin.
From figure 1.2, from a depth of 14,600 to 14,625 ft,
The caliper log shows that because of mud cake development, hole size decreases. This mud cake
development is vital as a result of it indicates a semipermeable zone.
The nucleon-density log response shows that the density log reads a way higher porousness than
the neutron log and it usually happens because of gas result. Therefore it denotes that the
hydrocarbons can in all probability be gas.
The log values are recorded from depth of 14602ft to 14622 ft per 2ft depth. Values from the logs
recorded are used in many equations for making the following work Table A.
Given Information
 Resistivity of formation water (Rw) = 0.065 At Tf
 Resistivity of mud filtrate (Rmf) = 0.65 At Tf
 Temperature of the formation (Tf) = 187°F
 Surface temperature = 75°F

Other Given Information


 Geothermal gradient = 0.014 x formation depth
 Pressure gradient = 0.35 x formation depth
 Drainage area = 560 acres
 Reservoir thickness = 15 ft
 Effective porosity = 15%
 Water saturation = 13%
 Gas gravity = 0.65
 Recovery factor = 0.85
 Formation temperature = 205°F
 Initial bottom hole pressure = 5,117 PSI
 Z factor = 0.988
 Neutron Density Porosity—Values for neutron (N) and density (D) porosity are recorded
from neutron and density log. Then neutron- density porosity is calculated from-

 Rt value-RILD value is corrected to give Rt value using the following Tornado Chart. Here,
RLL8 is used as Rxo value.
Figure 1.3- Dual Induction-Laterolog-8 chart for correcting RILd to Rt

RtMin -Value for LL-8 from log reading used to correct R1Ld to Rt in thin, resistive zones
through-

Water Saturation from Archie Equation—It is calculated from-

Water Saturation Ratio from-


Water saturation of flushed zone calculated by-

Moveable Hydrocarbon Index-

Water Saturation Corrected-

Bulk Volume Water—Here Porosity is the neutron-density porosity-

Moveable Oil Saturation-

Residual Oil Saturation-

Irreducible Water Saturation- This formula is used to calculate an approximate value for
irreducible water saturation.

Where formation factor F=0.81/ Φ2

Work Table A
Dept ILD IL LL8 GR ΦN ΦD Rt Rtmi ΦN-D F Sw Swr Sw/Sx Swcor BVW Sx MO RO Swir
h M (%) (%) n (%) a % o r o S S r
% (%) (%) % (%)

1460 16 45 400 21. 5.6 18 72 40 13.3 45. 20 69 0.745 15 0.02 27 7 73 15


2 0 0 3 6 7
1460 12 23 100 21. 7 22 69.6 100 16.3 30. 17 10 1.000 11 0.02 21 4 86 12
4 0 0 0 9 4 0 8
1460 15 30 110 27. 6.5 21 60 110 15.5 33. 19 10 1.000 13 0.03 23 4 86 13
6 0 0 0 8 5 0 0
1460 17 20 115 21. 7 17.8 187 115 13.5 44. 12 74 0.784 8 0.01 16 3 84 15
8 0 0 0 9 3 7
1461 21 21 150 18. 9 26.5 273 150 19.8 20. 7 69 0.741 4 0.01 9 2 91 10
0 0 0 0 8 7 4
1461 27 34 180 15. 9.5 22.5 283. 180 17.3 27. 8 75 0.797 4 0.01 10 2 90 12
2 0 0 0 6 5 2 4
1461 25 35 115 15. 9 22 245 115 16.8 28. 9 62 0.685 5 0.01 13 4 87 12
4 0 0 0 6 7 5
1461 16 19 480 15. 10. 23.9 163. 48 18.6 23. 10 47 0.542 7 0.01 18 8 82 11
6 0 0 6 9 2 5 8
1461 15 24 500 21. 10. 24 114. 50 18.4 23. 12 60 0.660 8 0.02 18 6 82 11
8 5 0 9 2 7 8 1
1462 90 12 300 18. 10 23.9 88.2 30 18.3 24. 13 51 0.583 10 0.02 23 10 77 11
0 0 8 1 4
1462 11 11 180 17. 11. 22 143 18 17.7 25. 11 27 0.355 9 0.01 31 20 69 11
2 0 0 2 9 9 9

Fig 1.4- Grain size determination by water saturation (Sw) versus porosity crossplot
When water saturation (Archie) and porosity values are cross plotted in fig 1.4, a grain size of
coarse-grained is shown on the plot. This indicates the sample is coarse-grained sandstone.
Fig 1.5- Irreducible water saturation versus porosity cross plot for determining permeability.
Cross plotting irreducible water saturation versus porosity in fig 1.5 shows that the Atoka zone has
good permeability with values over 75 millidarcies (md).
Fig 1.6-Irreducible water saturation versus water saturation cross plot for determining the relative
permeability to gas

By cross plotting the calculated value of irreducible water saturation versus water saturation
(Archie) in Figure 1.6 shows a high relative permeability to gas. So there is a correspondingly low
permeability to water. So it can be said that the reservoir should not produce water.
Fig 1.7- water saturation versus porosity cross plot; C stands for bulk volume of water

From work table A, It is clear that both water saturation and bulk volume water are low. So this
indicates that the Atoka Sandstone is a reservoir with a high gas saturation at irreducible water
saturation. Because it is the fact that when water saturation values are low, gas saturation value is
high (as 1 - Sw = hydrocarbon saturation).
By cross plotting water saturation (Archie) versus porosity in fig 1.7, the data points cluster along
a hyperbolic line having approximately equal values for bulk volume water (BVW) range from
0.15 to 0.03. This is the other evidence for the reservoir having high gas saturation at irreducible
water saturation.
Calculated value of residual oil saturation (ROS) are high. This is anomalous with other values
because other values indicate that the reservoir has high porosity and permeability.
Again, moveable oil saturation (MOS) values are also low. This is puzzling because, in a good
reservoir with high porosity and permeability, these values should be high.
Again, the moveable hydrocarbon index values are greater than 0.7 at most depth, although
favorable moveability values are less than 0.7.
After all, ROS, MOS, and the moveable hydrocarbon index provide negative evidence that
hydrocarbons will move. These factors suggest that most of the gas will remain in place in the
reservoir.
Now to determine the well drill is commercial or not, it should calculate volumetric gas reserves
before making final pipe setting decision.

 Volumetric Recoverable Gas Reserves

= 11.49 *109 ft3

= 11.49 BCF (Based on the given data)

= 283.103 (Based on the given data

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