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The document discusses feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis. It provides examples of feedback loops in the reproductive and menstrual cycles that are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and reproductive organs. Negative feedback keeps hormone levels stable through most of the menstrual cycle, while positive feedback causes bursts of hormones around ovulation. Homeostasis is the tendency for living organisms to maintain equilibrium. It allows for continuous changes while steady internal conditions are preserved, through regulatory mechanisms that resist environmental and bodily fluctuations to establish an optimal internal environment for cells. Blood pressure and acid-base balance are examples of homeostatic systems.

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87 views

Las 1

The document discusses feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis. It provides examples of feedback loops in the reproductive and menstrual cycles that are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and reproductive organs. Negative feedback keeps hormone levels stable through most of the menstrual cycle, while positive feedback causes bursts of hormones around ovulation. Homeostasis is the tendency for living organisms to maintain equilibrium. It allows for continuous changes while steady internal conditions are preserved, through regulatory mechanisms that resist environmental and bodily fluctuations to establish an optimal internal environment for cells. Blood pressure and acid-base balance are examples of homeostatic systems.

Uploaded by

rosemarie lingon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEEDBACK MECHANISMS: KEY TO HOMEOSTASIS

DIRECTIONS: This Learning Activity Sheet is about how feedback mechanisms help
organisms maintain homeostasis to reproduce and survive. Follow the
instructions in each part and answer the guide questions that follow.
Part A: HORMONES WORD GAME
Name the hormone that plays a role in the reproductive system by arranging the
given set of letters. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. It is the primary sex hormone in males that gives rise to secondary male
characteristics such as deeper voice, facial hair, and muscle development.
E O S R ETESTOSTERONE
T O T E S N T

2. It stimulates the production of sperm cells in seminiferous tubules in males,


and stimulates. The egg maturation in the female ovaries.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

L L I C E F O L - S T I M U L A G N I T O R M O N E H

3. It is the hormone released by the ovaries which regulates the condition of the
endometrium or the inner lining of the uterus.
PROGESTERONE

S R O R E T O N E G E P

4. It is the hormone secreted by the ovaries and responsible for the development
of secondary sex characteristics in females such as the widening of hips and
development of breasts.
ESTROGEN
N S R O T G E E
5. It stimulates the secretion of steroids from the reproductive glands.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE

Z E U L I N G T I N I H R O M O N E

Think About It!


The reproductive system in both males and females are controlled and regulated
by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands with
hormones from the reproductive organs. How do these hormones affect the
development of male and female reproductive systems? The male and female
reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones released from the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary as well as hormones from reproductive
tissues and organs. The hypothalamus monitors the need for the FSH and LH
hormones made and released from the anterior pituitary.

Part B: FEEDBACK MECHANISMS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


Trace the process of feedback mechanisms in the menstrual cycle by filling in the flow
chart with the correct words/phrases from terms inside the box. You may use the clues
posted on the sides. Then, answer the questions that follow.
Estrogen, FSH, Progesterone, Ovaries, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland

PITUITARY GLAND

HYPOTHALAMUS
FSH

OVARIES

ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE

Think About It!


1. Based on the above diagram, what is the importance of the feedback
mechanism in the regulation of the menstrual cycle? In positive feedback, rising
levels of hormones feedback to increase hormone production. During most of
the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback to
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This keeps their levels more or less
constant.

2. How does the negative feedback mechanism affect the menstrual cycle? During
the first half of the cycle, negative feedback keeps levels of FSH, LH, estrogen,
and progesterone relatively stable. During ovulation, positive feedback causes a
burst of FSH, LH, and estrogen.

Part D: HOMEOSTASIS AND I


Using the Thinking Maps below, summarize the processes and importance of
homeostasis. Also, give two examples to illustrate homeostasis.

HOMEOSTASIS

DEFINITION: • It is the tendency to achieve equilibrium against various natural


and environmental factors.
• Homeostasis results in a dynamic equilibrium, where
continuous changes keep on taking place, and yet steady conditions are
maintained.
• Homeostasis is mainly involved in managing various internal
variables of the living system like body temperature, pH of various fluids, the
concentration of different ions, and the body sugar level.
• A number of regulatory mechanisms are employed to resist
changes in the body against environmental and bodily factors.
Homeostasis can be maintained by separate organs or by the entire body at once.

IMPORTANCE: • To maintain internal environment of organism especially


higher vertebrates in a steady and balanced state.
• To establish optimum condition of organism.
• Living cells depend on the movement of chemicals around the
body. Chemicals such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and dissolved food need to be
transported into and out of cells. This is done by the process of diffusion, and
these processes depend on the body’s water and salt balance, which are
maintained by homeostasis.

EXAMPLE: Blood pressure homeostasis


• Blood pressure homeostasis is the process of maintaining blood
pressure in the heart and blood vessels.
• When the blood pressure is high, the baroreceptors in the blood vessels are
stretched more tightly, causing the parasympathetic nervous system to activate
the circulatory system. This creates a decrease in cardiac output and vasodilation
of blood vessels, resulting in falling of blood pressure.
• When the blood pressure is low, the stretching of baroreceptors in the blood
vessels decreases. This triggers the sympathetic activation of the circulatory
system, causing an increase in cardiac output and vasoconstriction. These
activities, together, cause blood pressure to rise.

EXAMPLE: Acid-Base Homeostasis


• Acid-Base homeostasis is the process of regulating the pH value of the
intracellular and extracellular fluids in the body.
• A pH balance of fluids in the body is crucial for the normal physiology of the
body.
•A number of chemical buffers are present in different parts of the body that
prevent changes in the pH of solutions.
• Another case of acid-base balance is observed in blood plasma where the
excessive carbonic acid is broken down into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ions.
• If the pH of the blood is low, the hydrogen ions are released into urine causing
the pH to rise whereas if the pH of the blood is high, the bicarbonate ions are
released into urine causing the pH to drop.
Glucose Homeostasis
FURTHER EXAMPLES
• temperature •blood pressure
• blood pH • water balance
• blood sugar • ion balance
Think About It!
How does Nervous System coordinate and regulate these feedback mechanisms
in maintaining homeostasis? The nervous system regulates the feedback
mechanism by initiating the signal that will inhibit or release hormones. This
signal can be in a form of releasing or inhibiting hormone. This hormone will
target a specific endocrine gland, that will secrete hormone in response to the
stimuli given.
With the coordination of the endocrine system, the nervous system regulates
the feedback mechanism to maintain the body’s homeostasis.

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