Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Abundant solitary wave solutions for space-time fractional unstable

nonlinear Schrödinger equations and their applications
Ambreen Sarwar a, Tao Gang a, Muhammad Arshad b,c,⇑, Iftikhar Ahmed c, M.O. Ahmad d
a
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
b
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
c
Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
d
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The unstable nonlinear Schrödinger models illustrate the time evolution of disturbances in marginally
Received 22 March 2022 stable or unstable media. In this article, an improved auxiliary equation method is proposed for con-
Revised 14 May 2022 formable fractional-order nonlinear evolution equations to obtain the novel wave solutions of space–time
Accepted 28 May 2022
fractional unstable and modified unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Several types of novel wave
Available online xxxx
solutions are constructed in forms of some special Jacobi elliptic functions, rational, exponential, trigono-
metric and hyperbolic functions in which various are unique and having key utilization in quantum phy-
Keywords:
sics. With the aid of appropriate values to parameters, different shapes of bright, dark, kink type soliton,
Improved auxiliary equation method
Conformable fractional derivatives
multi-peak solitons, periodic solitary waves etc. are depicted. These distinct physical structures are help-
Space–time fractional unstable nonlinear ful in the understanding the complex physical interpretation of unstable dynamical models. Furthermore,
Schrödinger equations this article gives an idea, how can reduce the conformable fractional order unstable nonlinear
Solitons Schrödinger equations into an ODE of one variable to obtain the exact solutions. The numerous obtained
Jocobi elliptic function solutions waves and other solutions reveal the usefulness of the proposed technique which can be utilized to other
nonlinear fractional models arising in quantum physics and other fields of applied sciences.
Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction using effective analytical techniques. The solutions of nonlinear

fractional evolution equations play an essential part in solving
Fractional calculus has gained a lot of interest owing to its mul- the various sorts the problems of real world in life. Numerous
tiple applications in research and engineering over the last dec- researchers pointed out the studies of the explicit results in diverse
ades. Numerous phenomena in science and engineering are forms for example solitons, traveling waves and other wave solu-
modeled in form of fractional differential equations such as in sig- tions. It should also be pointed out that it is difficult to obtain wave
nal analyzing, controller tuning, image processing, fluid dynamics, results for NLEEs, and it is reported that an effectual and powerful
acoustics, electro chemistry, diffusion, fractional dynamics, scheme is needed to find the solutions in traveling waves of these
stochastic dynamics, nanotechnology, plasma physics, and many models [8–18].
more [1–7]. Lately, exact and approximate solutions of fractional The nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLSEs) are significant
differential equations have become a fascinating topic for research- nonlinear canonical evolution equations that have a lot of principal
ers. Many authors have evaluated fractional differential equations applications in many branches of applied sciences and theoretical
physics. These nonlinear equations are frequently used as models
⇑ Corresponding author. for the derivation of a lot of physical phenomena such as propaga-
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T. Gang), muhammad.arsha- tion of light in optical fibers, Langmuir waves in a hot plasma,
[email protected] (M. Arshad). oceanic and optical rogue waves, deep water waves and many
q
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University. others [19–23]. These nonlinear equations are one of the types of
simplest evolution equations which deal simultaneously with non-
linearity and dispersive effects. Having integrable background,
these nonlinear equations provide a suitable model for the descrip-
Production and hosting by Elsevier tion of dynamics of localized stationary along with pulsating waves

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101839
2090-4479/Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al., Abundant solitary wave solutions for space-time fractional unstable nonlinear Schrödinger
equations and their applications, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101839
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

envelops. These equations acknowledged as global equations that The authors in [49] used modified Kudryashov and sine–Gordon
describe the propagation of waves across multiple physical sys- expansion approaches to solve the unstable NLSEs.
tems. In fact, these equations are necessary helpful gadget for In this article, Abundant traveling wave solutions of space–time
understanding of physical similarities as well as differences in non- fractional unstable and modified unstable nonlinear Schrödinger
linear behavior of dispersive waves [24–29]. equations with conformable fractional derivatives are constructed
The use of a fractional calculus for quantum systems is novel, by using the proposed improved auxiliary equation method. The
efficient and growing part of quantum physics that explores non- proposed method has generated several innovative wave solutions
local quantum phenomena. It seeks to investigate non-local effects in form of special Jacobi elliptic functions, trigonometric and
that have been identified for either long-range interactions or hyperbolic functions in which various are unique having key uti-
time-dependent, multi-scale processes. Compared to the classical lization in mathematical physics. Furthermore, the numerous
Schrödinger equation utilizing path integral along Brownian path- obtained results reveal the usefulness of the proposed technique
ways, the fractional Schrödinger equation is integrated over Levy- which can be utilized to other nonlinear physical models arising
like pathways, which helps it to establish a generalization of quan- in applied sciences.
tum mechanics [30,31]. The fractional Schrödinger equation is an The remaining of the article is ordered as: In Section 2, con-
evolving component of quantum physics that explores non-local formable fractional derivative and its characteristics are stated. In
quantum phenomena. Analytical and numerical approaches for Section 3, proposed technique is stated. In Sections 3 and 4, the
the time fractional NLSEs have been studied [32–35] but for non- implementation of the proposed method on space–time fractional
linear Schrödinger equations with space and time fractional UNLSE and mUNLSE is detailed. In Section 5, the discussion of
derivatives, relatively few theoretical and computational analyses results and physical interpretations are detailed. Lastly, the Con-
have been carried out. The authors used Homotopy Perturbation clusion is stated in Section 6.
and Sumudu Transform methods [36] and Finite difference method
[37] for constructing the exact and approximate solution of space– 2. Description of conformable fractional derivative
time fractional NLSE along with the fractional derivatives in the
context of Caputo. The authors used fractional mapping expansion The authors [50,51,41,42] have recently presented a novel,
method [38] and fractional Riccati expansion method [39] for ana- straightforward and impressive definition of a fractional derivative
lytical solutions of space–time fractional nonlinear Schrödinger labeled as conformable fractional derivative. It operates nicely and
equation in modified Riemann–Liouville derivatives. maintains Leibniz and chain rules as well. Firstly, we show its def-
Auxiliary equation method was first proposed by Sirendaoreji inition and some great features of the new derivative.
[40] in 2003 to construct several kinds of exact travelling wave Definition: Let for a function z ¼ zðtÞ : ½0; 1Þ ! R, the con-
solutions for some nonlinear partial differential equations with formable fractional derivative of function z of order a, where
the aid of symbolic computation. This method is very effective 0 < a 6 1, is illustrated as
but can apply to only some selective type of equations so there

was always a need of improvement to this method for further z dt 1a þ t  zðtÞ
T a zðtÞ ¼ lim :
study other equations. In the past few decades, a extensive range d!0 d
of effectual techniques utilized for constructing the results in the It has some effective characteristics which are described as:
form of solitary waves have been developed, such as: direct alge-
braic technique [4,7], auxiliary equation method [41,42], simple
 T a zðtÞ ¼ t 1a dzðtÞ
dt
.
and modified simple equation methods [43], complex envelope
 T a t m ¼ mtna ; 8m 2 R.
function ansatz [26], expansion scheme [22], modified extended
 T a ðzðtÞz1 ðtÞÞ ¼ zðtÞT a z1 ðtÞ þ z1 ðtÞT a zðtÞ.
mapping scheme [15], principle of semi-inverse variational [44],
 T a C ¼ 0; 8constant functions zðtÞ ¼ C.
the Improved fractional sub equation method [12], the homotopy
perturbation transformation method [36], fractional reduced dif-  T a zðtÞ
z1 ðtÞ
¼ z1 ðtÞT a zðtÞzðtÞT
z ðtÞ2
a z1 ðtÞ
.
1

ferential transform method [5], generalized Kudryashov method  T a ðz  z1 ÞðtÞ ¼ t1a z1 0 ðtÞz0 ðz1 ðtÞÞ.
[17], Dissipation-preserving method [29], Sine–Gordon equation  T r ðq1  zðtÞ þ q2  z1 ðtÞÞ ¼ q1  T r zðtÞ þ q2  T r z1 ðtÞ; 8q1 ;
[13], the fractional variational iteration method [23] and many q2 2 R.
more [44–51]. Recently, the author in [52] conduct two nonlocal
group reductions of the AKNS matrix spectral problems to generate 3. Improved auxiliary equation method
a class of nonlocal reverse-spacetime integrable mKdV equations.
The unstable NLSEs are very important type of NLSEs that swaps Suppose a general space–time fractional nonlinear partial dif-
space and time. The unstable NLSE reveals the temporal evolution ferential equation with conformable fractional derivatives as,
of disturbances in the media of unstable or marginally stable. The  
behavior of this type of equations occur for the two-layer baro- M U; Ux ; T xa U; Ut ; T ta U; U2x ; T 2x
2a U; . . . ¼ 0; 0 < a 6 1: ð1Þ
clinic instability and the lossless symmetric two-stream plasma
instability [45,44]. Lately, various works about the unstable NLSEs where polynomial M consists of Uðx; tÞ along with
and their exact wave solutions are listed below. The authors in [25] Ux ; T xa U; Ut ; T ta U; U2x ; T 2x
2a U; . . ., its conformable partial derivatives,
constructed new exact traveling wave solutions of the unstable highest order partial derivatives and nonlinear terms.
nonlinear Schrödinger equations by using modified exponential Step 1:Firstly, assume the traveling wave transformation in
rational function method, which have applications in engineering fractional form as,
and applied sciences. Lu et al. in [43] obtained exact travelling
xa tb xa tb
wave solutions of unstable nonlinear schröodinger equation and Uðx; tÞ ¼ uðqÞeih ; q¼j þx ; h¼r þk : ð2Þ
a b a b
modify unstable nonlinear schrödinger equation with extended
simple equation method and their results are very useful and have where j; x; r and k are arbitrary constants in Eq. (2). By using trans-
applications in nonlinear sciences and other related fields. The formation Eq. (2) on Eq. (1) it converts into simple ODE as
authors in [46–48] were used modified extended mapping tech-
Rðu0 ; u00 ; u000 ; . . . ¼ 0Þ; ð3Þ
nique, the (G0=G)-expansion technique and Jacobi elliptic function
rational expansion technique for obtaining the exact wave results. where ð0Þ denotes its all derivatives.
2
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Step 2: Assume the solution for Eq. (3) as, 4. Implementation of the proposed technique on space–time
fractional UNLSE:
X
2n
uðqÞ ¼ ci Hi ðqÞ; ð4Þ
i¼0 The space–time fractional UNLSE with conformable fractional
derivatives
where n is positive integer. It can be evaluated by using the homoge-
t
neous balancing principal. Let HðnÞ obeys the new ansatz equation iT b U þ T 2x
2a U þ 2mjUj U  2cU ¼ 0;
2
ð7Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
H0ðqÞ ¼ a0 þ a2 H2 ðqÞ þ a4 H4 ðqÞ þ a6 H6 ðqÞ; ð5Þ where m and care real valued arbitrary constant. This sort of behav-
ior happens in the double-layer baro-clinic and the lossless sym-
where a0 ; a2 ; a4 ; a6 are arbitrary constants. The Eq. (5) has the follow- metrical two-stream plasma instabilities [45]. Assume the
ing solutions as: fractional complex traveling wave transformation as,
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 a4 xa tb xa tb
HðqÞ ¼  ð1  hðqÞÞ: ð6Þ Uðx; tÞ ¼ uðqÞeih ; q¼j þx and h ¼ r þk ; ð8Þ
2 a6 a b a b
where hðqÞ, can be evaluated in Jacobi elliptic functions [43]. where j; x; r and k are the arbitrary constants. Using Eq. (8) on Eq.
Step 3: By substituting the values of Eq. (4) along with Eq. (5) (7) as
into Eq. (3) After that equating the powers HðqÞ to zero, it gener- 2

ates a system of algebraic equations in parameters j uðqÞ00  2c þ k þ r 2 uðqÞ þ 2muðqÞ3 ¼ 0; x ¼ 2rj: ð9Þ
a0 ; a2 ; a4 ; a6 ; ci ; x and k. The system of algebraic equations can be By using the homogeneous balancing principal on Eq. (9)it gets the
evaluated with software Mathematica. value n ¼ 1. Consider the solution as,
Step 4: After obtaining the parameters values, substituting it
along with solutions of Eq. (6), into Eq. (4), it produced the solution uðqÞ ¼ c0 þ c1 HðqÞ þ c2 HðqÞ2 : ð10Þ
of Eq. (1) in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.

Fig. 1. The solution (15) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are Bright solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:5 and
their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.

3
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Substituting Eq. (10) along Eq. (5) into Eq. (9), it yields a sets of or
equations in parameters a0 ; a2 ; a4 ; a6 ; c0 ; c1 ; c2 ; j; x; r; k; c and m. On
 msnð1 sqÞ a0 c2
solving these sets of equations with the help of Mathematica soft- U12 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð14Þ
ware,it gets the values of parameters as, a22  2a0 a4  a2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi   qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
j2 a4 ð a2 2a0 a4 a2 Þ
2
2
m¼ a0 c22
; c ¼ 12 k  r 2 þ j a2  3 a22  2a0 a4 ; As m ! 1,Eq. (14) generates the following solutions,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
a4 ða2  a2 2a0 a4 Þ
2
ð11Þ  cothðsqÞa c2
a6 ¼ 4a0
; U13 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 eih : ð15Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi a22  2a0 a4  a2
ð2
a þ a 0 4Þ 2
2 2a a c
c1 ¼ 0; c0 ¼ 2
2a4
:
a34 ð1m2 Þ a24 ð5m2 Þ
Case 2: If a0 ¼ 32a26
; a2 ¼ 16a6
and a6 > 0, then

Putting Eq. (11) into Eq. (10), it yields ðmsnðsqÞÞa0 c2

U21 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð16Þ
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2a0 a4  a2
u ð1  hðqÞÞa0
a22
u
uðqÞ ¼ t qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi: ð12Þ
a2  a22  2a0 a4 or
 snð1sqÞ a0 c2
Putting the value of uðqÞin terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, along U22 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð17Þ
with Eq. (12), it yields the following cases: a22  2a0 a4  a2
a3 ðm2 1Þ a2 ð5m2 1Þ
Case 1: If a0 ¼ 432a2 m2 ; a2 ¼ 416a m2 ; a6 > 0then
6 6 As m ! 1,Eq. (16) generates the following solutions,
snðsqÞa c2  tanhðsqÞa0 c2
U11 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi0 eih : ð13Þ U23 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð18Þ
a22  2a0 a4  a2 a22  2a0 a4  a2

Fig. 2. The solution (18) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are dark solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:75; b ¼ 0:5 and
their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.

4
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

a34 a24 ð4m2 5Þ By using Eq. (22), it yields the solution as,
Case 3: If a0 ¼ 32a2 ; a2 ¼ 16a ; a6 > 0,
6ð
1m2 Þ 6 ðm 1Þ
2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
j a2
pffiffiffiffiffi
 cnð1sqÞ a0 c2 U41 ¼ sech q a2 eih : ð23Þ
U31 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð19Þ m
a22  2a0 a4  a2
a2
Case V: If a0 ¼ 4a24 ; a6 ¼ 0 and a2 > 0; a4 > 0 then solving the
or given system of parametric equations for values of parameters
dnðsqÞ
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a0 c 2 under the conditions, it gets the values of parameters as,
U32
1m2 snðsqÞ
¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð20Þ pffiffiffiffiffi
2c þ k þ r 2 i a4 j
a22  2a0 a4  a2 a2 ¼ 2
; c0 ¼ 0; c1 ¼ pffiffiffi ; c2 ¼ 0: ð24Þ
j m
As m ! 0, Eq. (20) generates the following solutions,
By using Eq. (24), it yields the solution as,
 cscðsqÞa0 c2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
U33 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð21Þ 2c þ k þ r 2 2c þ k þ r 2 ih
a22  2a0 a4  a2 U51 ¼i pffiffiffiffiffiffi tan q 2
e : ð25Þ
2m 2j
As the auxiliary Eq. (5) also have some special solution which are
discussed as
5. Implementation of the proposed technique on space–time
Case IV: If a0 ¼ 0; a6 ¼ 0 and a2 > 0; a4 < 0 then solving the
fractional mUNLSE
given system of parametric equations for values of parameters
under the conditions, it gets the values of parameters as,
The space–time fractional modified UNLSE with conformable
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 c2 m fractional derivatives
r ¼  a2 j  2c  k; a4 ¼  12 ; c0 ¼ 0; c2 ¼ 0: ð22Þ
j

Fig. 3. The solution (21) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are multi Peakon and bright solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and
a ¼ 0:5; b ¼ 0:75 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.
5
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
l¼ð2
t a2 2a0 a4 ÞjðjcxÞs2 a4 ða2  a22 2a0 a4 Þ
2a U þ 2mjUj U  2cT b T a W ¼ 0;
iT b U þ T 2x 2 t x
ð26Þ a 3 2
; a ¼ ;
1s c 6 4a0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð30Þ
where m and care real valued arbitrary constant. The modified a0 a4 ðjðjcxÞÞ a2 2a0 a4 a2 a4 jðjcxÞ
2

UNLSE dynamical model finds particular modulated wave-trains c0 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ffi ; c1 ¼ 0; c2 ¼ :
ð a22 2a0 a4 a2 Þm a0

instabilities and the adding of the term cT tb T xa W conquers the ill-

Putting Eq. (30) into Eq. (29), it yields
posed-ness of this dynamical model [25,45]. Assume the fractional
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
complex traveling wave transformation as, u ð1  hðqÞÞa0
u
uðqÞ ¼ t qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi: ð31Þ
xa tb xa tb a2  a22  2a0 a4
Uðx; tÞ ¼ uðqÞeih ; q¼j þx and h ¼ s þl ; ð27Þ
a b a b
Putting the value of uðqÞin terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, along
where j; x; s and l are the arbitrary constants.Using Eq. (27) on Eq.
with Eq. (12), it yields the following cases:
(26) as
a3 ðm2 1Þ a2 ð5m2 1Þ

 Case 1: If a0 ¼ 432a2 m2 ; a2 ¼ 416a m2 ; a6 > 0then
jðj  cxÞuðqÞ00 þ l  s2 þ s cl uðqÞ þ 2muðqÞ3 ¼ 0; 6 6

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
jðcl  2sÞ a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  snðsqÞÞ  a0 ih
x¼ : ð28Þ W11 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð32Þ
1s c pffiffiffi
a22  2a0 a4  a2 m
By using the homogeneous balancing principal on Eq. (28)it gets the
value n ¼ 1. Consider the solution as, or
uðqÞ ¼ c0 þ c1 HðqÞ þ c2 HðqÞ : 2
ð29Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffi
a4 jðj  cxÞ m 1  msnð1 sqÞ  a0
Substituting Eq. (29) along Eq. (5) into Eq. (28), it yields a sets of W12 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð33Þ
pffiffiffi
equations in parameters a0 ; a2 ; a4 ; a6 ; c0 ; c1 ; c2 ; j; x; s; k; c and m. On a2  2a0 a4  a2 m
2

solving these sets of equations with the help of Mathematica soft-

ware, it gets the values of parameters as As m ! 1, Eq. (33) generates the following solutions,

Fig. 4. The solution (23) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are Bright solitons at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ b ¼ 0:75 and their 2-
dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.

6
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffi

a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  cothðsqÞÞ  a0 ih a4 jðj  cxÞ m 1  cnð1sqÞ  a0
W13 ¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð34Þ W31 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð38Þ
pffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a22  2a0 a4  a2 m a2  2a0 a4  a2 m
2

a34 ð1m2 Þ a24 ð5m2 Þ

Case 2: If a0 ¼ 32a26
; a2 ¼ 16a6
and a6 > 0, then or
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffi dnðsqÞ
 pffiffiffiffiffi
a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  msnðsqÞÞ  a0 ih a4 jðj  cxÞ m 1  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1m snðsqÞ
2
 a0
W21 ¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð35Þ W32 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi eih : ð39Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a22  2a0 a4  a2 m a2  2a0 a4  a2 m
2

or As m ! 0, Eq. (39) generates the following solutions,

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  hðqÞÞ  a0 ih a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  cscðsqÞÞ  a0 ih
W22 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð36Þ W33 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð40Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a22  2a0 a4  a2 m a22  2a0 a4  a2 m

As m ! 1, Eq. (35) generates the following solutions, As the auxiliary Eq. (5) also has some special solution which are dis-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi cussed as
a4 jðj  cxÞ mð1  tanhðsqÞÞ  a0 ih
W23 ¼ rq ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e : ð37Þ Case IV: If a0 ¼ 0; a6 ¼ 0 and a2 < 0; a4 > 0 then solving the
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a22  2a0 a4  a2 m given system of parametric equations for values of parameters
under the conditions, it gets the values of parameters as,
a24 ð4m2 5Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Case 3: If a0 ¼ 32a2
a34
; a2 ¼ 16a ; a6 > 0, 2 c21 m
6ð
1m2 Þ 6 ðm 1Þ
2 s¼ a2 j  a2 cxj  l þ scl; a4 ¼ ; c0 ¼ 0; c2 ¼ 0: ð41Þ
jðcx  jÞ

Fig. 5. The solution (25) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are multi periodic solitons at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:75
and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.

7
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

By using Eq. (41), it yields the solution as, types of solutions through providing specific value to parameters.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! Diverse types of bright, dark, multi-peak solitons, periodic and
l þ s2  scl l  s2 þ scl ih other wave solutions are accomplished by utilizing presented tech-
W41 ¼ sec q e : ð42Þ
m jðj  cxÞ nique. The Eq. (7) was solved via using modified extended mapping
technique [46], the (G0=G)-expansion technique [47] and Jacobi
a2
Case V: If a0 ¼ 4a24 ; a6 ¼ 0 and a2 > 0; a4 > 0then solving the elliptic function rational expansion technique [48] at a ¼ b ¼ 1
given system of parametric equations for values of parameters for obtaining the exact wave results. The researchers in [43] uti-
under the conditions, it gets the values of parameters as lized extended simple equation and modified exponential rational
function method [25] for constructing traveling wave solutions of
pffiffiffiffiffipffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
l  s2 þ scl a4 j cx  j Eqs. (7) and (26) at a ¼ b ¼ 1. The authors in [49] used modified
a2 ¼ ; c0 ¼ 0; c1 ¼ pffiffiffi ; c2 ¼ 0: ð43Þ Kudryashov and sine–Gordon expansion approaches to solve the
jðcx  jÞ m
Eqs. (7) and (26) at a ¼ b ¼ 1. On contrasting our results to the
By using Eq. (43), it yields the solution as, results existing in literature, it is concluded that our obtained
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! results are innovative and unique. Therefore, we have accom-
l  s2 þ scl l  s2 þ scl ih plished many novel results which have not been stated before.
W51 ¼ tan q e : ð44Þ
2m 2jðcx  jÞ As the proposed method has generated several wave solutions
in forms of special Jacobi elliptic functions, trigonometric and
hyperbolic functions in which various are unique and having key
6. Discussion of results utilization in mathematical physics. For physical interpretation of
achieved results, graphics are plotted to elaborate on the different
The constructed results of space–time fractional UNLSE and novel structures of obtained solutions such as bright, dark, kink-
mUNLSE via proposed technique are dissimilar from the results type solitons, and many periodic solitary waves, etc. Figs. 1–5 illus-
obtained by other researcher of existing methods. Our achieved trate the optical solitons and solitary waves in various shapes of
results are novel and simpler for understanding the physical phe- space–time fractioal UNLSE. In Fig. 1, the solution (15) in various
nomenon of these complex models. The Eq. (5) gives a few distinct structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters:

Fig. 6. The solution (37) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are solitary and Kink solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and
a ¼ 0:9; b ¼ 0:5 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.
8
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. The solution (44) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are dark and Kink type solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and
a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:65 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.

(a) and (b) are Bright solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and
a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:5 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted (d) respectively. In Fig. 7, the solution (44) in various structures
in figures (c) and (d) respectively. Similarly, in Fig. 2, the solution are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b)
(18) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate are dark and Kink type solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and
parameters: (a) and (b) are dark solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:65 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted
a ¼ 0:75; b ¼ 0:5 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively.
in figures (c) and (d) respectively. In Fig. 3, The solution (21) in var-
ious structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parame-
ters: (a) and (b) are multi Peakon and bright solitary waves at 7. Conclusion
a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:5; b ¼ 0:75 and their 2-dimensional structures
are depicted in figures (c) and (d) respectively. In Fig. 4, the solu- In this article, proposed improved auxiliary equation method is
tion (23) in various structures are sketched with the aid of appro- productively utilized to obtain novel waves solutions of space–
priate parameters: (a) and (b) are Bright solitons at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and time fractional UNLSEs. Consequently, several types of novel wave
a ¼ b ¼ 0:75 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted in solutions are constructed in form of Jacobi elliptic function,
figures (c) and (d) respectively. In Fig. 5, the solution (25) in various rational, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions that having key
structures are sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) applications in numerous fields of applied and physical sciences.
and (b) are multi periodic solitons at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and Furthermore, graphs are plotted to elaborate the different novel
a ¼ 0:85; b ¼ 0:75 and their 2-dimensional structures are depicted structures of obtained solutions such as bright and dark solitons,
in figures (c) and (d) respectively. kink and anti-kink solitons, solitary waves periodic and other wave
The Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate the structures of solitons and other solutions, that helps to describe the physical interpretation of
traveling waves in various shapes of space–time fractional unstable nonlinear equations models. The numerous obtained
mUNLSE. In Fig. 6, The solution (37) in various structures are wave solutions reveal the usefulness and effectiveness of the pro-
sketched with the aid of appropriate parameters: (a) and (b) are posed technique which can be utilized to other nonlinear physical
solitary and Kink solitary waves at a ¼ b ¼ 1 and a ¼ 0:9; b ¼ 0:5 models arising in quantum physics and other related fields.
9
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Declaration of Competing Interest [23] Vitanov NK, Chabchoub A, Hoffmann N. Deep water waves, On the nonlinear
Schrödinger equation and its solutions. J Theor Appl Mech 2013;43(2):43–54.
[24] Macı̃as-Dı̃az JE. An explicit dissipation-preserving method for Riesz space-
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- fractional nonlinear wave equations in multiple dimensions. Commun
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2018;59:67–87.
[25] Li Y, Lu D, Arshad M, Xu X. New Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Unstable
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations and their Applications. Optik
2021;226:165386.
[26] Zhou Q, Zhong Y, Mirzazadeh M, Bhrawy AH, Zerrad E, Biswas A. Thirring
Acknowledgment combo-solitons with cubic nonlinearity and spatio-temporal dispersion.
Waves Random Complex Media 2016;26(2):204–10.
[27] Zhang J, Liu F, Lin Z, Anh V. Analytical and numerical solutions of a multi-term
This work was supported by the China Post-doctoral science
time-fractional Burgers fluid model. Appl Math Comput 2019;356:1–12.
foundation, Peoples Republic of China (PRC) (Grant Nos. [28] Abdel-salam EA, Gumma EAE. Analytical solution of nonlinear space-time
2019M651715 and 2019M650103). fractional differential equations using the improved fractional Riccati
expansion method. Ani shams Eng J 2015;6:613–20.
[29] Wu G, Lee EWM. Fractional variational iteration method and its application.
References Phys Lett A 2010;374(25):2506–9.
[30] Müser MH, Berne BJ. Path-Integral Monte Car lo Scheme for Rigid Tops:
Application to the Quantum Rotator Phase Transition is Solid Methane. Phys
[1] Yang S, Liang M, Yu B, Zou M. Permeability model for fractal porous media with
Rev Lett 1996;77(13):2–5.
rough surfaces. Microfluid Nanofluids 2015;18(5):1085–93.
[31] Jiang XY. Time-space fractional Schrödinger like equation with a nonlocal
[2] Yang S, Fu H, Yu B. Fractal analysis of flow resistance in tree-like branching
term. Eur Phys J Special Top 2011;70:61–70.
networks with roughened micro channels. Fractals 2017;25(1):1750008.
[32] Ilie M, Biazar J, Ayati Z. Analytical study of exact traveling wave solutions for
[3] Ma Wen-Xiu, Yong X, Lü X. Soliton solutions to the B-type Kadomtsev-
time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Opt Quant Electron 2018;50
Petviashvili equation under general dispersion relations, Wave Motion
(12):1–13.
2021;103 : 102719.
[33] Ma Wen-Xiu. Type (k; k ) reduced nonlocal integrable mKdV equations and
[4] Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Lu D, Ali F. Solitary wave solutions of Kaup-Newell
their soliton solutions. Appl Math Lett 2022;131:108074.
optical fiber model in mathematical physics and its modulation instability.
[34] Akinyemi L, Mirzazadeh M, Hosseini K. Solitons and other solutions of
Modern Phys Lett B 2020;34(26):2050277.
perturbed nonlinear Biswas-Milovic equation with Kudryashov’s law of
[5] Arshad M, Lu D, Wang J. (N+1)-dimensional fractional reduced differential
refractive index. Nonlinear Anal: Model Control 2022;27(3). 479–49.
transform method for fractional order partial differential equations. Commun
[35] Hu J, Xin J, Lu H. The global solution for a class of systems of fractional
Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2017;48:509–19.
nonlinear Schrödinger equations with periodic boundary condition. Comput
[6] Hosseini K, Mirzazadeh M, Gomez-Aguilar JF. Soliton solutions of the Sasa-
Math Appl 2011;62(3):1510–21.
Satsuma equation in the monomode optical fibers including the beta-
[36] Hamed SHM, Yousif EA, Arbab AI. Analytic and Approximate Solutions of the
derivatives. Optik 2020;224:165425.
Space-Time Fractional Schrödinger Equations by Homotopy Perturbation
[7] Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Lu D. Elliptic function and Solitary Wave Solutions of
Sumudu Transform Method. Abstract Appl Anal 2014;1:13.
higher-order nonlinear Schrodinger dynamical equation with fourth-order
[37] Liu Q, Zeng F, Li C. Finite difference method for time-space fractional
dispersion and cubic-quintic nonlinearity and its stability. Eur Phys J Plus
Schrödinger equation. Int J Comput Math 2015;92(7):1439–51.
2017;132:371.
[38] Yousif EA. On the solution of the space-time fractional cubic nonlinear
[8] Lu D, Seadawy AR, Arshad M. Solitary Wave and elliptic function solutions of
Schrödinger equation. Results Phys 2018;8:702–8.
Sinh-Gordon equation and its Applications. Modern Phys Lett B 2019;33
[39] Branch NV, Arabia S, Arabia S. Analytic solution of space-time fractional
(35):1950436.
nonlinear schrödinger equation. Report Math Phys 2016;77(1):19–34.
[9] Sarwar S, Furati Khaled M, Arshad M. Abundant wave solutions of conformable
[40] Sirendaoreji Jiong S. Auxiliary equation method for solving nonlinear partial
space-time fractional order Fokas wave model arising in physical sciences.
differential equations. Phys Lett A 2003;309(5–6):387–96.
Alexandria Eng J 2021;60:2687–96.
[41] Xu GQ. Extended auxiliary equation method and its applications to three
[10] Saha Ray S, Gupta AK. Two-dimensional Legendre wavelet method for
generalized NLS equations. Abstr Appl Anal 2014;3:1–7.
travelling wave solutions of time-fractional generalized seventh order KdV
[42] Sarwar A, Gang T, Arshad M. Construction of bright-dark solitary waves and
equation. Comput Math Appl 2017;73(6):1118–33.
elliptic function solutions of space-time fractional partial differential
[11] Li C, Guo Q, Zhao M. New solitary wave solutions of (2+1)-dimensional space-
equations and their applications. Phys Scr 2020;95:045227.
time fractional Burgers equation and Korteweg-de Vries equation. Comput
[43] Lu D, Seadawy AR, Arshad M. Applications of extended simple equation
Math Appl 2019;77:2255–62.
method on unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Optik
[12] Arshad M, Lu D, Wang Abdullah J. Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of a
2017;140:136–44.
Fractional Sawada-Kotera Equation. East Asian J Appl Math 2018;8(2):211–23.
[44] Biswas A, Ullah MZ, Zhou Q, Moshokoa SP, Triki H, Belic M. Resonant optical
[13] Ma Wen-Xiu. Riemann-Hilbert Problems and Soliton Solutions of Type
solitons with quadratic-cubic nonlinearity by semi-inverse variational
(k; k) Reduced Nonlocal Integrable mKdV Hierarchies. Mathematics
principle. Optik 2017;145:18–21.
2022;10:870.
[45] Pedlosky VE. Finite-amplitude baroclinic waves. J Atmos Sci 1970;27:15–30.
[14] Hassani H, Naraghirad E. A new computational method based on optimization
[46] Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Lu D, Wang J. Optical soliton solutions of unstable
scheme for solving variable-order time fractional Burgers equation. Math
nonlinear Schrödinger dynamical equation and stability analysis with
Comput Simul 2019;162:1–17.
applications. Optik 2018;157:597–605.
[15] Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Lu D. Abdullah, Novel Solitons and Elliptic function
[47] Arbabi S, Najafi M. Exact solitary wave solutions of the complex nonlinear
solutions of (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear nonlinear Schrödinger equation with
Schrödinger equations. Optik 2016;127:4682–8.
derivative non-kerr nonlinear terms and its applications. Modern Phys Lett B
[48] Tala-Tebue E, Djoufack ZI, Fendzi-Donfack E, Kenfack-Jiotsa A, Kofane TC. Exact
2019;33(22):1950253.
solutions of the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the new Jacobi
[16] Lu D, Wang J, Arshad M, Abdullah A Ali. Fractional Reduced Differential
elliptic function rational expansion method and the exponential rational
Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional order Heat-Like and Wave-Like
function method. Optik 2016;127:11124–30.
Partial Differential Equations. J Adv Phys 2017;6(4):598–607.
[49] Hosseini K, Kumar D, Kaplan M, Bejarbaneh EY. New exact traveling wave
[17] Machado JT. The generalized Kudryashov method for nonlinear space-time
solutions of the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Commun Theor
fractional partial differential equations of Burgers type. Nonlinear Dyn
Phys 2017;68(6):761.
2019;95:361–8.
[50] Khalil R, Al Horani M, Yousef A, Sababheh M. A new definition of fractional
[18] Hosseini K, Mirzazadeh M, Ilie M, Gomez-Aguilar JF. Biswas-Arshed equation
derivative. J Comput Appl Math 2014;264:65–70.
with the beta time derivative: Optical solitons and other solutions. Optik
[51] Zheng Z, Zhao W, Dai H. A new definition of fractional derivative. Int J Non.
2020;217:164801.
Linear Mech 2018;10:10–6.
[19] Dvornikov M. Stable Langmuir solitons in plasma with diatomic ions.
[52] Ma Wen-Xiu. Nonlocal integrable mKdV equations by two nonlocal reductions
Nonlinear Process Geophys 2013;20:581–8.
and their soliton solutions. J Geom Phys 2022;177:104522.
[20] He JS, Charalampidis EG, Kevrekidis PG, Frantzeskakis DJ. Rogue waves in
nonlinear Schrödinger models with variable coefficients: Application to Bose-
Einstein condensates. Phys Lett A 2014;378:577–83. Ambreen Sarwar received M. Sc. Mathematics from Punjab University in 2013. She
[21] Ahmed I, Seadawy AR, Lu D. Kinky breathers, W-shaped and multi-peak received her MS mathematics degree from The University of Lahore in 2017. Cur-
solitons interaction in (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with rently, she is PhD scholar in mechanics at Nanjing University of Science and
Kerr law of nonlinearity. Eur Phys J Plus 2019;134:1–10. Technology China. Her current research interests include nonlinear wave theory
[22] Chabchoub A, Grimshaw RHJ. The Hydrodynamic Nonlinear Schrödinger and their application, soliton theory and nonlinear differential equations.
Equation. Space-time Fluids 2016;23:1–10.

10
A. Sarwar, T. Gang, M. Arshad et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Prof. Tao Gang: He graduated from Inner Mongolia Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed obtained the master degree in Applied Mathematics from
University in 1983, majoring in physics. He received a University of Sargodha, Pakistan in 2006. He did his Ph.D. degree in Applied
master’s degree in Ballistics engineering from East Mathematics from Chongqing University China in 2014. Currently, he is working as
China Institute of Engineering in 1991. In 2000, he Post Doctoral Fellow at Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, Jiangsu PR
received his ph. D. degree in Gas, Fluid and plasma China since February 2018. He has published more than 24 research articles in
physics from the National Technical University of Bor- indexed SCI-listed journals and having more than 100 citations in reputed inter-
osia, Russia. He has published more than 40 papers in national journals of mathematical and engineering sciences. His area of research
SCI and EI; 7 invention patents; in October 2003, he won interest include Dynamical behavior of some nonlinear PDE via symbolic compu-
1 third prize of the National Defense Science, Technol- tation, Blow-up phenomena for some nonlinear PDE, New exact solution for some
ogy and Industry Committee. nonlinear evolution equations and Chaotic dynamical systems. His current project
is Nonlinear wave interactions, investigation of localized structures and rogue
waves by using novel mathematical approaches.

Dr. Muhammad Ozair Ahmad is HEC distinguished Professor at UOL Lahore Pak-
istan. He is a renowned Mathematician and Professor of Pakistan. He did his Ph.D. in
Dr. Muhammad Arshad received the master’s degree in Mathematics in 1997 from University of Western Ontario, Canada. His Field of
applied mathematics from the University of Engineering research is Applied Mathematics. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ozair is an international
and Technology Lahore, Pakistan, in 2012, and the Ph.D. fame of holder. He has served the UET a well reputed public-sector university as a
degree in control science and engineering from Jiangsu Chairman from 2005 to 2013. Prof. Dr. Ozair Ahmad supervised 27 projects at M.Sc.
University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, in 2018. He had Level. He supervised 96 M.Phil students of various universities. Six (6) Ph.D. stu-
completed his post-doctorate in 2021 from Jiangsu dents are also on his credit. Currently he is supervising 3 Ph.D. students. HEC
University, China. Currently, he has been working as awarded him as a best university teacher award for the year 2011. He was nomi-
assistant professor at Department of Mathematics, nated for teaching Assistant Excellence award (1996–1997). He is the author of 72
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. His cur- publications published in National International Esteemed Journals. He has a vari-
rent research interests include nonlinear systems theory ety in his research work; his work is cited by different researchers. He is also the
and application, soliton theory, numerical analysis, and author of two books.
nonlinear differential equations. He has published more
than 52 research articles in indexed SCI-listed journals and having more than 1400
citations in reputed international journals of mathematical and engineering sci-
ences. He completed two research projects Principal Investigator.

11