Situation 3: A Reinforced Concrete beam having widths of 400 mm and overall depths

of 600 mm are spaced 3 meters on centers as shown in the figure. These beams support
a 100 mm thick slab. The superimposed loads on these beams are as follows.
Deadload…. 3.2 kPa
Live load…...3.6kPa
The columns E and H are omitted such that the girder BEHK supports the beams DEF
at E GHI at H. Assume EI = constant for all beams. Unit weight of concrete is 24
kN/𝑚3
1. Determine the factored Uniform load on beam GHI, in KN/m
2. Determine the maximum factored shear (in KN) in beam GHI assuming that G and I
are fixed and H is Hinge.
3. Determine the maximum factored positive moment (in KN) in beam GH assuming that
G and I are fixed, and H is Hinge.

SOLUTION:
𝜔𝑑 = 3.2(3) + 24(0.4)(0.6) + 24(3)(0.1) = 22.56 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝜔𝑙 = 3.6(3) = 10.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝜔𝑢 = 1.2(22.56) + 1.6(10.8) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
𝜔𝑢 𝐿 44.352(7.5)
𝑉𝑢 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵
2 2
𝜔𝐿2 44.352(7.52 )
𝑀= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵𝒎
24 24
Situation 4: The girder AB shown in the figure is subjected to torsional moment
from the loads on the cantilever frame. The following factored forces are computed
from this beam:
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 = 440 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Factored shear 𝑉𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Factored torque 𝑇𝑢 = 180 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

The girder has a width of 400 mm, and an overall depth of 500 mm. Concrete cover
is 40mm. The centroid of longitudinal bars of the girder are placed 65 mm from the
extreme concrete fibers. Concrete Strength f’c = 20.7 MPa and steel yield strength
for longitudinal bars is 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
Use 12 mm U-stirrups with 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 275 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
Allowable shear stress in concrete is 0.76 MPa.
1.Determine the required area of tension reinforcement of the girder, in 𝑚𝑚2
2.Determine the spacing of transverse reinforcement due to, 𝑉𝑈
3.Determine the additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion in
𝑚𝑚2

SOLUTION:

𝑑 = 500 − 65 = 435 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 440𝐸6
𝑅𝑛 = 2
= = 6.45909 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜙𝑏𝑑 0.9(400)(4352 )
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(20.7) 2(6.45909)
𝜌= (1 − √1 − ′) = (1 − √1 − ) = 0.02054
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐 415 0.85(20.7)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85(20.7)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝛽1 )(3⁄8) = (0.85)(3⁄8) = 0.01351 < 𝜌 ∴ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦
𝑓𝑦 415
3
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 ( ) (435) = 138.6563 𝑚𝑚
8
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 = 0.01351(400)(435) = 2351.4764 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 𝑎 440𝐸6 138.6563
𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1 = − 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = − 2351.4764(415) (435 − ) = 132.0434 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝜙 𝜙 2 0.9 2
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) = 𝑀𝑛2
132.0434𝐸6
𝐴𝑠2 = = 859.9372 𝑚𝑚2
415(435 − 65)
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 2351.4764 + 859.9372 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 (0.17√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑) = 0.75(0.17√20.7 ∙ 400 ∙ 435) = 100.94 𝑘𝑁

𝜙𝑉𝑠 = 280 − 100.94 = 179.06 → 𝑉𝑠 = 179.06⁄0.75 = 238.75 𝑘𝑁

3𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 302.81 𝑘𝑁
Since 𝜙𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 < 3𝜙𝑉𝑐 , the limits are:

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝜋(62 )(2)(275)
𝑠≤ = = 551.29 𝑚𝑚
0.062√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.062√20.7(400)

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝜋(62 )(2)(275)
𝑠≤ = = 444.31 𝑚𝑚
0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35(400)
𝑠 ≤ 𝑑⁄2 = 435⁄2 = 217.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑠 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜋(62 )(2)(275)(435)
𝑠≤ = = 113.34 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 238.75(1000)
∴ 𝑠 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝑥𝑜 = 400 − 2(40) − 12 = 308 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑜 = 500 − 2(40) − 12 = 408 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑜ℎ = 𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜 = 125664 𝑚𝑚2

𝑝ℎ = 2(𝑥𝑜 + 𝑦𝑜 ) = 1432 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ = 0.85(125664) = 106814.4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑇𝑢 2𝐴𝑜 𝐴ℓ 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑛 = = cot 𝜃
𝜙 𝑝ℎ
180𝐸6 2(106814.4)(𝐴ℓ )(415)
= cot 45°
0.75 1432
𝑨𝓵 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
MAY 2012
Situation 5: The floor framing plan of a
reinforced concrete structure is shown in the
figure. The beams are 280 mm wide and 520 mm
deep and the slab is 110 mm thick. Other than
concrete weight, the floor is subjected to an
additional (superimposed) dead load of 3 kPa
and live load of 5.2 kPa. Unit weight of
concrete is 23.5KN/𝑚3

Due to Space consideration, The Columns at E

and H are to be removed. This will make girder
BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H.

Use the tributary area method.

1. Determine the Uniform service dead load on
beam DEF
2. Determine the Uniform service live load on beam DEF
3.Determine the factored concentrated load at E due to loads on beam DEF.

SOLUTION:

𝑤𝑑 = 23.5(0.28)(0.52) + 23.5(2.5)(0.11) + 3(2.5) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝑤𝑙 = 5.2(2.5) = 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(17.38) + 1.6(13) = 41.66 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑅𝐸 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿 = 41.66(6.2) = 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵

Situation 6: The floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete structure is shown

in the figure. When columns E and H are deleted, girder BEHK carries the reaction
of BEF at E and GHK at H. The girder may be considered fixed at B and K. The
uniform load on this girder is 5 kN/m and the concentrated loads at E and H are
each 270 kN.
1.Calculate the maximum shear at B due to uniform and concentrated loads.
ANS: 289 KN
2.Calculate the maximum shear at E due to concentrated load only
ANS: 270 KN
3.Calculate the maximum positive moment in the girder due to uniform load only.
ANS: 11.72kN

SOLUTION:

7.5
𝑅𝐵 = 5 ( ) + 270 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵
2
𝑉𝐸 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵
1 1
𝑀= 𝑤𝐿2 = (5)(7.52 ) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎
24 24
Situation 7: The T- Beam shown resulted from
monolithic construction of the beam and slab. The
effective flange width is 1100mm and the uniform
slab thickness’ is 120 mm. Width of beam is 340
mm, total depth of the T- Beam is 590 mm. The
centroid of steel is 70 mm from the extreme fiber,
concrete strength F`c = 21 MPa and steel strength
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Use the strength design method

1.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for
positive moment neglecting the contribution of the
top reinforcement.
ANS: 503.2 KN
2.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for negative moment.
ANS: 289.88 KN
3.Calculate the required nominal shear strength of the beam if it is subjected to
a factored shear of 220 KN.
ANS: 165 kN

SOLUTION:

Assuming tension steel yields and that 𝑎 ≤ 120 𝑚𝑚

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝑎(1100) = 0.25𝜋(252 )(5)(415)
𝑎 = 51.875 𝑚𝑚
Verify if steel yields
𝑑 = 590 − 70 = 520 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 = 51.875⁄0.85 = 61.029 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 520
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( − 1) = 600 ( − 1) = 4512.32 > 415 ∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑐 61.029
𝑎 51.875
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.25𝜋(252 )(5)(415) (520 − ) (10−6 ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎
2 2

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
𝑑′
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 (600) (1 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
70
0.85(21)(0.85)𝑐(340) + 0.25𝜋(252 )(5)(600) (1 − ) = 0.25𝜋(252 )(3)(415)
𝑐
70
5158.65𝑐 + 1472621.556 (1 − ) = 611137.9459 → 𝑐 = 80.68 𝑚𝑚
𝑐
𝑑 520
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( − 1) = 600 ( − 1) = 3267 > 𝑓𝑦 ∴ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑐 80.68
𝑑′ 70
𝑓𝑠′ = 600 (1 − ) = 600 (1 − ) = 79.42 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑐 80.68

𝛽1 𝑐 0.85(80.68)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 5158.65(80.68) (520 − ) + 0.25𝜋(252 )(5)(79.42)(520 − 70)
2 2
= 𝟐𝟖𝟗. 𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑵𝒎
220
𝑉𝑛 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵
0.75
MAY 2011
Situation 1: A pre-stressed concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an overall depth
of 600 mm. The prestressing tendons are placed at a distance “e” below the neutral
axis of the beam and the applied prestressing force is P in KN. There is 15% loss
of prestress
1.Determine the Values of P and e when the compressive stress in the entire cross
section is 21MPa ANS: P=3780 kN; e= 0
2. Determine the Values of P and e when the compressive stress at the Top and bottom
of the beam are 2 MPa and 12 MPa, respectively. ANS: P=1260 kN; e= 63.21mm
3. Determine the Values of P and e when the compressive stress at the Top and bottom
of the beam are 0 MPa and 16 MPa, respectively. ANS: P=1440 kN; e= 100mm
NOV 2011
Situation 2: A 6m long pre-pressed cantilever beam
shown in the figure carries a concentrated live
load of 18KN at the free end and a uniform deadload
due to its own weight. Unit weight of concrete is
20KN/𝑚3 . The strands are 12 mm in diameter with
total prestressing force of 540 KN applied at an
eccentricity “e” above the neutral xis of the
Gross-section.
1.What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the bottom fiber of the beam at the free end
when the eccentricity e= 0?
ANS: -2.25
2.What is the stress in the top fiber of the beam at the fixed end when the
eccentricity e=100mm.
ANS: +3.6 MPa
3.What is the required eccentricity e such that the stress in the top fiber of the
beam at the fixed end is Zero? ANS: 260 mm
Situation 8: A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth
of 480mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5m. Steel strength 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and concrete strength f`c = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid
of the steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3 . Other than the weight of
the beam, the beam carries a superimposed dead load of 18kN/m and a live load of
14kN/m. Use the strength design method.
1.Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
2.If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN-m, determine the
required number of 20mm tension bars.
3.If the beam will carry an additional factored load of 240 kN at midspan, determine
the required number of 20 mm tension bars.

𝑤𝑑 = 23.5(0.3)(0.48) + 18 = 21.384 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(21.384) + 1.6(14) = 48.0608 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 52
𝑀𝑢 = = 48.0608 ( ) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵𝒎
8 8

𝑑 = 480 − 70 = 410 𝑚𝑚
280𝐸6
𝑅𝑛 = = 6.1692 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.9(300)(4102 )
0.85(28) 2(6.1692)
𝜌= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.01755
415 0.85(28)
0.85(28) 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇𝐶 = (0.85) ( ) = 0.01828 > 𝜌 ∴ 𝑆𝑅𝐵
415 8
𝐴𝑠 0.01755(300)(410)
𝑛= = = 6.87 ≈ 𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏 100𝜋

5
𝑀𝑢 = 150.19 + 240 ( ) = 450.19 𝑘𝑁𝑚
4
450.19𝐸6
𝑅𝑛 = = 9.9189 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.9(300)(4102 )
0.85(28) 2(9.9189 )
𝜌= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.0339 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∴ 𝐷𝑅𝐵
415 0.85(28)
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.01828(300)(410) = 2248.4548 𝑚𝑚2
450.19 0.85(410)(3⁄8)
𝑀𝑛2 = − 2248.4548(415) (410 − ) (10−6 ) = 178.609 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.9 2
𝐴𝑠2 (415)(410 − 70) = 178.609𝐸6 → 𝐴𝑠2 = 1265.8352 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝑛= = 11.19 ≈ 𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
100𝜋
Situation 27: A prestressed concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall
depth of 600mm. The prestressing tendons are placed a distance” e” below the neutral
axis of the beam and the applied prestressing force is P= 1500 Kn. There is 15 %
loss of prestresses.

1.Determine the Compressive stress in concrete when P is applied at the centroid

of the beam. ANS: 7.08 MPa
2. What is the maximum Compressive stress in beam when e= 120 mm. ANS: 15.58
3.Determine the value of the eccentricity “e” such that the resulting stress at the
top fiber of the beam is zero. ANS: 100 mm

1500𝐸3
𝜎= (1 − 0.15) = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
300(600)

1500𝐸3 6(1500𝐸3)(120)
𝜎= (1 − 0.15) + (1 − 0.15) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
300(600) 300(6002 )

6(1500𝐸3)(𝑒) 1500𝐸3
2
=
300(600 ) 300(600)
𝑒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Situation 10: A 6m long simply supported concrete beam has a width of 310 mm and
an overall depth of 480mm. The beam is simply reinforced with four 28mm- dia bars
at the bottom and two 28-mm dia bars on top steel cover measure from the center of
the bar is 70 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and concrete strength f`c = 28 MPa. Total dead load
including beam weight is 22 kN/m.
1.What is the depth of compression block in mm?
2. What is the design strength of the section using a reduction factor of 0.90?
3. What additional concentrated live load can the beam carry at the midspan?

𝑑 = 480 − 70 = 410 𝑚𝑚
0.85(28) 3 196𝜋(4)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇𝐶 = (0.85) ( ) = 0.01828 𝜌= = 0.01938 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇𝐶 ∴ 𝐷𝑅𝐵
415 8 310(410)
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
𝑑′
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 (600) (1 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
70
0.85(28)(0.85)𝑐(310) + 196𝜋(2)(600) (1 − ) = 196𝜋(4)(415)
𝑐
𝑐 = 116.1647 𝑚𝑚
70
𝑓𝑠′ = 600 (1 − ) = 238.44 < 𝑓𝑦 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
116.1647
410
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( − 1) = 1517.68 > 𝑓𝑦 ∴ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
116.1647
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(116.1647) = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝒎

𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(28)(98.74)(310)(410 − 98.74⁄2) + 196𝜋(2)(238.44)(410 − 70) = 362.56 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9(362.56) = 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎
2)
1.2 (22(6 ⁄8) + 1.6 (𝑃(6)⁄4) = 326.30
𝑃 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵