R.K.MALIKS ” NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X CHAPTER 11: CONIC SECTIONS While cutting a carrot you might have noticed different shapes shown by the edges of the cut. Analytically you may cut it in three different ways, namely (i) Cutis parallel to the base (see Fig. 16.1) (i Cutisslanting but does not pass through the base (see Fig. 16.2) (iti) Cutis slanting and passes through the base (see Fig. 16.3) T Fig.16.1 Fig. 16.2 Fig.16.3 he different ways of cutting, give us slices of different shapes. In the first case, the slice cut represent a circle which we have studied in previous lesson. In the second and third cases the slices cut represent different geometrical curves, which we shall study in this lesson, After studying this leson, you will be able to : recognise a circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola as sections ofa cone; recognise the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola as certain loci; identify the concept of eccentricity, directrix, focus and vertex ofa conic section; identify the standard equations of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; find the equation ofa parabola, ellipse and hyperbola given its directrix and focus. 606, 6th Floor, Hat ular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968,11.2 CONIC SECTIONS EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Basicknowledge of coordinate Geometry © Various forms of equation of a straight line ¢ Equation of a circle in various forms 16.1 CONIC SECTION In the introduction we have noticed the various shapes of the slice of the carrot. Since the carrot is conical in shape so the section formed are sections of a cone. They are therefore called conic sections. Mathematically, a conic section is the locus of a point P which moves so that its distance from a fixed point is abways in a constant ratio to its perpendicular distance from a fixed line. The fixed points called the focus and is usually denoted by S. The fixed straight line is called the Directrix, The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis. The constant ratio is called the eccentricity and is denoted by e. What happens when @ e<1 Wi) e=1 (iii) e>1 In these cases the conic section obtained are known as ellipse, parabola and hyperbola respectively. In this lesson we shall study about ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola 16.2 ELLIPSE Recall the cutting of slices ofa carrot. When we cut t obliquely, slanting without letting the knife pass through the base, what do we observe? You might have come across such shapes when you cut a boiled egg vertically. The slice thus obtained represents an ellipse. Let us define the ellipse mathematically as follows: “An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance _from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line and this ratio is less than unity”. 16.2.1 STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE Let S be the focus, ZK be the directrix and P be a moving point. Draw SK perpendicular from Son the directrix. Let e be the eccentricity. Divide SK internally and externally at A and A’ (on KS produced) repectively in the ratio e : 1, as e<1 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 850761396811.3 CONIC SECTIONS SA=eAK @ =eA'K Q) Since A and 4’ are points such that their distances from the focus bears a constant ratio e (¢<1)to their respective distances from the directrix and so they lie on the ellipse, These points are called vertices of the ellipse. and Fig 16.4 Let AA’ be equal to 2a and C be its mid point, i.e. CA =CA’=a The point Cis called the centre of the ellipse. Adding (1) and (2), we have SA+SA'=e.AK +e.AK A or AA’=e(CK -CA+ A'C +CK) or 2a=e.2CK or Subtracting (1) from (2), we have Se SA =e(4'K - AK) or (SC+CA')-(CA-CS) =0.4'A or 2 e2a or CS=ae w+ (4) Let us choose C as origin, CAX as x-axis and CY, aline perpendicular to CX'as y-axis a Coordinates of $ are then (ae, 0) and equation of the directrix is * =~ Let the coordinates of the moving point P be (x, y). Join SP, draw PM1 ZK. By definition SP =e PM ot SP? =e". PM? or SN?+NP?=e7(NKYor — (CN-CSY' +NP? =e? (CK-CNY? Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 850761396811.4 CONIC SECTIONS or (x-aey +y -e(% ) or x°(l-e?) +)? =a°(I-e’) or =l [On dividing by a*(1—e?)] a (l-e’) Putting a’ (1c) = b?, we have the standard form of the ellipse as, > Major axis: The line joining the two vertices 4" and A, ie., 4'A is called the major axis and its length is 2a The line passing through the centre perpendicular to the major axis, i.e., BB'is called the minor axis and its length is 2 Principal axis : The two axes together (major and minor) are called the principal axes of the ellipse. Latus rectum : The length of the line segment LL 2 a is called the latus rectum and it is given by a Equation of the directrix : ¥ = +— e Be a Eccentricity : ¢ is given by e* =1— Ea Find the equation of the ellipse whose focus is (1,1), eccentricity the directrix is x~ yp =3 Solution : Let P (#,A) be any point on the ellipse then by the definition, its distance from the focus= e. Its distance from directrix or sp? =e? PM? (Mis the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P tothe directrix), ; > Tf h=k-3) or (A-1) +(k+1) =f Tot) or (iW? +k?) +2hk -10h+10k +7 =0 The locus of Pis, 7(x? + y? +2xy-10x+10y+7 =0 whichis the required equation ofthe ellipse. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi }651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968|11.5 CONIC SECTIONS Dee Taal) kae)) Find the eccentricity, coordinates of the foci and the length of the axes of the ellipse 3x? +4? =12 x Solution : The equation ofthe ellipse canbe written in the following form, ~~ 3 On comparing this equation with that of the standard equation of the ellipse, we have g? = 4 and 5? =3, then @e Gi) coordinates of the foci are (1,0) and (~1,0) [ (iii) Length of the major axes 2a = 22 = 4 and ‘he coordinate are (+ ae, 0)] length of the minor axis = 25 = 2x J3 = 23. CRD Ue ey Recall the cutting of slice ofa carrot. When we cut obliquely and letting the knife pass through the base, what do we observe? Also when a batsman hits the ball in air, have you ever noticed the path of the ball? Is there any property common to the edge of the slice of the carrot and the path traced out by the ball in the example cited above? Yes, the edge of such a slice and path of the ball have the same shape which is known as a parabola. Let us define parabola mathematically "A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that its distance _from a fixed point in the plane is equal to its distance from a fixed line in the plane." 16.3.1 STANDARD EQUATION OFA PARABOLA Let S be the fixed point and 27’ be the directrix of the parabola, Draw SK perpendicular to ZZ. Bisect SK at A Since SA = AK, by the definition of the parabola A lies on the parabola. A is called the vertex of the parabola. Take A as origin, AX as the x-axis and AY perpendicular to AX through A as the y-axis Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 850761396811. CONIC SECTIONS ¥ Let KS=2a . AS = AK =a The coordinates of A and S are (0,0) and (a,0) respectively. Let P(x.) be any point on the parabola. Draw PN LAS produced =xand NP=y Join SP and draw PM 1 ZZ' By definition of the parabola SP=PMor — SP*= PM or (x-a)’+(y-0)? =(x+a)?— [« PM = NK = NA+ AK =x+a] or (x-a)?-(x+ay r ane which is the standard equation of the parabola. Note : In this equation of the parabola (@ Vertex is (0,0) (ii) Focus is (4,0) (iii) Equation of the axisis y (iv) Equation of the directrix isx +a=0 (v) Latus rectum =4a 16.3.2 OTHER FORMS OF THE PARABOLA. What will be the equation of the parabola when (@ focus is (~a,0) and directrix is xa =0 (ii) focusis (0,a) and directrix isy+a=0, (ii) focusis (0,—a) and directrix is y—a = 0? It can easily be shown that the equation of the parabola with above conditions takes the following forms: @ y? =-4ax (ii) x° =4ay (iii) x* =-4ay The figures are given below for the above equations of the parabolas. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower,11.7 CONIC SECTIONS v= 4ay Fig 16.6 Corresponding results of above forms of parabolas are as follows Forms y? =4ax |y? =—4ar] x? = day Coordinates of vertex 0.0) | (0,0) (0,0) Coordinates of focus (a0) | Ca0)} Oa) Coordinates of directrix x=-q x=a Coordinates of the axis, y=0] y=0 length of Latus rectum 4a 4a 4a 4a PRPTTIEERE Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is the origin and whose directrix is the line 2x+y—-1=0 Solution : Let S (0,0) be the focus and ZZ’ be the directrix whose equation is 2x + y—1=0 Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola. Let PM be perpendicular to the directrix (See Fig. 16,5) By definition SP= PM or sp? = py? yp _2xty=lP o (Fa) or Sx? +Sy? =4x? + y? 41 44xy—2y—4x or x? +4y? 4xy+2y+4x-150 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi }651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968|. . CONIC SECTIONS | Ey Fina the equation of the parabola, whose focusis the point (2, 3) and whose directrix is the line x— 4y +3 =0. Solution : Given focus is S(2,3), and the equation of the directrixis x—4y+3=0 Asin theabove example, (*~2)° +(y => 16x" +y? +8xy-74x-78y-+212 =0 PER A Hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the ratio of its distance froma fixed point to its distance from a fixed straight line in the same plane is greater than one. In other words hyperbola is the conic in which eccentricity is greater than unity. The fixed point is called focus and the fixed straight line is called directrix. Equation of Hyperbola in Standard from : Fig.16.7 Let S be the focus and ZM be the directrix. Draw SZ perpendicular from $ on directix we can divide SZ both internally and externally in the ratioe : | (> 1). Letthe points of division be Aand A’ as shown in the above figure. Let C be the mid point of AA’. Now take CZ as the x-axis and the perpendicular at C as y-axis, Let AA’ = 2a SA i d SA" OOCE az 7 ee > Wan Now 11. 306, 6th Floor, Hari11.9 CONIC SECTIONS ie. SA= eAZ ji ie SA’ = eA'Z (ii) Adding (i) and (ii) we get SA + SA’ = e(AZ + AZ) (CS — CA) + (CS + CA’) = eA’ > 2C8 = €.2a (-s CA= CA’) > CS = ae Hence focus point is (ae, 0). Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get SA’ — SA= e(4'Z—AZ) ie. AA! = e[(CZ+CA')-(CA-CZ)] ie AA = e[2CZ] (: CA’ = CA) ie 2a = e(2CZ) > cz=4% e . a Equation of directrix is x = © e Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola, PM and PN be the perpendiculars from P on the directrix and x-axis respectively. SP. Thus, py 7@ > SP=ePM > (SPY = e°(PM? 2 i 2 yo)? = 2 { x-= ie (x—ae)? + (7-0)? = & (= J = of ex? +a? —2aex ie. ae? —2aex+ y? =| —_ 3 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc11.10 CONIC SECTIONS Let a(e?-1) = Which is the equation of hyperbola in standard from. Now let S' be the image of S and Z’M’ be the image of ZM wrt y-axis. Taking S’ as focus and Z’M’ as directrix, it can be seen that the corresponding equation of A hyperbola is > a =1. Hence for every hyperbola, there are two foci and two directrices, We have 6? =a7(e?—1) and e > 1 If we put y= 0 in the equation of hyperbola we get rag@or=Ha Hyperbola cuts x-axis at A(a, 0) and A’(-a, 0) If we put x = 0 in the equation of hyperbola we get tV-1b=+ib Which does not exist in the cartesian plane. Bay Hyperbola does not interesct y-axis. AA’ = 2a, along the x-axis is called transverse axis of the hyperbola and BB’ = 2b, along y-axis is called conjugate axis of the hyperbola. Notice that hyperbola does not meet its conjugate axis As in case of ellipse, hyperbola has two foci S(ae, 0), S'(-ae, 0) and two directrices x= + sis Cis called the centre of hyperbola Latus rectum of hyperbola isa line segment perpendicular to the transverse axis through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the hyperbola, As in ellipse, it can be 2 proved that the length of the latus rectum of hyperbola is — a Hyperbola is symmetric about both the axes. Foci of hyperbola are always on transverse axis. It is the positive term whose denomi- 2 2 . . x . nator gives the transverse axis, For example a =1 has transverse axis along x- ‘9835508812, 8507613968| Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc11.11 CONIC SECTIONS 1 has transverse axis axis and length of transverse axis is 6 units, While eal ra along y-axis of length 10 unit. «© Thehyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and transverse axis of given hyperbola, is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola. This equation is of the form In this case : 1 Pransverse axis is along y-axis and conjugate axis is along x-axis. Length of transverse axis = 25 © Length of conjugate axis = 2 $ og? + Length oflatus reetum = = B Equations of dreotices y= +2 ¢ Equations of directrices a ~ # Vertices (0, + b) a © Foci (0, # be) © Centre (0, 0) s Fig. 168 Ifin a hyperbola the length of the transverse axis is equal to the length of the conjugate axis, then the hyperbola is called a rectangular hyperbola, Its equation is x?7-y?=a? or 2@- = BC a=b) P In this case @ i.e. the eccentricity of rectangualr hyperbola is 2. 2 ERE Fo° the hyperbola = = lfind the following (i) Eecentricty (i) Foci Vertices (iv) Directrices (v) Length of transverse axis (vi) Length of conjugate axis (vii) Length of latus rectum (viii) Centre. : Here a? = 16 and ? = 9, > a= 4 and b =3. Solutio caro 1649 S$ (i) Eccentricity (e) = Gi) Foci = ( ae,0)= 6880) =(£5,0) iil). Vertices = (& a, 0) = (& 4, 0) Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 850761396811.12 CONIC SECTIONS 4 16 > rst a (iv) Directrives x= > => x= + 4 (vy) Length of transverse axis = 2a = 2 « 4 = 8. (vi) Length of conjugate axis = 2a = 2 3 = 6 267 a (vii) Length of latus rectum (viii) Centre = (0, 0) | Example 16.6 | Find the equation of hyperbola with vertices (+ 2, 0) and foci (+ 3, 0) Solution : Here a = 2 and ae = 3 We know that 3 Equation of hyperbola is a 2 2 TELE For hyperbola i = =1, find the following (i) Eccentricity (ii) Centre (iii) Foci (iv) Vertices (v) Directrices (vi) Length of transverse axis (vii) Length of conjugate axis (viii) Latus rectum. Solution : Here 6? = 9 and a? = 27 => b =3 and a= 3V3, 27+9 =N4=2. Gi) Centre = (0, 0) (ii) Foci = (0, + be)=(0, + 3.2)=(0, + 6). (iv) Vertices = (0, + b) = (0, + 3). b +o) e () Directrices, (vi) Length of transverse axis = 2b = 2* 3=6 (vil) Length of conjugate axis = 2a = 2 x 3-3 = 6V3 2a _ 2x27 (vill) Length of latus rectum = = =—S— = 18, Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, sular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}11.13 CONIC SECTIONS Fas LET U wae © ~~ Conic Section ‘A conic section is the locus ofa point which moves so that its distance froma fixed point is always ina constant ratio to its perpendicular distance froma fixed straight line” (@) Focus : The fixed point is called the focus. (ii) Directrix : The fixed straight line is called the directrix. (iii) Axis : The straight line passing through the focus and pependicular to the directrix is called the axis. (iv) Eccentricity : The constant ratio is called the eccentricity. © (v) Latus Rectum : The double ordinate passing through the focus and parallel to the directrix is known as latus rectum. (In Fig. 16.5 /.SL"is the latus rectum) © Standard Equation of the Ellipse is: () Major axis = 2a (ii) Minor axis=26 a (iii) Equation of direetrixis ¥ = += (iv) Foci : (+ ae,0) (v) Eccentricity, ie., eis given by & Standard Equation of the Parabola i : Peder (i Vertexis (0,0) (ii) Focusis (a0) (iii) Axis of the parabola is y=0_ (iv) Directrix ofthe parabolais x+a=0 ” Latus rectum = 4a. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc11.14 CONIC SECTIONS ¢ OTHER FORMS OF THE PARABOLAARE 0 y’=-dax (concave to the left). (i) Ree _4ay (concave upwards). (ii) x _ day (concave downwards). © Equation of hyperbola having transverse axis along x-axis and conjugate axis along y- ry axis is ->> z For this hyperbola (i) ¢ = (i) Centre =(0, 0) (ii) Foci = ( ae, 0) 2b? (iv) Vetrices = (+ a, 0)(v) Length of latus rectum = = a (vi) Length of transverse axis = 2a (vi) Length of conjugate axis = 2b (viii) Equations of directrixes are given by x= +4. e * Equations of hyperbola having transverse axis along y-axis and conjugate axis along x- 2 2 axis is > BE For this hyperbola (i) Vertices = (0, + 6)(i) Centre = (0, 0) (ii). Foci = (0, + be) (Wye = 2a? () Length of latus rectum = == (si) Length of transverse axis = 2b. (vil) Length of conjugate axis = 2a (viii) Equations of directrixes are given by y= + = Office : 606, 6th Floor,