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Types of Protection Schemes Part-2

The document discusses various methods of transmission line protection, including differential relays, percentage differential protection, overcurrent protection, and distance protection. It describes how differential relays operate based on comparing currents at both ends of a protected line and how distance relays measure impedance to detect faults within set zones along a line. The document also covers applications of these protections for different transmission line configurations like parallel feeders and ring mains.

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CHAITANYA KUMAR
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63 views38 pages

Types of Protection Schemes Part-2

The document discusses various methods of transmission line protection, including differential relays, percentage differential protection, overcurrent protection, and distance protection. It describes how differential relays operate based on comparing currents at both ends of a protected line and how distance relays measure impedance to detect faults within set zones along a line. The document also covers applications of these protections for different transmission line configurations like parallel feeders and ring mains.

Uploaded by

CHAITANYA KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Relay
✘ A differential relay is suitably connected over current relay
operating on difference of two current at two ends of a protected
element
✘ For faults outside the protected element the current in at one end
equal the current out at the other end.
Percentage differential protection.
✘ This is essentially same as current balance overcurrent relay
connected in differential configuration.
✘ The circuit contains an additional restraining coil connected in
pilot wires which prevents the closing of contacts as shown
below.
Protection of Transmission Line/feeders
The probability of fault occurrence on overhead lines is more due to
their large length and their exposure to atmosphere. The main
requirements of line protection are:
✘ In the event of Short Circuit, the CB nearest to the fault should
open and all other CB should remain closed.
✘ If the breaker nearest to the fault fails to open, back up protection
should be provided by the adjacent circuit breaker.
Protection of Transmission Line/feeders
There are three methods for feeder protection
✘ Over current protection
✘ Distance protection
✘ Pilot-wire protection
Type of over current protection
✘ Time graded system
✘ Current graded system
Non-Directional Time graded system

✘ The arrows marked on both sides indicate relays operate for fault
on either side
✘ For a fault beyond C, the circuit breaker at C operates first with a
relay time of 0.3sec. Meanwhile, relay at A & B start operating but
after fault is cleared at 0.3s, they are reset. For a fault between B
& C, relay at B operates so unnecessary tripping is avoided.
✘ If relay at B fails to operate, relay at A provides back-up
Current graded system
✘ Current graded systems normally employ high set over current
relays. They operate at pre-determined setting without a time lag.
Time current grading
✘ In case where power can flow to the fault from both directions, the
circuit breakers on both the sides should trip, so as to disconnect
the faulty line.
✘ Such a case occurs in parallel feeders, ring mains, T-feeders,
interconnected line.
✘ Here the directional relays can operate for fault current flowing in
a particular direction. It is achieved with inverse time over current
relays.
Protection of parallel feeders
✘ Figure shown 2 parallel feeders feeding the load & we have to select
where we need to place the directional relay and where to place non-
directional relay
✘ Direction of current near load reverses in event of a fault, so we place
directional relay at load end.
✘ Directional relay on feeder 2 only will operate as direction of current is
reversed only in feeder 2
✘ First directional relay near load end will operate and then non-directional
relay at source end to isolate faulty feeder.
Protection of ring mains
✘ We connect directional relay at load end and non-directional relay
at source end.

✘ For time setting of different relay, we will first open the ring at point A
Protection of ring mains
✘ Then we open ring at B & set tie for different relays.

✘ If we combine both we get


Unit Protection Scheme
✘ Unit type schemes protect a specific area of the system i.e. a
transformer, transmission line, generator or bus bar. The unit
protection schemes are based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law – the
sum of the currents entering an area of the system must be zero.
✘ Any deviation from this must indicate an abnormal current path.
✘ In other words, it is possible to design protection systems that
respond only to fault conditions occurring within a clearly defined
zone. This type of protection system is known as unit protection.
Certain types of unit protection are known by specific names,
E.g. Restricted Earth Fault and Differential Protection.
Non-unit Protection Scheme
✘ The non-unit schemes, while also intended to protect specific
areas, have no fixed boundaries. As well as protecting their own
designated areas, the protective zones can overlap into other
areas. While this can be very beneficial for backup purposes,
there can be a tendency for too great an area to be isolated if a
fault is detected by different non unit schemes.
✘ The most simple of these schemes measures current and
incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the protection
operation to allow protection nearer to the fault to operate first.
Non-unit Protection Scheme
The non unit type protection system includes following schemes:

✘ a) Time graded over-current protection

✘ b) Current graded over-current protection

✘ c) Distance or Impedance Protection


Distance protection
✘ Distance relaying is considered for protection of transmission lines where
time lag control cannot be permitted and selectivity cannot be obtained by
over current relaying
✘ Distance protection is used for main lines & secondary lines.
✘ A distance relay measures 𝑉𝐼 at relay location which gives the measure of
distance between the relay & fault location. The impedance of fault loop is
proportional to distance between relay location & fault point. For a given
setting, the distance relay picks up when impedance measured by it is
less than set value.
3-zone distance protection

✘ Note : Any type of distance relay (Impedance relay, reactance relay, mho
relay) can be used for protection but circuit conditions must be kept in
mind while choosing.
A)

B)

C)

D)

Q1
A

Q2
A)

B)

C)

D)

Q3
A)

B)

C)

D)

Q4

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