Swathi CSP Project
Swathi CSP Project
Registration Number:20HR1A0553
Link: https://apsche.ap.gov.in/Pdf/Guidelines%20for%20the%20OJT
%20Internship
%20Community%20Service%20Project.pdf
Year of Study:2020-2024
Register Number:20HR1A0553
Date of Submission:
Student’s Declaration
Endorsements
We feel ourselves honored for the placing ourselves. Warm salutation TO THE
MANAGEMENT, MOTHER THERESA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY PALAMANER Which gave us the opportunity to obtain a strong basic B.
Tech Profound Knowledge.
Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all Faculty Members of CSE
Department, and Lab Technicians, Friends & family members, who all have motivated and
helped us to do this Organizing a drugfree campaign.
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Water is one of the most important natural resources, which is absolutely essential in
having life and living life. A part from sustaining life, water is used for various essential
purposes. And water pollution is again a major global problem, which harms the comfortable
living of us. It has been proved that water pollution is a major cause of death and disease
worldwide. In the world everyday more than 1400 people die for water pollution only. The
amount of water pollution in India has increased to such an extent that it has become serious
and many people are suffering from various diseases due to this Words:
Water pollution is the contamination of water in water bodies such as rivers, oceans, lakes,
and swamps. This means that one or more substances have built up in water to the extent of
causing problems to people, animals and plants. Addition of certain substances to the water
such as organic, inorganic, biological radiological heat which degrades the quality of water
so that it becomes unfit for use. Water pollution is not only confirmed to surface water, but it
has also spread to ground water, sea and ocean.
Administration of water pollution control should be in the state or central government.
Scientific techniques should be adopted for environmental control of catchment of ponds.
Industrial plants should be based on recycling operations as it helps prevent disposal of
wastes into natural waters but waste.
Plants trees and forests control pollution as they act as natural air conditioners.
Trees are capable of reducing Sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide pollutants and hence more
trees should be planted. No type of waste should be discharge into any natural water body.
Industries should develop closed loop water supply schemes and domestic’s sewage must be
used for irrigation. Public awareness must be initiated regarding adverse effects of water
pollution using the media. Laws, standards and practices should be established to prevent
water pollution and these laws should be modified from time to time based on current
requirements and technological advancements. Basic and applied research in public health
engineering should be encouraged. Untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents,
washing clothes, vehicles, animals and immersion of idols at the time of festivals
contributing to the pollution of lake. The present review reveals that nutrient loading has
exceeded the eutrophic condition leading to a hyper eutrophic status. Land use change and
longer growing seasons.
Learning objectives and outcomes :
1. It demonstrates Understanding of how water pollution impacts.
2. It’s all combustion problems and calculate the amounts of pollutants.
3. We should define key terms related to water pollution.
4. It explains the different types of water pollution.
5. It provides knowledge about water pollution in environment.
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY
About Palamner :
Palamaner or Palamaneru is a town in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra
Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Palamaner mandal and Palamaner Revenue
Division. It is located 43 KM towards west from District head quarters Chittoor.
Palamaner is located in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh at 13.2000°N 78.7500°E. It has
an average elevation of 683 meters (2,244 ft). Being close to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu state
borders, people here bear a mixed culture.
According to census 2011 information the sub-district code of Palamaner Block (CD) is
05422. Total area of palamaner mandal is 237 km² including 218.88 km² rural area and 17.69
km² urban area. Palamaner mandal has a population of 81,470 peoples, out of which urban
population is 51,450 while rural population is 30,020. Palamaner has a population density of
344 inhabitants per square kilometre. There are about 19,513 houses in the sub-district,
including 12,311 urban houses and 7,202 rural houses. When it comes to literacy, 67.97%
population of palamaner mandal is literate, out of which 73.40% males and 62.65% females
are literate. There are about 15 villages in palamaner mandal.The economy of palamaner is
mainly based on agriculture.
WATER POLLUTION :
Water pollution is the contamination of water in water bodies such as rivers, oceans,
lakes, and swamps. This means that one or more substances have built up in water to the
extent of causing problems to people, animals and plants. Addition of certain substances to
the water such as organic, inorganic, biological radiological heat which degrades the quality
of water so that it becomes unfit for use. Water pollution is not only confirmed to surface
water, but it has also spread to ground water, sea and ocean.
We know water's another name is life. Water is one of the most important natural
resources, which is absolutely essential in having life and living life. A part from sustaining
life, water is used for various essential purposes. And water pollution is again a major global
problem, which harms the comfortable living of us. It has been proved that water pollution is
a major cause of death and disease worldwide. In the world everyday more than 1400 people
die for water pollution only. The amount of water pollution in India has increased to such an
extent that it has become serious and many people are suffering from various diseases due to
this Words.
Physical Parameter
Color, order, turbidity, taste, temperature and electrical conductivity constitute the
physical parameters and are good indicators of contamination. For instance colour and
turbidity are visible evidences of polluted water while an offensive odor or a bitter and
difference than normal taste also makes water unfit for drinking.
Chemical Parameters
These include the amount of carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates and
metal ions. These chemicals form the total dissolved soils, present in water.
Biological Parameters
The biological parameters include matter like algae, fungi, viruses, prototozoa and bacteria.
The life forms present in water are affected to a good extent by the presence of pollutants.
The pollutants in water may cause a reduction in the population of both lower and higher
plants and animals lives. Thus, the biological parameters give an indirect indication of the
amount of pollution in water.
Cause of Water Pollution :
There are many reasons for water pollution. They are discussed below.
Sewage and Domestic Wastes
The sewage and waste water that is produced by each household is chemically treated and
released in to sea with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals
that can cause serious health problems. Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant;
The sewers of cities house several pathogens and thereby diseases. Microorganisms in water
are known to be causes of some very deadly diseases and become the breeding grounds for
other creatures that act like carriers. These carriers inflict these diseases via various forms of
contact onto an individual. A very common example of this process would be Malaria.
Industrial Waste :
Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and pollutants
which can cause air pollution and damage to us and our environment. They contain
pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulphur, asbestos, nitrates and many other harmful
chemicals. Many industries do not have proper waste management system and drain the
waste in the fresh water which goes into rivers, canals and later in to sea. The toxic
chemicals have the capability to change the color of water, increase the amount of minerals,
also known as Eutrophication, change the temperature of water and pose serious hazard to
water organisms.
Agricultural Discharges :
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops from insects and
bacteria. They are useful for the plants growth. However, when these chemicals are mixed up
with water produce harmful for plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals mixes
up with rainwater and flow down into ponds which pose serious damages for aquatic
animals.
There are numerous causes of water pollution. The main ones are listed below: Types of
sources
1. Point sources
It is directly attributable to one influence. Here pollutant travels directly from
source to water.
2. Diffuse or non-point source
It is from various ill-defined and diffuse sources. They vary spatially and
temporally and are difficult to regulate.
The main sources of water pollution are as follows:
Community waste water.
Industrial waste.
3. Agricultural sources
Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching or may be mixed with surface
water of rivers, lakes and ponds by runoff and drainage.
4. Thermal pollution
The main sources are the thermal and nuclear power plants.
The power plants use water as coolant and release hot waters to the original source.
Sudden rise in temperature kills fishes and other aquatic animals.
5. Garbage
Plastics are non-biodegradable. Mass plastics clog water bodies and contaminate water.
6. Urbanization
Urbanization is a key factor in increasing the amounts of water pollution.
7. Dumping solid waste
Humans often carelessly dump their trash in the sea or near rivers.
8. Oil spills
Accidental oil spills have a devastating effect on seas.
9. Dissolved gases
Polluting gases in the air can dissolve into salt and fresh water and pollute it.
10. Boat fuels
Fossil fuels used in the shipping industry are one of the largest causes of both air and
water pollution.
11. Untreated sewage from households
Dye, lotion, soap, hair oil, shampoo, powder, deodorant, moisturizer and many other
such products also contribute in water pollution. These products go to the sewage
without any treatment.
Untreated sewage from households can contaminate different water bodies in the
process.
When sewage pipes break, there is a chance that the wastes will contaminate drinking
water.
Effects of Water Pollution :
Water pollution damages human health makes our living conditions precarious and
threatens life on the planet.
Effects on aquatic ecosystem
Polluted water reduces Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content, thereby, eliminates sensitive
organisms like plankton, molluscs and fish etc.
Biocides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) and heavy metals directly eliminate
sensitive aquatic organisms.
Hot waters discharged from industries, when added to water bodies, lowers its DO
content.
Effects on human health
The polluted water usually contains pathogens like virus, bacteria, parasitic protozoa
and worms; therefore, it is a source of water borne diseases like jaundice, cholera,
typhoid, arnoebiasis etc.
Mercury compounds in waste water are converted by bacterial action into extremely
toxic methyl mercury, which can cause numbness of limbs, lips and tongue, deafness,
blurring of vision and mental derangement.
Groundwater contains high levels of arsenic. As a result, the black bruises on the
hands and soles of the feet are called black foot disease.
Water contaminated with cadmium can cause itai itai disease also called ouch-ouch
disease (a painful disease of bones and joints) and cancer of lungs and liver.
The compounds of lead cause Anaemia, headache, loss of muscle power and bluish
line around the gum.
A crippling deformity called Minamata disease due to consumption of fish captured
from mercury contaminated Minamata Bay in Japan was detected in 1952.
Presence of excess nitrate in drinking water is dangerous for human health and may be
fatal for infants.
Excess nitrate in drinking water reacts with haemoglobin to form non-functional
methaemoglobin, and impairs oxygen transport. This condition is called
methaemoglobinemia or blue baby syndrome.
Excess fluoride in drinking water causes neuro-muscular disorders, gastro-intestinal
problems, teeth deformity, hardening of bones and stiff and painful joints.
High concentration of fluoride ions is present in drinking water in 13 states of india.
The maximum level of fluoride, which the human body can tolerate in 1.5 parts per
million.
Long term ingestion of fluoride ions causes fluorosis.
Over exploitation of ground water may lead to leaching of arsenic from soil and rock
sources and contaminate ground water.
Chronic exposure to arsenic causes lack foot disease.
It also causes, Diarrhoea, peripheral neuritis and also lung and skin cancer.
Arsenic contamination is a serious problem the Ganges Delta, west Bengal causing
serious arsenic poisoning to large numbers of people.
A2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are
probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water.
Biological Magnification :
Heavy metal is harmful to species. When it inters in the food chain, harms all the
species in the chain through increasing concentration of toxicants or pollutants in different
tropic levels of the food chain, which is called biological magnification. Common examples
of heavy metals are Mercury and DDT. These toxic materials that are ingested by the
organisms cannot be metabolized or excreted. And, therefore they are passed on to the other
tropic levels. Gradually as they go higher up the tropic levels, the concentration of these
toxicants increases; thereby causing immense damage to the organisms.
When non-degradable substances increase in the ecosystem, they increase the rising
concentration of toxic substances among the organisms present in the food chain and food
web. The poisonous level gradually increased with the increase of the trophical levels of the
food chain.
According to bioaccumulations affinity, the lower trophic level of the organism is much
more or less toxic than the organism presents in the high trophic level. This is increased
gradually among the base to top predators via the food chain.
Ecotoxic substances are some chemicals that have more abundant properties than other
compounds. Hence, the consistent application of these can increase the level of
thermodynamics disturbance in the environment. Some of the toxic exhaust substances are
human made called persistent organic pollutants or pops, agents of biomagnification.
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CHAPTER 5: OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION
A mini-project work in the related subject w.r.t the habitation/village. (For ex., a
student of Botany may do a project on Organic Farming or Horticulture or usage of
biofertilizers or biopesticides or effect of the inorganic pesticides, etc. A student of
Zoology may do a project on Aquaculture practices or animal husbandry or poultry
or health and hygiene or Blood group analysis or survey on the Hypertension or
survey on the prevalence of diabetes, etc.
The Report shall be limited to 6 pages.
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE MINI PROJECT
Water pollution is one of the major environmental pollution, which destroys the
environment, animals and our daily comfortable life. In the present investigation, we
reviewed that due to presence of impurities in the lake, there are many different parameters
found to be increased during summer season and have got diluted during rainy season. So,
this kind of changes would affect the aquatic environment as increase in nitrogen content
would result in eutrophication naturally which leads to decrease in the oxygen content level.
Lack of oxygen can cause fish kills and lack of fish enables malaria-hosting mosquitoes as
mosquitoes are natural food for fish. Without oxygen at the bottom at all times, beneficial
bacteria and insects cannot biodegrade the organic sediment at bed level of the lake.
Purification methods should exist from filtration processes that should be carried
out before introducing any foreign material into the water body. Some pollutants are released
into the lake. Proper bioremediation techniques should also be used to improve that water
quality. Discharge of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents, washing clothes,
vehicles, animals and immersion of idols at the time of festivals contributing to the pollution
of lake. The present review reveals that nutrient loading has exceeded the eutrophic condition
leading to a hyper eutrophic status. Land use change and longer growing seasons could
increase the use of fertilizers with subsequent leaching to watercourses, rivers and lakes,
increasing the risk of eutrophication and loss of biodiversity.
So we must be aware about water pollution as we are all the reason behind it. As a
student we should understand this word wide problem of water pollution and think about its
remedy. And we should convince others about this. Water pollution destroys important food
sources and contaminates drinking water with chemicals that can cause immediate and long-
term harm to human health. Water pollution also often severely damages aquatic ecosystems.
Water pollution arises from accidental or deliberate disposal of harmful substances on
land , dumping of Petro-chemicals at sea , over-use of pesticides and fertilizers and poor
sewage systems , all of which results in contamination of both surface and ground water .
Water pollution is a serious issue and preventive measures are essential. It is the second most
important environmental issue next to air pollution.
Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project
Student Name : K. Swathi
Registration No : 20HR1A0553
Date of Evaluation:
Name of the Person in-charge: Mr. P. J. Shriidar
Address with mobile number:
1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
Registration No:20HR1A0553
Date of Evaluation:
Name of the person in-charge: Mr. P. J. Shriidar
Address with mobile number:
Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self-evaluation
1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5