Parth Momaya

Science 2 – chapter 1
1. Intext questions
Can you recall? (page 1)
1. Which component of the cellular nucleus of living organisms carries hereditary
characters?
Ans. Cellular nucleus of living organisms contains the genetic material like DNA,
which carries hereditary characters.
2. What do we call to the process of transfer of physical and mental characters
from parents to the progeny?
Ans. The process of transfer of physical and mental characters from parents to the
progeny is called heredity.
3. Which are the components the DNA molecule?
Ans. DNA has three types of chemical components: (1) phosphate (2) a sugar called
deoxyribose (3) four nitrogenous bases-adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

Can you tell? (page 1)

1. Sketch and explain the structure of DNA and various types of RNA.
Ans.

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(i) DNA is made up of nucleotide molecules. A phosphate group, a sugar group and a
nitrogen base are present in each nucleotide.
(ii) The nitrogen base is of four types. cytosine (C), guanine(G), thymine (T), and
adenine(A).
(iii) The sequence in which the nitrogen bases are present determines the genetic
code.
(v) The sequence of nitrogen bases forms genes which instructs cells how to prepare
proteins.
(vi) Nucleotides are joined together to form two long strands that twist to create a
structure called a double helix.
(vii) Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
(viii) DNA is coiled tightly to form chromosomes which are found inside the nucleus.

Various types of RNA

(i) Types of RNA are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

(ii) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleotide
polymer, which is made of ribose sugar, a
phosphate and bases such as adenine, guanine,
cytosine and uracil.
(iii) The ribose sugar of RNA has a hydroxyl
group and it is absent in DNA. RNA has a
structure similar to DNA .
(iv) rRNA : It is a component of the ribosome
organelle and helps in protein synthesis
(v) mRNA : It carries information of protein
synthesis from genes to the ribosomes.
(vi) tRNA : It carries amino acids up to the
ribosomes.

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2. Explain the meaning of genetic disorders and give names of some disorders.
Ans.
(i) Genetic disorders is a problem caused genetically due to mutations in the gene. It is
present from birth. Types are rare and affect one in million.
(ii) Diabetes, obesity, infertility, cleft palate, heart disease, hemophilia , sickle cell
anaemia are some of the genetic disorders.

Can you recall? (page 3)

1. What is the function of the appendix of our digestive system?
Ans. (i) The appendix is a vestigial organ that was once used by our herbivorous
ancestors.
(ii) It was found that in herbivorous vertebrates the appendix is comparatively larger
and it helped in the digestion of tough herbivorous food such as the bark of a tree.
(iii) It is also supposed to be a store house of good bacteria.
2. Are our wisdom teeth really useful for chewing the food?
Ans. No, people do not need wisdom teeth now for chewing the food but earlier they
were used for chewing tough plants which were important part of the human diet.
3. Why did the huge animals like dinosaur become extinct?
Ans. In spite of the fact that the cause for dinosaur extinction is still a mystery,
following events could have played a role.
(i) Gas seeping and ash evolving from volcanoes suffocated most of the dinosaurs.
(ii) The entire population of dinosaur may have been wiped out due to diseases.
(iii) The dinosaurs could not survive after a big meteorite crashed into earth, drastically
changing the climatic conditions.
(iv) Imbalances in food chain leads to starvation of the dinosaurs.
4. Why are many species of animals and birds getting extinct?
Ans. (i) Animals and birds extinction may be caused by natural occurrences such as
climatic heating or cooling or changes in sea levels. Heredity and Evolution 13
(ii) Habitat destruction as farming land expands and forests are cut-down. This is the
main cause along with pollution and over fishing or hunting.

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Can you tell? (page 4)

1. Which are the different organs in body of organisms?
Ans. (i) In digestive system - (Mouth, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, intestines, etc.)
(ii) Skeletal system - (Bones)
(iii) Circulatory system - (Heart, Arteries, Veins, etc.)
(iv) Respiratory system - (Diaphragm, Lungs, Larynx, etc) are some of the organs in an
organism.
2. Is each of the organs useful to organism?
Ans. (i) Most of the organs are useful to organisms. At the same time few organs may
be present now but they have lost their function in the process of evolution.
(ii) In human beings, appendix, tail-bone (coccyx), wisdom teeth and body hair are not
useful now.

2. Exercise questions
1. Complete the following diagram.
Ans.

2. Read the following statements and justify same in your own words with
the help of suitable examples.
a. Human evolution began approximately 7 crore years ago.
Ans.
(i) Last dinosaurs disappeared approximately seven crore
years ago.

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(ii) At that time, monkey like animals were said to be evolved from some ancestors
who were more or less similar to the modern lemurs.
(iii) Thus, human evolution began approximately seven crore years ago.
b. Geographical and reproductive isolation of organisms gradually
leads to speciation.
Ans. (i) Species is the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals
through natural reproduction.
(ii) Each species grows in specific geographical condition. Their food, habitat,
reproductive ability and period is different.
(iii) Along with genetic variation, geographical and reproductive changes are
responsible for formation of new species.
(iv) Hence, geographical and reproductive isolation leads to speciation.
c. Study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution.
Ans. (i) Large number of organisms got buried due to disasters like flood,
earthquake, volcano, etc.
(ii) Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground.
These are called as fossils.
(iii) With help of carbon-dating technique, it is easy to determine the age of fossils.
(iv) Once the age of fossil has been determined, it becomes easy to deduce
information about other erstwhile organisms.
(v) Hence, study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution.
d. There is evidences of fatal science among chordates.
Ans. ( This question is wrong. And since it is never asked in any exam, I would suggest to skip this
question.)

3. Complete the statements by choosing correct options from bracket.

(Gene, Mutation, Translocation, Transcription, Gradual development, Appendix)
(1) The causality behind the sudden changes was understood due to ________
principle of Hugo de Vries.
(2) The proof for the fact that protein synthesis occurs through ________was given
by George Beadle and Edward Tatum.
(3) Transfer of information from molecule of DNA to mRNA is called _________
process.

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(4) Evolution means __________.

(5) Vestigial organ________ present in human body is the proof of evolution.
Ans. (1) Mutation (2) Gene (3) Transcription (4) Gradual development (5) Appendix

4. Write short notes based upon the information known to you.

a. Lamarckism
Ans. (i) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that morphological changes occurring in
living organisms are responsible for evolution and the reason behind those
morphological changes is activities or laziness of that organism.
(ii) The neck of giraffe has become too long due to browsing on leaves of tall
plants by extending their neck for several generations.
(iii) Shoulders of ironsmith have become very strong due to frequent hammering
movements.
(iv) Wings of birds like emu and ostrich have become weak due to no use.
(v) Legs of the birds like swan and duck have become useful for swimming due to
living in water.
(vi) Snakes have lost their legs by modification in their body for burrowing habit.
(vii) All these examples are types of acquired characters and are transferred from
one generation to another This is called as theory of inheritance of acquired
characters or Lamarckism.
(viii) Development of organs due to specific activities or their degeneration due to
no use at all was widely accepted but transfer of those characters from generation
to generation was rejected.
(ix) Because it had been verified many times that modifications brought in us are
not transferred to next generation and thereby Lamarck’s theory was disproved.
b. Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Ans.
(i) Charles Darwin, an English biologist published the theory of natural selection,
which preaches the survival of the fittest.
(ii) According to him, all organisms reproduce prolifically.
(iii) These organisms compete with each other and only those organisms who show
modification, sustain long.

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(iv) Natural selection also plays important role because nature selects only those
organisms which are fit to live and the rest perish.
(v) These sustained and selected organisms reproduce and give rise to new species
with own specific characteristics.
(vi) This theory was widely accepted for long duration, however it had some
objections to it.
(vii) Irrespective of all these objections, Darwin’s work on evolution has been a
milestone.
c. Embryology.
Ans. (i) Embryology is the science which deals with the study of development of an
organism from an embryo.
(ii) Comparative study of embryonic developmental stages of various vertebrates
shows that all embryos have extreme similarities during initial stages.
(iii) Those similarities decrease gradually.
(iv) Similarities in initial stages indicate the common origin for all these animals.
d. Evolution.
Ans. (i) Evolution is a gradual change occurring in living organisms over a long
duration.
(ii) This is a very slow-going process through which development of organisms is
achieved.
(iii) All the stages in changes occurred in various components ranging from stars and
planets in space to the biosphere present on the earth should be included in the study of
evolution.
(iv) Formation of new species due to changes in specific characters of several
generations of living organisms as a response to natural selection is called as evolution.
(v) Different theories about origin and evolution of life have been proposed till today of
which theory of gradual development of living organisms is accepted.
(vi) According to this theory, first living material (Protoplasm) has been formed in the
ocean. In due course of time, unicellular organism was formed.
(vii) Gradual changes took place in unicellular organisms from which larger and more
complex organisms were formed. Duration of all these changes is about 300 crore
years.

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(viii) Changes and development in living organisms has been all round and multi-
dimensional and this led to evolution of different types of organisms.
Hence, this overall process is called as evolution which is organizational.
(ix) Progressive development of plants and animals from the ancestors having different
structural and functional organization is called evolution.
e. Connecting link.
Ans. (i) Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which they
can be related to two different groups; hence, they are called connecting links.
(ii) E.g. In Peripatus, characters like segmented body, thin cuticle and parapodia are
present like annelida and worms. Similarly, these animals show tracheal respiration and
open circulatory system similar to arthropods. This indicates that Peripatus is the
connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
(iii) Similarly, Duck Billed Platypus lays eggs like reptiles but shows relationship with
mammals too due to presence of mammary glands and hair.
(iv) Lung fish performs respiration with lungs irrespective of being a fish.
(v) These examples indicate that mammals have evolved from reptiles and amphibians
from fishes.

5. Define heredity. Explain the mechanism of hereditary changes.

Ans. (i) Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to
another via genes.
(ii) Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes
only and some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without any
changes.
(iii) Due to this, some of the characters of parents are transmitted to their
offspring.
(iv) However, sometimes sudden changes occur in those genes.
(v) Sometimes any nucleotide of the gene changes its position and that causes a
minor change which is called as mutation.
(vi) Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable.
E.g. Mutation may cause the genetic disorder like sickle cell anaemia.

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6. Define vestigial organs. Write names of some vestigial organs in human

body and write the names of those animals in whom same organs are functional.
Ans. (i) Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms are called as
vestigial organs.
(ii) Appendix is a vestigial organ in humans, but is fully functional in ruminants.
(iii) Muscles of ear pinna are vestigial in humans but are useful in monkey for
movement of ear pinna.

7. Answer the following questions.

a. How are the hereditary changes responsible for evolution?
Ans. (i) Formation of new species due to changes in specific characters of several
generations of living organisms as a response to natural selection is called as
evolution.
(ii) At present, crores of species of plants, range from Chlorella to Banyan tree and
animals ranging Amoeba to giant whale are existing on earth.
(iii) First primitive cell may have been formed from the mixture of different types of
organic and inorganic compounds.
(iv) There may have been some differences among these cells and according to the
principle of natural selection, some may have shown good growth and some may
have perished which could not adjust with surrounding.
(v) Sustaining and selected organisms can perform reproduction and thereby, give rise
to the new species with their own specific characters.
b. Explain the process of formation of complex proteins.
Ans.
(i) Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA. Synthesis of appropriate
proteins as per requirement is necessary for the body.
(ii) These proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA. This is called as The
Central Dogma of life.
(iii) mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one of the
two strands of DNA are used in this process.

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(iv) The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being produced is always complementary

to the DNA strand used for synthesis. This process of RNA synthesis is called
transcription.
(v) The mRNA formed in the nucleus comes in cytoplasm. It brings in the coded
message from DNA.
(vi) The message contains the codes for amino acids. The code for each amino acid
consist of three nucleotides. It is called as triplet codons.
(vii) mRNA is made up of thousands of triplet codons.
(viii) As per the message on mRNA, amino acids are supplied by the tRNA.
(ix) For this purpose, tRNA has ‘anticodon’ having complementary sequence to the
codon on mRNA. This is called as ‘translation’.
(x) The amino acids brought in by tRNA are bonded together by peptide bonds with
the help of rRNA.
(xi) During this process, the ribosome keeps on moving from one end of the mRNA to
the other end by the distance of one triplet codon. This is called as ‘translocation’.
(xii) Many such chains come together to form complex proteins.
c. Explain the theory of evolution and mention the proof supporting it.
Ans.
(i) According to the theory of evolution, first living material (protoplasm) has been
formed in ocean.
(ii) In due course of time, unicellular organism was formed.
(iii) Gradually, changes occurred in the unicellular organism from which larger and
more complex organisms were formed.
(iv) All those changes were slow and gradual. Duration of all these changes is about
300 crore years.
(v) Changes and development in living organisms has been all round and multi-
dimensional and this led to evolution of different types of organisms.
(vi) Hence, this overall process is called as evolution which is organizational.
(vii) Progressive development of plants and animals from the ancestors having
different structural and functional organization is called evolution.
(viii) To support the theory of evolution, various types of evidences are available.

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(ix) Inspite of many adaptive differences in protoplasm and cell, the manifestation of
life processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism are essentially same in all
organisms.
(x) Morphological evidences support the theory. It is seen that all plants have stem,
root, leaf and are green in colour and those having green colour carry out
photosynthesis. Similarly, it is seen that animals have appendages, eyes, nose, ears,
etc.
(xi) Anatomical evidences like the bone structure of a human arm, a bulls leg, a bat’s
wing and a whale fin have similar structures attributing that they have developed
from common ancestors.
(xii) Vestigial organs like tail bone or coccyx present in humans indicate the link
between humans who have lost a tail and monkeys who have a tail.
(xiii) At embryological level, similarities are observed during initial stage which
indicates common origin.
(xiv) Thus, there are a few evidences which support the fact that evolution is
sequential.
d. Explain with suitable examples importance of anatomical evidences in
evolution.
Ans. (i) There doesn’t seem any superficial similarity between a human hand, a cat’s
foreleg, flipper of a whale and patagium of a bat.
(ii) Use of each of these structures is different in respective animals.
(iii) However, there is a similarity in structure of bones and bony joints in organs of
each of these animals.
(iv) This similarity indicates that these animals show anatomical evolution.
e. Define fossil. Explain importance of fossils as proof of evolution.
Ans.
(i) Remnants and impressions of organisms which get buried remain preserved
underground. These are called as fossils. Study of fossils is an important aspect of
study of evolution.
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only
the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.

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(iii) In case of dead bodies of plants and animals, instead of remaining constant, the
ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as C-12 is non-radioactive.
(iv) The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their
body.
(v) This is carbon dating method. It is used in determining the age of human fossils
and manuscripts.
(vi) Once the age of fossil has been determined, it becomes easy to deduce
information about other erstwhile organisms.
It seem that vertebrates have been slowly originated from invertebrates.
f. Write evolutionary history of modern man.
Ans.
(i) Approximately seven crore years ago, monkey like animals are said to be evolved
from some ancestors who were more or less similar to the modern lemurs.
(ii) Tail of these monkey like animals of Africa is said to have disappeared about 4
crore years ago.
(iii) Evolution of some of the 2 crore years old species of apes seems to have
occurred in different ways. They had to use their hands more for eating food and
other work.
(iv) First human like animal recorded was ‘Ramapithecus’ ape from East Africa.
(v) This ape grew up in size and became more intelligent and evolved about 40 lakh
years ago.
(vi) Skilled humans appeared to be the member of genus Homo.
(vii) About 15 lakh years ago, humans walking with erect posture evolved and
existed in China and Indonesia of Asian continent.
(viii) Evolution of upright man continued in the direction of developing its brain for
the period of about 1 lakh years.
(ix) Brain of 50 thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to the extent
that it could be considered as member of the class-wise-man (Homo sapiens).
(x) Neanderthal man can be considered as the example of wise-man.
(xi) The Cro-Magnon man evolved about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this
evolution had been faster than the earlier.

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Q 1 A) Choose the correct option.

1) Transfer of information from molecules of DNA to mRNA is called
process.
A. translocation B. translation C. transcription. D. differentiation
2) Similarities in initial stages indicate the evidence.
A. Connecting links B. Anatomical C. Embryological. D.
Paleontological
3) is a vestigial organ in human beings.
A. Wisdom teeth B. Ear muscles C. Body hairs D. All the above

Q1 B) I. Find an odd one out.

1) Transcription, Translation, Translocation, Mutation
2) Leaf venation, Size of seeds, Leaf petiole, Leaf shape
3) Position of eyes, structure of bones of hand, structure of nostrils, structure
of ear pinna
4) Human hand, flipper of whale, cat’s foreleg, wings of birds

Q.1 B) II. Name the following.

1) I am a connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Who am I ?
Ans: Duck billed platypus
2) Who is the pioneer of modern genetics ?
Ans: Gregor Johann Mendel
3) Which process is shown in the following diagram ?

Ans: Transcription

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4) In which book Darwin had published this theory of Natural selection ?

Ans : On the origin of species.
5) Which process is shown in the diagram given below?

Ans : Mutation

6) Name the parts shown in the diagram.

Ans : Wisdom teeth

Question 1 B) III. Relate the following.

1) Appendix : vestigial organ : : Peripatus : connecting link
2) Theory of evolution : Darwin : : Lamarckism : Lamarck
3) Changes in the nucleotide of gene : Mutation : : Changes in the place of
ribosome : Translocation

Q 1 B) IV. Match the following.

1. column A column B
1) Morphological evidences 1) Tail-bone or wisdom teeth
2) Paleontological evidences 2) Leaf venation
3) Fossils
Q.1-B) VII. Define.
1) Translation - As per the message on mRNA, amino acids are supplied by the
tRNA. For this purpose, tRNA has ‘anticodon’ having complementary sequence to
the codon on mRNA. This is called Translation.
2) Translocation - The ribosome keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to
other end by the distance of one triplet codon. This is called Translocation.
3) Mutation - Any sudden change that occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a
gene, causing a minor or considerable change in the characters of an individual is
called mutation.
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Q. 2 A) Give scientific reasons.

1) Some of the characters of parents are seen in their offspring.
Ans : i) Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes.
ii) Some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without any changes.
iii) Due to this, some of the characters of parents are transmitted to their offsprings.
2) Peripatus is said to be the connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
Ans : i) Peripatus shows characters like segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-
like organs which are similar to annelids.
ii) Similarly, these animals show tracheal respiration and open circulatory system
similar to arthropods.

iii) This indicates that Peripatus is connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
3) Vertebrates have slowly originated from invertebrates.
Ans : i) When the carbon dating method was used to estimate the age of fossils, it was
found that invertebrates were present on the earth much before the vertebrates.
ii) The fossils of invertebrates are present in lower layers of earth’s crust.
iii) The fossils of vertebrates are seen in the upper layers of the earth's crust.
iv) All these facts indicate that vertebrates have been slowly originated from
invertebrates.
4) Duckbill platypus shows relationship with mammals.
Ans : i) The duck billed platypus lays eggs like reptiles.
ii) However it shows relationship with mammals too due to presence of mammary
glands and hairs.
iii) Due to these characters, duck billed platypus is a connecting link between reptiles
and mammals.

Q.2.B) Solve the following sub questions

1) Write a short note : Embryological evidences
Ans : i) Comparative study of embryonic developmental stages of various
vertebrates shows that all embryos show extreme similarities during initial stages
and those similarities decrease gradually.
ii) Similarities in initial stages indicate the common origin of all these animals.

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2) Complete the flowchart.

Ans :
Vestigial organs

Connecting links

3) Write advantages of Heredity.

Ans : i) Heredity is important to all living organisms as it determines which traits are
passed from parent to child.
ii) Successful traits are more frequently passed along and over time they can change a
species.
iii) Changes in traits can allow organisms to adapt to specific environments for better
rates of survival.
4) Enlist the evidences of evolution.
Ans : The evidence of evolution are as follows :
i) Morphological evidence
ii) Anatomical evidences
iii) Vestigial organs
iv) Palaeontological evidence
v) Connecting links
vi) Embryological evidence
5) What is inheritance of acquired characters?
Ans : i) Lamarck said that the morphological changes occur gradually either due to
specific activities or laziness of a particular organism.
ii) These changes are called acquired characters and they are passed from one
generation to another generation.
iii) This is called as theory of inheritance of acquired characters or Lamarckism.
6) What is species & speciation?

Ans : i) Species is the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through
natural reproduction.
ii) Formation of new species of plants and animals through the effect of evolution is
called as speciation.
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7) Which genetic disorders are caused by mutation?

Ans : i) Genetic disorders is a problem caused genetically due to mutations in
the gene.
ii) Diabetes, obesity, infertility, cleft palate, heart disease, hemophilia , sickle
cell anaemia are some of the genetic disorders.
8) Define the evidence of evolution shown in the figure.
Ans : i) The evidence of evolution shown in the figure is vestigial
organs.
ii) Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms
are called as vestigial organs.

Q. 2 B) III. Distinguish between following.

1) Transcription Translation

i) Process of mRNA synthesis is i) As per the message on mRNA,

called as 'Transcription'. amino acids are supplied by the
tRNA. This is called ‘Translation.’

ii) Transcription occurs in ii) Translation occurs in

nucleus of the cell. cytoplasm of the cell.

Q.3 Answer the following questions.

1) What is heredity ? explain the mechanism of hereditary changes.
Ans : (i) Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to
another via genes.
(ii) Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes and
some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without any changes.
(iii) Due to this, some of the characters of parents are transmitted to their offsprings.
(iv) However, sometimes sudden changes occur in those genes.
(v) Sometimes any nucleotide of the gene changes its position and that causes a
minor change which is called as mutation.
(vi) Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable.
E.g. Mutation may cause the genetic disorder like sickle cell anaemia.

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2) What is carbon dating? Where is it used?

Ans : (i) Study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution.
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only
the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.
(iii) In case of dead bodies of plants and animals, instead of remaining constant, the
ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as C-12 is non-radioactive.
(iv) The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their
body.
(v) This is carbon dating method. It is used in determining the age of human fossils
and manuscripts. It is used in paleontology and anthropology.
3) What are objections raised against Darwin's theory?
Ans : Following are some of the main objections raised against Darwin’s theory of
natural selection:
(i) Natural selection is not the only factor responsible for evolution.
(ii) Darwin did not mention any explanation about useful and useless modifications.
(iii) There is no explanation about slow changes and abrupt changes.
4) Observe the given images and answer the following questions.

a) Which evolutionary evidence does it indicate?

Ans : Morphological evidence
b) What does it prove?
Ans : Various similarities seen in the features of animals and plants proves that
their origin must be same and must have common ancestors.
c) State another example of evolutionary evidence.
Ans : Vestigial organs

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5) Define vestigial organs. Write names of some vestigial organs in the human
body and write the names of those animals in whom the same organs are
functioning.
Ans : i) Degenerated or underdeveloped organs of organisms are called as vestigial
organs.
(ii) Appendix is a vestigial organ in humans, but is fully functional in ruminants.
(iii) Muscles of ear pinna are vestigial in humans but are useful in monkey for
movement of ear pinna.
6) Define fossils. Explain the importance of fossils as a proof of evolution with
an example.
Ans : (i) Remnants and impressions of organisms which get buried remain preserved
underground. These are called as fossils.
(ii) Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only
the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.
(iii) In case of dead bodies of plants and animals, instead of remaining constant, the
ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as C-12 is non-radioactive.
(iv) The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by
measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their
body.
(v) This is carbon dating method. It is used in determining the age of human fossils
and manuscripts.
(vi) Once the age of fossil has been determined, it becomes easy to deduce
information about other previous organisms. It seem that vertebrates have been
slowly originated from invertebrates.
7) Explain Lamarck’s Principle.
Ans : (i) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that morphological changes occurring in
living organisms are responsible for evolution and the reason behind those
morphological changes is activities or laziness of that organism.
(ii) He called this concept as principle of ‘use or disuse of organs’.
(iii) These morphological changes are called acquired characters and are transferred
from one generation to another. This is called as theory of inheritance of acquired
characters or Lamarckism.

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(iv) Development of organs due to specific activities or their degeneration due to

no use at all was widely accepted but transfer of those characters from generation
to generation was rejected. Because it had been verified many times that
modifications brought in us are not transferred to next generation and thereby,
Lamarck's theory was disproved.
8) Which evidence of evolution is shown in the given picture? Explain the
importance of this evidence.
Ans : (i) The evidence show in the given picture is of
Anatomical evidence of evolution.
(ii) If we carefully observe the pictures, there doesn’t seem
any similarity between human hand, foreleg of cat, flipper of whale and
patagium of bat.
(iii) Similarly, use of each of those structures is different in respective animals.
However, there is similarity in structure of bones and bony joints in organs of
each of those animals.
(iv) This similarity indicates that those animals may have common ancestor.
9) Explain in brief Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Ans : (i) Charles Darwin, an English biologist published the theory of natural
selection, which preaches the survival of the fittest.
(ii) According to him, all organisms reproduce prolifically.
(iii) These organisms compete with each other and only those organisms who
show modification, sustain long.
(iv) Natural selection also plays important role because nature selects only those
organisms which are fit to live and the rest perish.
(v) These sustained and selected organisms reproduce and give rise to new
species with own specific characteristics.
(vi) This theory was widely accepted for long duration, however it had some
objections to it.
(vii) Irrespective of all these objections, Darwin’s work on evolution has been a
milestone.

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10) Complete the following paragraph with the words given in brackets.
( Cro-Magnon, brain, fire, agriculture, Cultural , homo-sapien, wise man )
Evolution of upright man continued in the direction of developing its
brain for the period of about 1 lakh years and meanwhile it discovered the
______
______.
fire Brain of a 50 thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to the
Homo-sapien
extent that it could be considered as a member of the class _______.
Wise man .The
Neanderthal man can be considered as the first example of ______
________
Cro magnon man evolved about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this

evolution had been faster than the earlier. About 10 thousand years ago,
agriculture It started to rear the cattle-herds
wise-man started to practice the ________.
cultural development took place.
and established the cities. _______

11) Observe the following images and answer the questions.

a) Which evolutionary evidences are indicated in the given picture?

Ans : Palaeontological evidences (fossils)
b) How are they formed?
Ans : Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like flood,
earthquake, volcano, etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain
preserved underground. These are called as fossils.
c) Which method is used to measure their age or their time?
Ans : Carbon dating

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12) Observe the picture and answer the following questions.

a) The given picture indicates which principle?

Ans : The picture indicates principle of use or disuse of organs
b) Explain that principle in your language.
Ans : Morphological changes occur gradually either due to specific activities or
laziness of a particular organism e.g. Giraffe’s neck is long due to eating leaves of
tall plants by extending its neck.
c) What is the meaning of acquired characteristics?
Ans : A modification or change in an organ or tissue that is due to use, disuse, or
environmental effects during an organism's lifetime.

Question 4. Solve the following questions.

1) Explain any five types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.
Ans :
To support the theory of evolution, various types of evidences are available.
(i) Morphological evidences support the theory. It is seen that all plants have
stem, root, leaf and are green in colour and those having green colour carry out
photosynthesis. Similarly, it is seen that animals have appendages, eyes, nose,
ears, etc.
(ii) Anatomical evidences like the bone structure of a human arm, a bulls leg, a
bat’s wing and a whale fin have similar structures attributing that they have
developed from common ancestors.
(iii) Vestigial organs like tail bone or coccyx present in humans indicate the link
between humans who have lost a tail and monkeys who have a tail.
(iv) At embryological level, similarities are observed during initial stage which
indicates common origin.

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(v) Paleontological evidences: Remnants and impressions of organisms remain

preserved underground. These are called as fossils. The time passed since the death
of a plant or animal can be calculated by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and
ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their body. This is called ' carbon dating'. It is used
in paleontology and anthropology for determining the age of human fossils and
manuscripts.
(vi) Thus, there are a few evidences which support the fact that evolution is
sequential.

2) Explain in short- transcription and mutation.

Ans : Transcription :
(i) Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA. Synthesis of
appropriate proteins as per requirement is necessary for the body.
(ii) These proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA. This is called as The
Central Dogma of life.
(iii) mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one of
the two strands of DNA are used in this process.
(iv) The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being produced is always
complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. This process of RNA
synthesis is called transcription.

Mutation :
(i) Any sudden change that occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, causing a
minor or considerable change in the characters of an individual is called mutation.
(ii) Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable. Ex. Mutation
may cause the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia.

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3) Write the answers to the questions by observing the figure below.

(a) (b) (c)

a) Write the name of the animal ‘A’ in the figure.

Ans : Duck billed platypus
b) Write the name of the animal ‘B’ in the figure.
Ans : Lung fish
c) Write the name of the animal ‘C’ in the figure.
Ans : Peripatus
s) Which evolutionary evidence is illustrated by this figure?
Ans : Connecting links
E) Write the definition of that evidence for evolution.

Ans : Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which
they can be related to two different groups; they are called connecting links.

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