Wireless and Mobile Computing (IT702) IT 7th Sem

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the presented report of the practical file of “Wireless and
Mobile Communication” with subject code IT702 is uniquely prepared by me
after the completion of the VII Semester under the guidance of Prof Arpit
Namdev at the University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal.

I also confirm that the report is only prepared for my academic requirement, not for
any other purpose.

Place: Bhopal. Submitted by

Date: 28/11/2022 Ankita Dhoke(0101IT191011)

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DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the lab report entitled “Wireless and Mobile
Communication” being submitted by “Ankita Dhoke(0101IT191011)”
student of “7th Sem”, Department of Information Technology towards partial
fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology from University
Institute of Technology, RGPV, Bhopal (M.P) is a record of work carried out by
him/her under my supervision.

Guided by
Prof Arpit Namdev
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology,
UIT, RGPV, Bhopal.

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Experiment 1

Aim: To study different Network Simulation Tools for constructing and performance testing in
different networks.

Introduction: Simulation is a very important modern technology. It can be applied to different

science, engineering, or other application fields for different purposes. Computer-assisted
simulation can model hypothetical and real-life objects or activities on a computer so that it can
be studied to see how the system function. Different variables can be used to predict the
behaviour of the system. Computer simulation can be used to assist in the modelling and
analysis of many natural systems. Typical application areas include physics, chemistry, biology,
and human-involved systems in economics, finance or even social science. Other important
applications are in engineerings such as civil engineering, structural engineering, mechanical
engineering, and computer engineering. Application of simulation technology into networking
areas such as network traffic simulation.

Basic concepts in network simulation

In the area of computer and communications networks, simulation is a useful technique since
the behaviour of a network can be modelled by calculating the interaction between the
different network components (they can be end-host or network entities such as routers,
physical links or packets) using mathematical formulas. They can also be modelled by actually or
virtually capturing and playing back experimental observations from a real production network.
After we get the observation data from simulation experiments, the behaviour of the network
and protocols supported can then be observed and analyzed in a series of offline test
experiments. All kinds of environmental attributes can also be modified in a controlled manner
to assess how the network can behave under different parameter combinations or different
configuration conditions. Another characteristic of network simulation that is worth noticing is
that the simulation program can be used together with different applications and services to
observe end-to-end or other point-to-point performance in the networks.

Type of network simulators

For network protocol designers, it is often difficult to decide which simulator to choose for a
particular task. Therefore, we survey to find a network simulator that provides a good balance
between the availability of ready-to-use models, scripting and language support, extendibility,
graphical support, easiness of use, etc. The survey is based on a collection of several criteria
including published results, interesting characteristics and features. From our survey results, we
broadly categories network simulators as: “Widely Used” simulators and “Other” simulators.
The network simulators taken into consideration as “Widely Used” are Ns-2, Ns-3, GloMoSim,
J-Sim, OMNet++, OPNet, and QualNet.

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1. OPNET (Optimized Network Evaluation Tool):

OPNET 's software environment is called Modeler, which is specialized in network research and
development. It can be flexibly used to study communication networks, devices, protocols, and
applications. Because of the fact of being a commercial software provider, OPNET offers
relatively powerful visual or graphical support for users. The graphical editor interface can be
used to build network topology and entities from the application layer to the physical layer.
Object-oriented programming technique is used to create the mapping from the graphical
design to the implementation of the real systems. An example of the graphical GUI of OPNET
can be seen in Figure 1. We can see all the topology configuration and simulation results can be
presented very intuitively and visually. The parameters can also be adjusted and the
experiments can be repeated easily through easy operation through the GUI.

Figure 1. OPNET GUI

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Main features:

OPNET inherently has three main functions: modelling, simulating and analysis. For modelling, it
provides an intuitive graphical environment to create all kinds of models of protocols. For
simulation, it uses three different advanced simulation technologies and can be used to address
a wide range of studies. For analysis, the simulation results and data can be analyzed and
displayed very easily. User-friendly graphs, charts, statistics, and even animation can be
generated by OPNET for users ' convenience.

2. Network Simulator 2 (NS2):

NS2 is one of the most popular open-source network simulators. The original NS is a discrete
event simulator targeted at networking research. NS2 is the second version of NS (Network
Simulator). NS is originally based on a REAL network simulator. The first version of NS was
developed in 1989 and evolved a lot over the past few years. The current NS project is
supported through DARPA. The current second version NS2 is widely used in academic research
and it has a lot of packages contributed by different non-benefit groups. An example of the
graphical GUI of NS2 can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. NS2 GUI

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Main features:

First and foremost, NS2 is an object-oriented, discrete event-driven network simulator which
was originally developed at the University of California-Berkely. The programming it uses is C++
and Tcl (Tcl script language with Object-oriented extensions developed at MIT). The usage of
these two programming languages has its reason. The biggest reason is due to the internal
characteristics of these two languages. C++ is efficient to implement a design but it is not very
easy to be visually and graphically shown. It's not easy to modify and assemble different
components and to change different parameters without a very visual and easy-to-use
descriptive language. Moreover, for efficiency reasons, NS2 separates control path
implementations from the data path implementation. The event scheduler and the basic
network component objects in the data path are written and compiled using C++ to reduce
packet and event processing time. Tcl happens to have the feature that C++ lacks. So the
combination of these two languages proves to be very effective. C++ is used to implement the
detailed protocol and OTcl is used for users to control the simulation scenario and schedule the
events. A simplified user's view of NS2 is shown in Figure 3. The Tcl script is used to initiate the
event scheduler, set up the network topology, and tell the traffic source when to start and stop
sending packets through the event scheduler. The scenes can be changed easily by
programming in the Tcl script. When a user wants to make a new network object, he can either
write the new object or assemble a compound object from the existing object library, and
plumb the data path through the object. This plumbing makes NS2 very powerful.

Figure 3. Simplified User's View of NS2

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3. Network Simulator 3 (NS3)

Similar to NS2, NS3 is also an open-sourced discrete-event network simulator which targets
primarily research and educational use. NS3 is licensed under the GNU GPLv2 license and is
available for research and development. NS3 is designed to replace the current popular NS2.
However, NS3 is not an updated version of NS2 since that NS3 is a new simulator and it is not
backwards-compatible with NS2.

4. OMNeT++

OMNeT++ has a generic and flexible architecture which makes it successful also in other areas
like IT systems, queuing networks, hardware architectures, or even business processes as well. It
is similar to NS2 and NS3, OMNeT++ is also a public-source, component-based network
simulator with GUI support. Its primary application area is communication networks. Like NS2
and NS3, OMNeT++ is also a discrete event simulator. It is a component-based architecture.
Components are also called modules and are programmed in C++. The components are then
assembled into larger components and models by using a high-level language. Its function is
similar to that of OTcl in NS2 and Python in NS3. OMNeT++ also provides GUI support, and due
to its modular architecture, the simulation kernel can be embedded into all kinds of different
user s' applications. Figure 5 is an OMNeT++ GUI screenshot.

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Figure 5. OMNeT++ GUI

Main features:

Since OMNeT++ is designed to provide a component-based architecture, the models or modules

of OMNeT++ are assembled from reusable components. Modules are reusable and can be
combined in various ways which is one of the main features of OMNeT++.

5. Global Mobile Information System Simulator (Glo-MoSim)

It is a parallel discrete event simulation software [4] that simulates wireless and wired network
systems. It is designed as a set of library modules, each of which simulates a specific wireless
communication protocol in the protocol stack. It assumes that the network is decomposed into
several partitions and a single entity is defined to simulate a single layer of the complete
protocol stack for all the network nodes that belong to the partition. The parallel
implementation of GloMoSim can be executed using a variety of conservative synchronization
protocols, which include the null message and conditional event algorithm. The library has been
developed using PARSEC, a C-based parallel simulation language. It uses the Parsec compiler to
compile the simulation protocols. It has been designed to be extensible and comprehensible.
GloMoSim aims to develop a modular simulation environment for a protocol stack that is
capable of scaling up networks with thousands of heterogeneous nodes. GloMoSim currently
supports protocols for a purely wireless network.

Features:

● GloMoSim is a library-based sequential and parallel simulator for wireless networks.

● GloMoSim facilitates the ability to use in a parallel environment which distinguishes it
from most other wireless network simulators.
● It allows the simulation Scalability to simulate networks with a hundred and thousand
nodes.
● It supports various layers like Mobility, Radio Propagation, Radio Model, Packet
reception models, Data Link, Network (Routing), Transport and Application. i.e. (It
supports almost all the OSI layers with limited benefits).
● GloMoSim supports direct satellite communication, multi-hop wireless communication
and most of the traditional internet protocols.
● It facilitates to build of a library of parallelized models that can be used for the
evaluation of a variety of wireless network protocols.

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6. NetSim

NetSim is a stochastic discrete event network simulator-control used for network lab
experimentation and research. Its the leading network simulation software for protocol
modelling and simulation allows us to analyse computer networks with unmatched depth,
power and flexibility. NetSim comes with an in-built development environment, which serves as
the interface between the User’s code and NetSim’s protocol libraries and simulation kernel. It
provides network performance metrics at various abstraction levels such as Network,
subnetwork, Node and a detailed packet trace. It has unique features and functionality.
NetSimis available as Standard or Academic versions and is built on a common design
framework of high-level architecture and code. In a word, NetSim is truly a fantastic product
that is not only versatile but also robust and provides those features that are hard to come up
with in any simulator.

Features:

● NetSim modelling and simulation are supported for Aloha, Slotted Aloha, Token
Ring/Bus, Ethernet CSMA/CD, Fast and Gigabit Ethernet, WLAN - IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
and e, X.25, Frame Relay, TCP, UDP, IPv4 and IPv6, Routing - RIP, OSPF, BGP, MPLS,
Wi-Max, MANET, GSM, CDMA, Wireless Sensor Network, Zigbee, Cognitive radio.
● It simulates a wide variety of Cisco routers, including 2500 series, 2600 series, 2800
series, and 3600 series routers, as well as the Cisco Catalyst 1900 series, 2900 series, and
3500 series switches.
● Protocol libraries are available as open C code for user modification. This can help avoid
the time-consuming process of programming, customization and configuring commercial
simulators to meet customer-specific needs.
● Along with the Boson Virtual Packet Technology engine NetSim utilizes Boson’s
proprietary Network Simulator, Router Simulator, and ROUTER software technologies, to
create individual packets. These packets are routed and switched through the simulated
network, allowing NetSim to build an appropriate virtual routing table and simulate true
networking. Other simulation products on the market do not support this level of
functionality.
● It can be used to create a simulation of the topology of the corporate network and help
practice troubleshooting without using devices on the production network.

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Comparison of simulators based on General Information

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Result:

Various Network Simulators have been successfully studied.

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Experiment - 2

Aim:

● Study of network IP
● Classification of IP address
● Subnetting
● Super netting

Apparatus (Software): NA

Procedure: Following are required to be studied under this practical.

• Classification of IP address

As shown in the figure, we teach how the IP addresses are classified and when they are used.

• Subnetting Why do we Develop subnetting How to calculate subnet masks and how to identify
subnet addresses?

• Super netting Why did we develop super netting How to calculate a supernet mask and how
do identify a supernet address?

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Experiment 3

Aim:
Study and Analysis of Multiple Access Technique

Objective
A Wireless Distribution System (WDS) lets you connect multiple access points together.
WDS allows the connected access points to communicate with each other via a wireless
connection. This feature enables clients who roam to have a seamless experience. This
makes it easier to manage multiple wireless networks as well as reduces the number of
cables required to connect the networks.

The Wireless Access Point (WAP) can act as a single point-to-point mode access point, a
point-to-multipoint bridge, or as a repeater. In the point-to-point mode, a single WAP
accepts connections from clients and other devices in the network. In a
point-to-multipoint bridge mode, a single WAP behaves as a common link between many
access points. A WAP can also act as a repeater, where it can establish a connection
between access points that are far apart from each other. Wireless clients can connect to
this repeater. A WDS role system can be compared similarly to the role of the repeater.

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In the example diagram above, a WDS connection is configured between the WAP121 and
the WAP321 Access Points.

Note: When using WDS, it is possible that the maximum wireless throughput may be
halved after the first hop since one of the WAPs in a pair has to retransmit the
information during the communication of the two sides.

This article explains how to configure WDS Bridge in order to connect multiple access
points together and applies to the specific devices mentioned below.

Applicable Devices

● WAP121
● WAP321
● WAP371
● WAP551
● WAP561

Software Version

● 1.0.6.5 — WAP121, WAP321

● 1.3.0.4 — WAP371
● 1.2.1.3 — WAP551, WAP561

Guidelines in configuring WDS:

1. WDS works only with specific pairs of Cisco WAP devices. The pairs are as listed below.

● WAP121 with WAP321

● WAP131 with WAP351
● WAP150 with WAP361
● WAP551 with WAP561
● Multiple WAP371
● Multiple WAP571
● Multiple WAP571E

2. You can have only one WDS link between any pair of these devices. That is, a remote
Media Access Control (MAC) address may appear only once on the WDS page for a
particular WAP.
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3. The devices should have the same settings for radio, IEEE 802.11 mode, Channel
Bandwidth, and Channel.

4. Channel selection should be specified and not set to Auto.

Note: If you operate a bridge in the 802.11n 2.4 GHz band, set the Channel Bandwidth to
20 MHz instead of default 20/40 MHz in order to detect any 20 MHz WAP devices. The
mismatched channel bandwidth causes the disconnection of the links.

Connect Multiple Access Points Together through WDS

Note: The images may slightly vary depending on the exact model of your WAP. Images in
this article are taken from the WAP321.

Step 1. Log in to one of the WAP web-based utility and choose Wireless > WDS Bridge.

Step 2. Check the Enable check box in the Spanning Tree Mode area. Enabling Spanning
Tree prevents switching loops made of either WDS bridges or combinations of Wired
(Ethernet) connections and WDS bridges.

Note: The Local MAC Address area displays the MAC address of the current WAP being
used.

Step 3. Check the Enable check box for the WDS Interface.

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Step 4. Enter the MAC address of the destination WAP in the Remote MAC Address field.
This is the access point on the opposite end of the WDS Bridge.

Note: You can also click the left arrow button beside the field to choose the MAC address
instead. The left arrow would show the list of all MAC addresses of the neighbouring
WAPs along with their network names or Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs).

Step 5. Choose the desired option from the Encryption drop-down list. This will be the
type of encryption that can be used for the WDS link. The options are:

● None — No encryption is used. This option is available to all radio modes. This is
used if there are no security concerns in your network or you have devices that do
not support WPA. If you chose this option, skip to Step 8.

Note: It is recommended that you configure the security on each remote access point you
add.

● WPA Personal — WPA uses a pre-shared key to authenticate between two access
points. This option is available with all radio modes.

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Note: In this example, WPA Personal is chosen.

Step 6. (Optional) Enter the WDS ID for authentication of WAP in the WDS ID field. This ID
serves as the identifier of your link and should be the same in all the WAP devices that
connect to a WDS. The range is from 2 to 32 characters.

Note: In this example, Link2WAP121 is used.

Step 7. Enter the key for authentication for WAP in the Key field. This key should be the
same in all the WAP devices that connect to a WDS. The range is from 8 to 63 characters.

Note: In this example, F0rWAP121 is used.

Step 8. Click Save.

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Note: Repeat all the steps above for the other WAPs you would like to connect to the
WDS Bridge. A maximum of four WDS Interfaces can be added.

You should now have successfully connected your access points together through WDS

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Experiment 4

Aim: Study and Analysis of wireless network.

Addressing Table

Default
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
Gateway
PC Ethernet0 DHCP 192.168.0.1
Wireless Router LAN 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
Wireless Router Internet DHCP
Cisco.com Ethernet0 208.67.220.220 255.255.255.0
Server
Laptop Wireless0 DHCP

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Objectives
Part1: Build a Simple Network in the Logical Topology Workspace
Part2: Configure the Network Devices
Part3: Test Connectivity between Network Devices
Part 4: Save the File and Close Packet Tracer
Background / Scenario
In this activity you will build a simple network in Packet Tracer from scratch and then save
the network as a Packet Tracer Activity File (.pkt).

Part 1: Build a Simple Network in the Logical Topology Workspace

Step 1: Launch Packet Tracer.

a. Launch Packet Tracer on your PC or laptop computer
Double click on the Packet Tracer icon on your desktop or navigate to the directory that
contains the Packet Tracer executable file and launch Packet Tracer. Packet Tracer should open
with a blank default Logical topology workspace as shown in the figure.

Step 2: Build the topology

a. Add network devices to the workspace.
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Using the device selection box, add the network devices to the workspace as shown in the
topology diagram.

To place a device onto the workspace, first choose a device type from the Device-Type Selection
box. Then, click on the desired device model from the Device-Specific Selection box. Finally,
click on a location in the workspace to put your device in that location. If you want to cancel
your selection, click the Cancel icon for that device. Alternatively, you can click and drag a
device from the Device-Specific Selection box onto the workspace.

b. Add network devices to the workspace.

Using the device selection box, add the network devices to the workspace as shown in the
topology diagram
To place a device onto the workspace, first choose a device type from the Device-Type Selection
box. Then, click on the desired device model from the Device-Specific Selection box. Finally,
click on a location in the workspace to put your device in that location. If you want to cancel
your selection, click the Cancel icon for that device. Alternatively, you can click and drag a
device from the Device-Specific Selection box onto the workspace.

c. Change the display names of the network devices.

To change the display names of the network devices click on the device icon on the Packet
Tracer Logical workspace, then click on the Config tab in the device configuration window. Type
the new name of the device into the Display Name box as shown in the figure below.

d. Add the physical cabling between devices on the workspace

Using the device selection box, add the physical cabling between devices on the workspace as
shown in the topology diagram.

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The PC will need a copper straight-through cable to connect to the wireless router. Select the
copper straight-through cable in the devices selection box and attach it to the FastEthernet0
interface of the PC and the Ethernet 1 interface of the wireless router.

The wireless router will need a copper straight-through cable to connect to the cable modem.
Select the copper straight-through cable in the device-selection box and attach it to the Internet
interface of the wireless router and the Port 1 interface of the cable modem.

The cable modem will need a coaxial cable to connect to the Internet cloud. Select the coaxial
cable in the device-selection box and attach it to the Port 0 interface of the cable modem and
the coaxial interface of the Internet cloud.

The Internet cloud will need a copper straight-through cable to connect to the Cisco.com server.
Select the copper straight-through cable in the device-selection box and attach it to the
Ethernet interface of the Internet cloud and the FastEthernet0 interface of the Cisco.com server.

Part 2: Configure the Network Devices

Step 1: Configure the wireless router
a. Create the wireless network on the wireless router
Click on the Wireless Router icon on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace to open the device
configuration window.
In the wireless router configuration window, click on the GUI tab to view configuration options
for the wireless router.
Next, click on the Wireless tab in the GUI to view the wireless settings. The only setting that
needs to be changed from the defaults is the Network Name (SSID). Here, type the name
“HomeNetwork” as shown in the figure.

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Configure the Internet connection on the wireless router

Click on the Setup tab in the wireless router GUI.
In the DHCP Server settings verify that the Enabled button is selected and configure the static IP
address of the DNS server as 208.67.220.220 as shown in the figure.
b. Click on the Save Settings tab.

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Step 2: Configure the laptop

a. Configure the Laptop to access the wireless network
Click on the Laptop icon on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace and in the laptop configuration
windows select the Physical tab.
In the Physical tab you will need to remove the Ethernet copper module and replace it with the
Wireless WPC300N module.
To do this, you first power the Laptop off by clicking the power button on the side of the laptop.
Then remove the currently installed Ethernet copper module by clicking on the module on the
side of the laptop and dragging it to the MODULES pane on the left of the laptop window. Then
install the Wireless WPC300N module by clicking on it in the MODULES pane and dragging it to
the empty module port on the side of the laptop. Power the laptop back on by clicking on the
Laptop power button again.

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With the wireless module installed, the next task is to connect the laptop to the wireless
network.

Click on the Desktop tab at the top of the Laptop configuration window and select the PC
Wireless icon.
Once the Wireless-N Notebook Adapter settings are visible, select the Connect tab. The wireless
network “HomeNetwork” should be visible in the list of wireless networks as shown in the
figure.
Select the network, and click on the Connect tab found below the Site Information pane.

Step 3: Configure the PC

a. Configure the PC for the wired network
Click on the PC icon on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace and select the Desktop tab and
then the IP Configuration icon.
In the IP Configuration window, select the DCHP radio button as shown in the figure so that the
PC will use DCHP to receive an IPv4 address from the wireless router. Close the IP Configuration
window.

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Click on the Command Prompt icon. Verify that the PC has received an IPv4 address by issuing
the ipconfig /all command from the command prompt as shown in the figure. The PC should
receive an IPv4 address in 192.168.0.x range.

Step 4: Configure the Internet cloud

a. Install network modules if necessary
Click on the Internet Cloud icon on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace and then click on the
Physical tab. The cloud device will need two modules if they are not already installed. The
PT-CLOUD-NM-1CX which is for the cable modem service connection and the
PT-CLOUD-NM-1CFE which is for a copper Ethernet cable connection. If these modules are
missing, power off the physical cloud devices by clicking on the power button and drag each
module to an empty module port on the device and then power the device back on.

b. Identify the From and To Ports

Click on the Config tab in the Cloud device window. In the left pane click on Cable under
CONNECTIONS. In the first drop down box choose Coaxial and in the second drop down box
choose
Ethernet then click the Add button to add these as the From Port and To Port as shown in the
figure.
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c. Identify the type of provider

While still in the Config tab click Ethernet under INTERFACE in the left pane. In the Ethernet
configuration window select Cable as the Provider Network as shown in the figure.

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Step 5: Configure the Cisco.com server

a. Configure the Cisco.com server as a DHCP server
Click on the Cisco.com server icon on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace and select the
Services tab. Select DHCP from the SERVICES list in the left pane.

In the DHCP configuration window, configure a DHCP as shown in the figure with the following
settings.

• Click On to turn the DCHP service on

• Pool name: DHCPpool
• Default Gateway: 208.67.220.220
• DNS Server: 208.67.220.220
• Starting IP Address: 208.67.220.1
• Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
• Maximum number of Users: 50

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Click Add to add the pool

b. Configure the Cisco.com server as a DNS server to provide the domain name to IPv4
address resolution.
While still in the Services tab, select DNS from the SERVICES listed in the left pane.

Configure the DNS service using the following settings as shown in the figure.

• Click On to turn the DNS service on

• Name: Cisco.com
• Type: A Record
• Address: 208.67.220.220

Click Add to add the DNS service settings

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c. Configure the Cisco.com server Global settings.

Select the Config tab.
Click on Settings in the left pane.
Configure the Global settings of the server as follows:

• Select Static
• Gateway: 208.67.220.1
• DNS Server: 208.67.220.220

d. Configure the Cisco.com server FastEthernet0 Interface settings.

Click on FastEthernet in the left pane of the Config tab
Configure the FastEthernet Interface settings of the server as follows:
• Select Static under IP Configuration
• IP Address: 208.67.220.220
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• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Part 3: Verify Connectivity

Step 1: Refresh the IPv4 settings on the PC

a) Verify that the PC is receiving IPv4 configuration information from DHCP.
Click on the PC on the Packet Tracer Logical workspace and then select the Desktop tab of the
PC configuration window.

Click on the Command Prompt icon

In the command prompt refresh the IP settings by issuing the commands ipconfig /release
and then ipconfig /renew. The output should show that the PC has an IP address of

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192.168.0.x range, a subnet mask, a default gateway, and a DNS server address as shown
in the figure.

b) Test connectivity to the Cisco.com server from the PC

From the command prompt, issue the command ping Cisco.com. It may take a few
seconds for the ping to return. Four replies should be received as shown in the figure.

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Part 4: Save the File and Close Packet Tracer

Step 1: Save the File as a Packet Tracer Activity File (*.pkt)
To save the completed network, click on File in the Packet Tracer menu bar and then select
Save A from the dropdown menu. In the Save File window choose a directory to save the
file to and give the file an appropriate file name. The Save as type defaults to Packet Tracer
Activity File (*.pkt). Click Save to save the file.

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Step 2: Close Packet Tracer

To close Packet Tracer you can either click the “X” in the top right corner of the Packet
Tracer window, or click on Exit in the file drop-down menu.

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Experiment: 5

Aim:
To analyse the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN

Requirements
∙ Windows pc – 3Nos
∙ CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
∙ 8 port switch – 1 No
∙ Cat-5 LAN cable

Procedure
∙ Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
∙ Drag and drop 3 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
∙ Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
∙ Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
∙ Give IP address of the PC1, PC2 and PC3 as 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2 and
192.168.1.3 respectively, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets
in real and simulation mode.

Theory
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical
location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a
home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices
in an office or school. A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and other
Network Topology Diagram for LAN

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components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other
LANs via wide-area networks.
The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group of devices networked
together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files with one another,
print to shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.

Input Details for LAN

LAN OUTPUT WINDOW: (PINGING FROM PC0-PC1)

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0

C:\>ping 10.0.0.2
Pinging 10.0.0.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=8ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128
Ping statistics for 10.0.0.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 4ms, Maximum = 8ms, Average = 5ms

LAN - MAC ADDRESS TABLE:

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Result
Hence, the various configurations and protocols in LAN are analysed and the
experiment is performed successfully.

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Experiment: 6

Aim:
To construct a Wireless LAN and make the PCs communicate wirelessly

Requirements
● Windows pc – 2 Nos
● CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
● 8 port switch – 1 No
● Cat-5 LAN cable

Procedure
● Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
● Drag and drop 2 Laptop pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
● Select Access point and server from wireless devices
● Select laptop-> physical-> OFF laptop-> remove LAN Module & replace WPC 300N
Wireless module -> ON Laptop
● Observe the wireless connections between the access point and laptops
● Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of
data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) implements a flexible data communication system
frequently augmenting rather than replacing a wired LAN within a building or campus. WLANs
use radio frequency to transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired
connections.

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Network Topology Diagram for Wireless LAN

WLAN OUTPUT WINDOW:(PINGING FROM laptop 1- laptop 0)

C:\>ping 169.254.129.204
Pinging 169.254.129.204 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=30ms TTL=128
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=16ms TTL=128
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=15ms TTL=128
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=13ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 169.254.129.204:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 13ms, Maximum = 30ms, Average = 18ms

Result:
Thus, constructed a WLAN and made the Laptops communicate wirelessly

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Experiment: 7

Aim:
To construct simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)

Requirements
Windows pc – 5 Nos
CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
8 port switch – 1 No
Cat-5 LAN cable

Procedure

● Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

● Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
● Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
● Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
● Give IP address of the PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 as per the input table respectively, observe
the source and destination MAC address of all packets.
● Get cache from switch.

Theory

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware (MAC)
address of a device from an IP address. It is used when a device wants to communicate with
some other device on a local network (for example on an Ethernet network that requires
physical addresses to be known before sending packets). The sending device uses ARP to
translate IP addresses to MAC addresses. The device sends an ARP request message containing
the IP address of the receiving device. All devices on a local network segment see the message,
but only the device that has that IP address responds with the ARP reply message containing its
MAC address. The sending device now has enough information to send the packet to the
receiving device.

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Network Topology Diagram for ARP

Input Details for ARP

OUTPUT:
ARP CATCH TABLE OF PC1 (IP: 10.0.0.2):
C:\>arp -a
Internet Address Physical Address Type
10.0.0.1 0001.42c1.0547 dynamic
10.0.0.3 0001.6402.dab3 dynamic
10.0.0.4 0001.43e2.332b dynamic

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10.0.0.5 0001.9665.3174 dynamic

SWITCH MAC ADDRESS TABLE:

Result:

Thus, constructed a simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of ARP and got the
ARP Cache of a given layout.

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