\ ‘Theme: Fundamentals of Chemistry 2 Matter and Atomic Structure Jirim dan Struktur Atom 1 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Iria sebran Patan yong memenuh rung dan merpunyad sin Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles, Jiri terri dariada zara yang hats dan diskrit. Three states of matter: Solid, liquid and gas Tiga keadaan jirime Pepejal, cecair dan gas Changes in the state of mat Perubshan keadaa jin: Melting es Pondidin SS S==———— Freezing Pembotuen ‘Three types of particles: Atom, molecule and ion Tiga jens ara: Atom, molekul dan on Exercise Matter/Jirim “TP 1 Mengoget kombat pengutahue don Kemetiron oe meng jim don stukur am. 1 Complete the tree map below. (2D Lengkapkan peta pokok di bawah. (ERED) Tee Mon ae Element/Unsur ——r © Molecule/ Moleku! © Molecule/Moleku! Example/Contoh t T T 1 Mg NaCl H,O o wo" 0 (>) © ty ® ) 0 @ Oy © 2 Define the following terms. (ED Definisikan istilah berikut. (@) Element/Unsur: oCdined WII vainSee(©) Compound / sebatian: (©) Atom/Atom: (a) Molecule/ Motu (©) lon/ton: 1 Kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Teor kine jrim menyatkan tae jr terdiridaripadazarah-ara yang haus dan diskrit 2. The particles of matter always move randomly and collide with one another. Zarahsarah jirim sentiasa bergerak secara rook dan sling berlanggar antara sat sania lain. 3 The attraction force between solid particles is stronger than liquid and the attraction force between liquid particles is stronger than gas. ‘Daye tarikan di antara zara pepejal adalah lebih ut daripada cecair dan day trikanastarazarh ccs adalah lbh kat daripada gas. 4 The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the particles and the particles move faster. Semakin tinggi suhu, seruakn tinggi tenaga kineti zarah dan zara berger dengan lebih ju ad Exercise2 Kinetic Theory of Matter/ Teori Kinetk Jrim TP 2 Mengpitastanpengcruon meng ki wk maneronghan Keasn au emer dom oon dope meksarckonMgosan mud Complete the following table. FD. Lengkapkan jadual berikut. Property Solid Liquid Gas Sifat Pepejal Cecnir Gas Diagram of the particles OO oo Oo Rajah bagi zarah ee So ° ‘OO oO ‘Arrangement of 1 2 3 particles ‘Susunan zarah Movement of particles | 4 5 A Pergerakan zarah OCANNeU WIL UalloceEnergy content of 0 un 2 particles Kandungan tenaga zarah 1 Heating curve of a substance: engl pemanasan suatu taken: Tenerre 70) ‘sme Baling pont. Tak Metig int. Talat bur Toa (nin) Masa Part Balegee AB BC cD DE EF Physical state Solid” | Solid+Liquid [Liquid | Liquid + Gas Gas ‘Keadaan fizikal Pepejat Pepejal + Cecair Cecnir Cecair + Gas Gas * The temperature is constant at BC and DE because the heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the forces between particles until the physical state changes. Sulu adalah malar di BC dan DE heronatenaga haba yang dserap oh zarah-zra digunakan untuk mengatasidaya arian dé antara zara sehinggakeadaan fizitalberubah. 2. Cooling curve ofa substance at room temperature: Lenghung penejukan sat bahar pada su ils Temperare(C) Suu Frei pant Talat ons PQ ar RS st re Physical state Gas Gas + Liquid Liquid Liquid + Solid ‘Solid Keadaanficikal Gas Gas Coir Chair | Cabins Pepeiat | Peel e >carneu wit VallScethe heat Os ana srbecause eet na : ae the ong den IC ge * The temperature is constant at Leste Trchesr sca rte asthe particles tC Or ej epee Sh a ards QR aS Kran 9 a an wk ‘yang treba api sara zara menarik at saya Leber dan Taal BER Exercise3 Melting Point and Freezing Point/ Tat! sur nahn egos moh, ‘eas oson 1! Moos er, etn et ye ner on SE a Ra ee eet rrgens Pah tems MIM anh Me TPs una pengutuon ergo or aa oe weno” 1 Define the following terms. (ED Definisikan istlah berikut. (a) Melting point/ Takat lebur: TT (©) Boiling point/Tatut didil: (©) Freezing point/Takat beku 2 Solid X is heated and becomes a liquid. Pepejal X dipanaskan dan bertukar menjadi cecnir. (a) Sketch a graph for the process and show the melting point. oe Lakar satu graf bagi proses tersebut dam tunjukkan takat lebur. (b) Using the kinetic theory of matter, WaTzaamaq) ‘Menggunakan teori kinetikfirim, (i) explain what happens when solid X is heated. GE3) terangkan apa yang berlaku apabila pepejal X. = dipanaskan, i ——S eee ee a 5 SCalned WIL ValnsCce(i) Why is the temy 'perature constant when solid X changes into a liquid? (2) ‘Mergapaka sul «malar semasa pepejal X berubalt menjadi cecair? 3 The melting point of acetamide is 81.0°C. A student cooled liquid acetamide ina boiling tube until it reached room temperature, Taka eur seta ila 81.0°C, Seorang muri tela menyejubkan cei asetamida di dalam sebuah abung didi schingga mencapai sud bilik Sketch a cooling graph obtained by the student. Show the freezing point of acetamide in the graph. EETaasraa) CES) {akar graf penyeukon yang diperotel: murid tersebut, Tunjukkan taktbeku asetamida pada graf trsebu. 1 Atom is made up of three subatomic particles called proton, Alon terbina daripada tga zarah subatom yang dipanggil proton, elekt 2. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. Proton dans neutron teretak di dalam nukieus 3. The electrons are in orbits moving around the nucleus. Elekivon berada dalam ptala yang beredar mengeliling nukleus. electron and neutron, ron dan neutron, ise4 Subatomic Particles /Zarah Subatom | Mngt ant pangetuen dn tonic os meng stu con 2 Manshon stom selene do meee aaron trea Complete the information about the subatomic particles in Lengkapkan maklumat mengen ini Zarahsubatom dalam jadua di baewah, the table below. 23) of pore Lbaionls Symbol Relative Relative mass Location ee Sinbol Cas relatig isi relaif Keludukan Proton/ Proton Electron Elektron Neutron/Newtron >carneu wit VariScegelements- @ 2 Write the symbol for each of the followin; Talis simtol bagi setiap unsur berikut. ‘Copper/Kuprut Hydrogen/Hidrogen oe Helium Hatin inl Lithium Litiam celal Beryllium Beritum oe Boron/Bonn Zine/ Zink Carton/Karton Tin/Stanunt Nitrogen/Nitregen Tron/Ferum ‘Onygen/Olsigen = ine/odin Fluorine/ Fluorin Iodine/| = / Mangan Neon/ Neo Manganese/Megen |] Sodium/ Natrium [Phosphors/ Fos i i Sulphur/ Sulfur ‘Magnesium/ Magnesium ip _ ‘Aluminium Aluminium Chlorine/ Klorin Silicon/ Sitikon Argon/ Argon Exercise 5 The Atomic Model/ Model Atom “TP Menge pengeshuan mangena shut tom unk menwangion Keaton lu forcmara alm son dopa melcksonckan ugeson muh, Complete the following table regarding the history of the development of atomic model. ED. Lengkapkan jadual berikut berkaitan dengan sejarah perkembangan model atom. Discovery Penemuan Scientist and atomic model Alii sains dan model atom called —____.. John Dalton (1766-1844) | 1. Matteris made up of. Jiri terri daripada _ yang dipanggil 2. Atoms from the same element are the ‘Atom daripada unsur yeng sama adalah 3. Atoms cannot be —__ or ‘Atom tidak boteh atau JJ. Thomson (1856-1940) | 4 He discovered the frst subatomic particle which is Beliaw menjumpai zara subatom yang pertama iaitu : 5 Atom isa sphere of charge whi , irge which contains negatively charged particles called i. ‘Atom ilah sfera yang bercas ‘ ei yng dg ¥2"8 mong zara bees Emest Rutherford (1871-1937) | 6 He discovered th vered ——__in the Beliaw menjumpai didelam mo a. . bythe es ‘ina space that is larger than the space occupi¢! berger data ditempati oleh "aang yang lebih besar daripada ruang vas @ >carneu wit VarnSceScientist and atomic model Discovery = ‘Ali sans dan model atom Penemuan Neil Bohr (1885 -1962) 8 ‘move in the shells surrounding the berger di dalam petala yang mengeliling i ‘The nucleus contains Niukleus mengendungi 10 He proved the existence of which is a—____ particle in the nucleus. Below mentuitkan kewujudan _yang merupakon zarah dalam meus. un contribute to approximately half ofthe of anatom, menyumbang lb kureng separa daripada atom. * Standard representation/ Peralta pie + Electron arrangement diagram: Raja susan elektron: ns Nucleus fononen LA Fits Nao XL gett ae 2aten Poonam: Nobo —- ‘Second shel: Fourth shel: ee — ‘Selectrons Belectrons: eae Potala * Nucleon number = number of protons + if. Selektron number of neutrons ow ton = nga t+ angen eon ‘ieee + Proton number = number of protons : [Nombor proton = bilan proton * Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom Exton ales ila ellron dla peta h tera ssa atom ) Exercise6 Proton Number and Nucleon Number/ Nombor Proton dan Nombor Nukleon IP Megat be penguaheon an kena ats merge er tom 1? Mergaesian roto rere rr dom uh rnin a rons dn i pt msdn on 1 Define the following terms. 2D Definisikan istilah berikut. (@) Proton number/Nombor proton: (b) Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon: oCdnned WILT Gd Sc2 Complete the table below. FD Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. symbot ot | Proton | Nucleon | Number of | Number of | Number of salen siren | ime | Sint | Bice, | igh | Sieger "Front Sitolmer |. proven snukteom violen ‘lektron neutron piawoai Hu 1/4 1 1 He 4 a 2 p 2 ~ WS n 12 Mg | - 12 12 “| a ) 7 = Li 5 5 at 13 acy iS 20 20 ° 3 3 Ar 18 ay 3 Complete the table below. 2D Lengkapkan jadual di baal. ber of | Electro ee ‘Numi nm arrangement Paes | rere ee | ee Nemewiieas ee Hydrogen A (e) Hidrogen Helium ee 2 © Lithium Litiur 0 Beryllium. A Berilium Boron Boron co >canneu wit LarnSceim Electron Element | Proton number | Numberof | Electron’ |vatence electron) “Tangement ‘nsur | Nomborproton | electrons | arrangement ie diagram Bitangan eektron| Susunar elektron | EteHron valens Aaj Sexmen Carbon Karbon ‘ Nitrogen Nope 7 Oxygen 8 Otsigen Fluorine Fluor ° Neon a 10 Sodium Natriu a Magnesium Magnesium: a ‘Aluminium Aluiniure ee Silicon Silikon ae Phosphorus Fosforus 15 | Scanned with CamSce| __ | co am ———Tpteexom|vatence electron! “Ee Mey | Number of arrangement Elektron valens |p 7Sram siement | Proton number] leo] saan eA || siete Unsar | Nomborprotow | puangan elettron) TT | | Sulphur ra Sule pL [| Chiorine ied |_| ee {| | Argon 18 Argon | Potassium Kalium i) ] | Caleium ‘Kalsium ay ¥ZD_ Isotopes and Their Uses/ Isotop dan Kegunaannya 1 Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Isotopialah atom-atom bagi suatu unsur yang sama dengan bilangan proton yang sama tetap bilangan neutron yang tert. 2. The characteristics of isotopes: Girecin isto: + The proton number is the same but the nucleon number is different [Nombor proton adalah saa tetapi nombornukeon adalah berbeza ‘+ Number of neutrons is different Bilangan neutron adalah berbeza + Same chemical properties but different physical i Sit ni ha lay et fia eran PPS Exercise7 Isotopes and Their Uses/lsotop dan Keginaannya {TP 1 Henig kabal prglanun cn Kemahan 280s merge uke om, 122 eran ae don ety ptr anon ata eaten rere Ase Gone eon a2 one son dn a H don dopa meloksanokon tgoson muds 1 Whatis the meaning of isotopes? Apakal maksud isotop? a ee ee @ carneu wit VainSce2 Complete the table below based on the isotopes given, Lengplan jaa di buch brent totop gone, Hydrogen-1 7 Hidrogen-t 4 1 1 ° Hydrogen-2 z Hidrogen2 H 1 Hydrogen-3 3 Hidroger 4 1 Sodium-23 Natriun-23, Nal nu Sodium-24 i Natrun-24 Na uu Cobalt-59 ea Kobal59 Co Pa Cobalt-60 2 obalt-60 Co 2 Oxygen-16 a8) 3S Oisigen-16 8 Oxygen-17 oe ° Olsigen-17 , Oxygen-18 BO Obsigen-18 Ls Carbon-12 ae Karbon-12 ¢ 6 Carbon-13 7 Karbon-13, iS 6 Carbon-14 7 Karbon-14 — 6 I OCANNeU WIL Uallisceae the use for each of the isotopes given. (ED agi setign isotop yang diberikan (9) Carbon-t4 Karlon14 lodin-131 (©) Phosphorus32 Peg 1 Which isotope is used to detect leakage in Maltin, Boil gas pipes? substance) eine 2) Pei Antara isotop beritu, yang manakah digunakan Betas | Fane lisy | Fels cg tuntuk mengesankebocoran pip gas? A Iodine-131 K e170 71260 Iodin-131 L -78.0 700 B lium-: ene M 75.0 1300] © Barium-138 N 114.0 “0 Duman Table Yfaduatt Uranium-235 Which substance is a liquid at room temperature? 2 What is meant by melting point? Bahan yang manakah merupakan ceeair pada suka Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat leur? ilk? A The temperature at which ice tums to AK cM water BL DN Siu di mana ais bertukar kepada air B The temperature at which water turns to 4 Diagram 1 shows the electron arrangement ice iran atom of element Q. Sulu di mana air bertukar kepada ais Rajah 1 menunjukkan susuman elektron di dalam © The temperature at which water turns to Atom unsur Q, steam Sul di mana air bertukar kepada stim D The temperature at which steam turns to water ‘Sulu di mana stim bertukar kepada air Diag tae 3 Table 1 shows the melting point and boiling What is the electron arrangement of ion 2? point of substances K, L, M and N. ‘aka susunan elektron bagi ion Q? Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat lebur dan taka didi A2 C28 bahan K, L, M dan N. B 26 Biase oh OCaNNeu WIL LalnlSceDiagram 2 shows an electron arrangement of A Boiling fon Re. Pendidihan Raja 2 mennonuan susunan eektron bagi ion B Melting, » Peleburant € Freezing @) Pemteinan D Condensation Konuensasi Diagram YRajah 2 How many in atom R? Berapakah bilangan ati dalam aterm R? Protons and electronsarefound | ® Diagram 4 shows the symbol of atom X. Rajah 4 menujukkan simbol bagi atom X. Proton dan clektron yang terdaput Proton a] Pre Beta ; Diagram 4/Rajah 4 A 8 n ae {olowing i true ‘about the atom? nara berku, yang mankah benar tentang atom itu? ; ; a ut, yang mi tentang atom c 10 m7 Proton | Electron | Neutron Proton Elektron Neutron D 12 10 A 4 5 4 6 Which of the following particles contain 10 B 4 4 5 electrons? c 4 4 9 [Proton number: Na = 11, Ne= 10, C1=17, Mg=12] D ett 5 | Antara zarah bert, yong manakah mengendungi 10 clektron? 9 Diagram 5 shows the atomic representation [Nombor proton: Na = 11, Ne = 10, Cl=17, of four elements. Mg=12] Rajah 5 menunjukkan peroakilan atom bagi empat unsur. IT Na a ll Ne Gl a A Land Il C Mand Iv Diagram Sais Tan IL dan IV Which of the following pais of elements has B Land Ill D Mand IV ‘the same number of valence electrons in their Idan I Idan IV atoms? Antara pasangan wnsur berikut, yang mamakah 7 Diagram 3 shows the change in the state of ‘iempunyai tilangan elektron valens yang sama di matter of ice cubes, alas stormy Rajah 3 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jrim bagi A Eand/danG © Gand/dan J ‘ketulan ais, B Eand/denM =~ D Jand/dan M etn 10 Diagram 6 shows a model of an atom. Rajah 6 menuoyjukkan model suatu atom, Eton bkton Postivey charged sphere ‘Stra eras post Diagram 6/Rajak 6 Which of the following scientists introduced this model? i Antara atl sains beriku, siapakah yang tla Pisven Rajats ‘memperkenatkan model ini? ‘What is process X? A Niels Bohr € J.J. Thomson Apakah proses X? B John Dalton —_D Ernest Ruther OCANNeU WIL Lalloceter of substance X, three states of mal im bag a X- iagram 1 shows the changes in the Rajalt T menunjukkan perubahan tiga kena ji Sa Pa Diagram Rajah (2) Name process Q. ‘Namakan proses Q. (6) What is the type of particles found in water? Apakalt jenis zarah yang terdapat di dalam air? (©) What is the physical state of X after process Q? ‘Apakah keadaan fizikal X selepas proses Q? a (@) Under room conditions, at what temperature does water boil? Dalam keadaan bilik, pada suhu berapakah air mendidih? =) (©) When solid X changes to liquid, state the changes in Apabila pepejal X berubah kepada cecair, nyatakan perubahan pada () the energy of the particles, tenaga zarah-zarah, tia at tenn ee (i) the forces of attraction between the particles, aya tarikan di ator zaral-zarah it, ttt tr pets ot owes ot (0) Upon heating a substance, what happens to its particles? Semasa pemanasan sunt bahan, apa yong beraku kepada zara-zaraonya? 2 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the symbol for elements V, Hy, X Rajah 2.1 menunulkon sinbol-sinba bag ursuramsr VW X ee 7 12 Diagram 21/Rajah 21 o dcarneu wit LamSce(@ Name the three subatomic particles in an atom. ‘Namakan tiga zarah subatom dalam suatu atom. (i) Draw the electron arrangement of atom X, Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom X, (ii) Which of the atoms are isotopes of an element? Explain your answer. Antara atont tersebut, yang manaka mer erupakan isotop bagi sualu unsur? Terangkan jawapan anda. (iv) What is the number of neutrons in atom V? Berapakahbilangan neutron dalam atom V2 () Table 2 shows the melting point and boiling point of substances P, Q, Rand S. Jadual 2 menunjukkan takatlebur dan takatdidih bagi bahan P, Q, R dan S. dijon See oe co P 420 10.0 Q 65.0 10.0 R -80 540 s 200.0 450.0 Table Yadual 2 (i) Draw the arrangement of particles of substances Qand Rat room temperature. Lukis susunan zarah-zarah bagi balan Q dant R pada sul bili, Substance Q Substance R Bahan Q Bahan R (il) Diagram 2.2 shows the cooling graph of liquid Q. Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan graf penyejkan bagi cecair Q, Taperate (0) ‘uh (*) Ti (6) asa) Diagram 22/Rajah 22 @e >canneu wit VallSceState the value of K. - aco Give the reson why the temperature remains constant at K°C from tht0 Noataton nites K R gna su Hida Perubh pada K °C dav thing, A sroup of students conducts an experiment to determine the melting point of 5 tubstance x heated ina water bath until ithas melted completely. The thermometer reading i IS recorded 3H ofS seconds. The following diagram shows the readings of the thermometer. spy eae Sehumpulan murid meni sate chsperimen untuk menentukan takat lebur bahan X. Pepeal X dipanaia Suu dog lenghap, Baca termomceterdirekodkan pada sla masa 30 sgn Raja, ter yang dirchadan. tu 0 0 0 bo | Initial temperature: ‘Temperature at 30 s:__ ‘Temperature at 60 s: | Su eal Sulu pada 30s: Sub pada 60 s: | , | | 0 | Temperature at 90s:__| Temperature at 120 s: ‘Temperature at 150 s:__ | Sulu pada 90 s: Sulu pada 120s: Sub pada 150s: in r ho FE bo 0 Temperature at 180s Eempeature at 210s: ‘Temperature at 240s: —— (eu Pa * Pada 210 s: Suhu pada 240 s: (2) Record the temperature inthe spaces provided in the dian Cotatkan sul pada ruang yong dsediatan dalam mje dines 88 Above. ingof Me subse ape eed, draw the graph of temperature against time for the heating Pate gehen se nto na bagi pentanasan bahan X, >carneu wil LamSce“Tenperaue(°) ‘utu('C) Tie (oes) From the graph in (b), determine the melting point of substance X. Daripada graf di (2), tentukan taka lebur bahan X. State the operational definition of melting point in this experiment. [Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi takatlebur dalam eksperimen ini. Sketch the curve that you would expect if the molten X is cooled until room temperature. Lakar lengkung yang anda jangkakan jika leburan X disejukkan sehingga suhu bilik. oCdNned WILT Ud CE