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D block eleet

>D-bek eneed leorie Gonieion Cn- ns

hronstian Flemert Flemenb wth încomplete |led d-o1bital Cin qround

Sete o1) n an idation Stete ).

3d Semes 21 30
(Sc) C2a)
Ad Semes to
CY) (cd)
5d Sees La HF 58 -7 4F Semes)
C57) C72
d Serie 99,1o4 t o-103 (5f Se hes)
CAc) RF) CC)
2
2, Cd e have Complete lled sh ell Cn-1)d na

Cnexoral PYoyehe f Ton 8ith lenerts

- meellie pe

Hgh Tentle cept 2,C&, H, M

Malleable Dctile all othen meteals hay

Themal Rehrial Covductiht ypicamotellc lattice

Lavshe, hard, w volothle Stwces

Metina point oling point

unpaied elechono > mor iter aomic bonding mox
meliry point
CI Unpaived eleho moTe metiy pont w} also be monc).

So, meItng point MCoeages d andhen decneases.

CMn Te aTe eexceptons wth low M-P).
3d CY
Bc-Zn
hd-Mo ttighest M.P
d- Cd Low M.P.
5d N 5d Ha
Ertho ly of Atomisertion

Conreting Solid guid to aseous i atoniscton

To brealk all bond df Jactthice A the
Eneraytqui d
Enea
Conves alom în o gaSeous m i thalpy of A}omírcfio.

Trend is as Samee as
meting poin ph
moe Onpainde Jeads to shong bond ina Mo erthelgy ot ttomizafon

omic Size

Amic adii nomolly decreafte dom left torisht due t

in nudea
age (Zee )
when corcladed uith
gmph, tred is like

3d Se T > >CT>Mo > Fe Co Ni <Cu Za.

ecrea.se Constont n Creoses .

alomic siza bebwaen Senes

Compae
oloc Size< d senes atenmir Si2e
3d Serie
* But hd Semes atomir si2e is ezyal Co Similon to d Sem es

lasrhanod Contaetion Oc So, adius jo

Bc2, in 5d See
decreases i i s simien to Ad semes.
hd Sema

Conhecien i due o imperfest shielding of Af elehons

oethaned
in 5d Semea
Z of Ad Semes Hf of hd semes
C160 pm C15 pm).

Let Kht Amic ma ncoeases The fow ,

Deni
alo ncreage am
let t sht.
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hend
( Tonisa-kan hrhalpy
TF eft to 'Right dueo ineneagR
in general
in nuclea ckarg decrcae în alomir (Ai

m op t botfom, TE dec Ses .

e an metel
Lets M
Somevañahions in I.E,
M M*
Seen in 3d Series
N CAchua rend is inceasing et

Risht ).
Bot, Co >N; <
3d
T.E of SCmes Sc T> V< C<Ma < fe>
vamatos as de to shieding efft Cu<2
CThese
o 3d elechrona
shieldse s eletvns. k2 cf that hee
3d elethoro
Vamatons Occuho ).

*I.F of Z, Cd, H high due to ol-led anigation).

T.F ot C C is hiqh. ie Convetin M S M*

> CY2t
C 3d As
3d haleAil Sabili
C 3dAs Co2

T-E F M is hish ie M 2+ M
olly
Ma 3d As

than Cbe2 Mo ha: 3d 4s

M stouOs
but has

* i s oueThan M bea 2 has 3d but M

has 3d
 Oxidation s}ates :

shows Vamole Oddoion Stete

A \ l d-block elenents
echibit Vamable Oidotien State ?
>shythey
ene3yg behuneen-1)d and
Bea of vey lese
ns Osbital.

x Odatan States îhoraarea Sto Ma thes decvecam

Se 2 haw onl single Oad onen gtede.

44aona Oidation S4ate is er Magenex (t2 +)

Sthue oidatin Aeteo ot Sc is +3 eis +2,t3
Tis is+2
is +5 Z
CY is +6

mares 7ms Conplex compound wth lscrd s, the PoSes

Osdalian Stete.
Ni Cco te (co)
Eloventh uih d, d d Contigat a mor Stable

STST , V , E , Mot 2 ete

M"/M Shndaud Elehucda pojesta)

C'Recdwckn poterbal)

E value will e e godin moy mates Co

excet Co.

To COnNet
M Mto M 4eccds 2 eleon M2+ M

yalues wl nove o less negcdh n Pt Risht

xcephons Mn, Ni, 2n.
due t d5)2 ho do s l
Mn ha slit
So H h MLOYT
negatitive E° , it is e r ngati y

Lea) chiy (a por gsph

Be2 it h highest negoti re
hydhaten Erthalpy Ard
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hao postix Naue (+034) bc2 itis ess

Copye othe 3d Seres metals,
Compoard o
H2 m adds
deas not libercte
Cone-HSO ea cb ui Co
adds CHNDa)
Only Oxdising
als hos ow hydredian thapyhig negatie AJ°.
Come low

G MTSM2 CRduties poread)

noble gas condiguratien.
S Tt ha vey owF vaue
3+
CHhigh neaatin )
Sc S
(Stble)

Z Positin Chigk).

M2 M
+3 poriin Chish ).
Cshble
e C Low value).
d Csbe)
*CLo val ) due to shblitby leve

(3 Halides
Oidatk Stok er Tn TX C+4)
HiRet
Oolata State tor i n Fs C+5s)
Hphest
*bighot Qdahio Crh C C+s)
halides .IHs achievd n MQaF.
MOg F
7n Ma s not achieued ony
odatisn tate is
te has halide texa).
Ate Mn
M, onu
Only +3
iS
t Stnilia higoA osidatbn State
Ali o Fluoine
due to elthe highoy attice energy ov etay
hlahor bonding ertaRy
* V oalo achieve +5 Stnte in VOX3
x l o u m d eiv unstoble n ow Oidodian stte ik Vx Co mpounds. So ,inVX
Comounds X c, B» (on I)
Coppe oxidise Lo dine T .

Co (1) Compcunds are Unsta ble

0queoUs in Sul undopoca dipporhonathog
2C +Cu eechon
L> more
negatire G t
hyd CompeLsade TFa df C.
( Oxides
Oi datisn numbes of Oddes Co inddes uth group number

+3 Se in ScaOs to +1 te Mn in Mng
Bey ond Ma no highor Oides ofeabom 2O3

Besde Oides, oxo catois ale Stelilies metals. eg, N*? in Vo

TT in To2
Abil of O t stilie bu high Oxidatien
Strahe S Mer thon Fine bea Oen ha abilit, t
JOm mu tile bonds t metals

Reactiifmeals Metals aYe Teactir th adds but w a

Most of haai tsn

noble like Cu
K Metols Teat urth oxidsing e tke hyd o genion CH).
value mov fem high negctir To lo negatire values
M 3+ C Son
horg oxidising agenb Cposit value).
yedwang ogents ill benete hdvoge
T
T 2, N,C* at
Se
dn a dilde Oud aCs 2+ +2HT 3t
2C t Ha

C Magnetie poen ties

amagnahc No onpaive eleuton-Repelled by magnetis

ld
onvemos netic reene of ungald athaded mreh
elechen

Mopneic > Jnn+2)

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osmat f Colouvcd ions

Pcaent, itwll Show

Colour due to
P unpald elerhon
d-d han sition
oue eey t highes ney d ovbital.
exuted rom
elahn lu

odahad e Tebrahedve

13 tomats
of Compler Compomds.

(14) Catnlyhc Popeties

metals al
Oidatian gtote
Pe to oltiple
cchibit Catluie Popetes.

n
Comat Popeshes.
NOs
diided oo in Haer pocess
iney
in cadalie huogenati
Ni
S0g I t 2.SO
21
T 2
2 S,o > 2 T aso

Ineyshhal Compourds fomat

A l o h domalos).
o
 block

hoorthanoids Af 5d 6S
Actinoids 5f 6d 13

Ame gizes Actineid onhacon due to impetect shiediry of 5 )

Oxi dotion Stetes +2 t3+ Commn Boicdati States

nothoneids, +4 is Seen only n eleveo Ce, P, Nd, Tb,

other than Dy
eC Ce*) d Y 3+) . otero
pona moenebc.
lontane ids it haloge Ln Y.
C
LnC2
N
nN
with OXgon n Os.
Mischm.eted Cas erbaeid metal, 5 Ion, taue of S,C,a, ,AI)

Odatis Stades. n +3 datiey

-Acbnads houne Vamable
Stae.
Incrae to Th
+5 in Ne
la, t6in U, +Tin Np

noie auire have halP lk ime peiod.

Acneids