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Notes 5.4 Part II Algebra 2 Honors

This document discusses rational functions, which are functions whose rules can be written as a ratio of two polynomials. The parent rational function f(x) = 1/x forms a hyperbola with two branches and has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0. Rational functions can be transformed in similar ways as other functions. Examples demonstrate how the values of h and k in transformed functions affect the locations of asymptotes and domain and range. Some rational functions do not form hyperbolas. The document provides examples of identifying zeros, asymptotes, and graphing various rational functions.

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116 views

Notes 5.4 Part II Algebra 2 Honors

This document discusses rational functions, which are functions whose rules can be written as a ratio of two polynomials. The parent rational function f(x) = 1/x forms a hyperbola with two branches and has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0. Rational functions can be transformed in similar ways as other functions. Examples demonstrate how the values of h and k in transformed functions affect the locations of asymptotes and domain and range. Some rational functions do not form hyperbolas. The document provides examples of identifying zeros, asymptotes, and graphing various rational functions.

Uploaded by

Lia de la melena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

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5-4 Rational Functions

A rational function is a function whose rule can be


written as a ratio of two polynomials.

The parent rational function is f(x) = 1


x . Its graph
is a hyperbola, which has two separate branches.
You will learn more about hyperbolas later in this
course.

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5-4 Rational Functions

The function f(x) = 1 has


x
a vertical asymptote at
x = 0 and a horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.

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The rational function f(x) = 1 can be transformed


x
by using methods similar to those used to
transform other types of functions.

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5-4 Rational Functions


Example 1: Transforming Rational Functions
1
Using the graph of f(x) = x as a guide, describe
the transformation and graph each function.

A. g(x) = 1 B. g(x) = 1 – 3
x+2 x

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Check It Out! Example 1
1
Using the graph of f(x) = x as a guide, describe
the transformation and graph each function.

a. g(x) = 1 b. g(x) = 1 + 1
x+4 x

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5-4 Rational Functions

The values of h and k affect the locations of


the asymptotes, the domain, and the range of
rational functions whose graphs are hyperbolas.

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5-4 Rational Functions


Example 2: Determining Properties of Hyperbolas
Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of
the function g(x) = 1 – 2.
x+3

Vertical asymptote:
Domain:
Horizontal asymptote:
Range:
Check Graph the function on
a graphing calculator.

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5-4 Rational Functions


Check It Out! Example 2
Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of
the function g(x) = 1 – 5.
x–3

Vertical asymptote:
Domain:
Horizontal asymptote:
Range:
Check Graph the function on
a graphing calculator.

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5-4 Rational Functions

A discontinuous function is a function


whose graph has one or more gaps or breaks.
The hyperbola graphed in Example 2 and
many other rational functions are
discontinuous functions.

A continuous function is a function whose


graph has no gaps or breaks. The functions
you have studied before this, including linear,
quadratic, and polynomial are continuous
functions.

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5-4 Rational Functions

The graphs of some rational functions are not


hyperbolas. Consider the rational function
f(x) = (x – 3)(x + 2) and its graph.
x+ 1
The numerator of this
function is 0 when x = 3
or x = –2. Therefore, the
function has x-intercepts at
–2 and 3. The denominator
of this function is 0 when
x = –1. As a result, the
graph of the function has a
vertical asymptote at the
line x = –1.
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5-4 Rational Functions


Example 3: Graphing Rational Functions
with Vertical Asymptotes
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of
f(x) =(x + 3x – 4).
2

x+ 3
Step 1 Find the zeros and vertical asymptotes.

f(x) = (x + 4)(x – 1) Factor the numerator.


x+ 3
The numerator is 0 when
Zeros: –4 and 1
x = –4 or x = 1.

The denominator is 0
Vertical asymptote: x = –3
when x = –3.
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Example 3 Continued
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of
f(x) = (x + 3x – 4).
2

x+ 3
Step 2 Graph the function.

Plot the zeros and draw the


asymptote. Then make a
table of values to fill in
missing points. Vertical
asymptote: x = –3

x
y
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5-4 Rational Functions


Check It Out! Example 3
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of
f(x) = (x + 7x + 6).
2

x+ 3
Step 1 Find the zeros and vertical asymptotes.

f(x) = (x + 6)(x + 1) Factor the numerator.


x+ 3
The numerator is 0 when
Zeros: –6 and –1
x = –6 or x = –1 .

The denominator is 0
Vertical asymptote: x = –3
when x = –3.

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Check It Out! Example 3 Continued
Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of
f(x) = (x + 7x + 6).
2

x+ 3
Step 2 Graph the function.

Plot the zeros and draw the


asymptote. Then make a
table of values to fill in
missing points. Vertical
asymptote: x = –3

x
y
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5-4 Rational Functions


Warm Up (Post 5.4, Part I)
1
1. Using the graph of f(x) = x as a guide, describe the
transformation and graph the function g(x) = 1 .
x–4

2. Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of the


function g(x) = 5 + 2.
x–1

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Some rational functions, including those


whose graphs are hyperbolas, have a
horizontal asymptote. The existence and
location of a horizontal asymptote depends
on the degrees of the polynomials that make
up the rational function.

Note that the graph of a rational function can


sometimes cross a horizontal asymptote.
However, the graph will approach the
asymptote when |x| is large.

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Example 4A: Graphing Rational Functions with
Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the
function. Then graph.
x2 – 3x – 4
f(x) =
x

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Example 4B: Graphing Rational Functions with
Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the
function. Then graph.
x–2
f(x) =
x2 – 1

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Example 4C: Graphing Rational Functions with
Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the
function. Then graph.
4x – 12
f(x) =
x– 1

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Check It Out! Example 4a

Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the


function. Then graph.

f(x) = x + 2x – 15
2

x–1

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Check It Out! Example 4b

Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the


function. Then graph.
x–2
f(x) =
x2 + x

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5-4 Rational Functions


Check It Out! Example 4c
Identify the zeros and asymptotes of the
function. Then graph.
f(x) = 3x2 + x
2

x –9

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In some cases, both the numerator and the


denominator of a rational function will equal 0 for
a particular value of x. As a result, the function
will be undefined at this x-value. If this is the
case, the graph of the function may have a hole.
A hole is an omitted point in a graph.

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Example 5: Graphing Rational Functions with Holes

Identify holes in the graph of f(x) = x – 9 .


2

x– 3
Then graph.

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Check It Out! Example 5

Identify holes in the graph of f(x) = x


2 + x – 6
.
x– 2
Then graph.

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