DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

LAB # 5
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
Objective:
The basic objective of this lab is to perform discrete time Fourier transform and
its properties in Matlab.

Discrete Time Fourier Transform:

Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is a frequency analysis tool for aperiodic discrete-
time signals The DTFT of x[n] , X(ejw) is given by following equation :

Fourier transform, X(ejw) is also called spectrum and is a continuous function of the frequency
parameter.
To convert X(ejw) to x[n] , we use inverse DTFT equation which is given by:

DTFT Properties:

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

a. DTFT Using exact transformation (Analytic form)

Example 1:

Exact transformation code:

w = linspace(-pi,pi,2^8);
X = exp(1j*w)./(exp(1j*w) - 0.9);
plot(w/pi,abs(X))

Figure 1: DTFT graph using exact transformation

b. DTFT using definition/formulae (Numerical computation form)

Here first we have to generate time domain input signal x[n]
Time domain input signal x[n] code:
N = 30;
n = 0:N-1;
x = zeros(1,N);
for i = 1:N
x(i) = 0.5^(i-1);
end

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

stem(n,x)

Figure 2: Time domain input signal x[n]

DTFT code using definition/formulae:

w = linspace(-1,1,2^8)*pi;
X = exp(-1j*(w'*n))*x';

plot(w/pi,abs(X))

c. DTFT using function:

Here DTFT function is defined and DTFT of any signal is found using this defined function.
This function uses DTFT formulae to find DTFT.

Note: This DTFT function is defined at end of lab.

DTFT code using function:

X = dtft(x,n,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(X))

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 3: DTFT graph using formulae

Figure 4: DTFT graph using DTFT function

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Note: DTFT graphs using all three methods are same.

Real/Imaginary and Magnitude/Angle graphs:

As DTFT is a complex exponential therefore we can find its real/imaginary part graph and
magnitude/angle graph

Real/Imaginary and Magnitude/Angle graphs code:

N = 500;
w2 = [-1:1/N:1]*pi;
w = w2(1:end-1);

% closed form of DTFT

X = exp(1j*w)./(exp(1j*w) - 0.5*ones(size(w)));

magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X);

realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X);

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Magnitude Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('
Magnitude')

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,angX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Angle Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('Radi
ans')

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,realX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Real Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('Real'
)

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Imaginary Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('
Imaginary')

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 5: Real/Imaginary and Magnitude/Angle graphs

Example 2:
x[n] = [1 2 3 4 5] ; n = [ -1 0 1 2 3]

Time domain input signal x[n] code:

% in MATLAB, we represent sequences and indices as row vectors

n = -1:3;
x = 1:5; % sequence x(n)

% just for a nice plot

m = 10;
stem([n(1)-m:n(end)+m],[zeros(1,m),x,zeros(1,m)],'filled'), axis tight

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 6: Time domain input signal x[n]

DTFT code using definition/formulae:

%% DTFT code
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%
N = 500;
k = -N:N-1; w = (pi/N)*k;
X = x * (exp(-1j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);% DTFT by formulae/matrix-vector product
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%

% plots
magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X);

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Magnitude Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('
Magnitude')

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,angX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Angle Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('Radi
ans')

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,realX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Real Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('Real'
)

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX); grid

xlabel('frequency in \pi'); title('Imaginary Part','fontsize',8); ylabel('
Imaginary')

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 7: Real/Imaginary and Magnitude/Angle graphs

Example 3

Time domain input signal x[n] code:

n = 0:10;
x = (0.5).^n;

subplot(2,1,1), stem(n,real(x),'filled')
subplot(2,1,2), stem(n,imag(x),'filled')

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 8: Time domain input signal x[n]

DTFT code using definition/formulae:

N = 100;
k = -N:N-1; w = (pi/N)*k;

X = x*(exp(-1j*pi/N)).^(n'*k); % DTFT

magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X);

subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magX);grid
xlabel('frequency in \pi'); ylabel('|X|')
title('Magnitude Part')

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angX);grid
xlabel('frequency in \pi'); ylabel('radians')
title('Angle Part')

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Figure 9: Magnitude/Angle graphs

Example 4

DTFT of the unit pulse

DTFT code using DTFT function:

x = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
n = -3:3;
w = linspace(-2,2,2^10)*pi;

X = dtft(x,n,w);

xd = zeros(1,31);

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

nd = -15:15;
[y,ny] = sigadd(xd,nd,x,n);

subplot(2,1,1), stem(ny,y,'filled')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(w/pi,abs(X)), xlabel('Freq. in \pi units')

Figure 10: Time domain and DTFT graph of input signal x[n]

DTFT Properties implementation:

a. DTFT Linearity Property:

DTFT code using definition/formulae:

x1=rand(1,11);
x2=rand(1,11);
n=0:10
a=2;
b=3;
k=0:500
w=(pi/500)*k;

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

X1=x1*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);
X2=x2*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);
x=a*x1+b*x2;
X=x*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);
X_check=a*X1+b*X2;
error=max(abs(X-X_check))

b. DTFT Time Shift Property:

Example:

 same amplitude
 phase changed (linearly −∠ωm)

DTFT code using definition/formulae:

x=rand(1,11);
n=0:10;
k=0:500;
w=(pi/500)*k;
X=x*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);
y=x;m=n+2;
Y=y*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(m'*k);
Y_check=(exp(-j*2).^w).*X;
error=max(abs(Y-Y_check))
error=5.7737e-015

Functions Used:
1. Sigdd:

This function is used to 2 signals:

Code:

function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)

% implements y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n)
% [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = sum sequence over n, which includes n1 and n2

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

% x1 = first sequence over n1

% x2 = second sequence over n2 (n2 can be different from n1)

n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); % duration of y(n)

y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; % initialization

y1(find((n >= min(n1)) & (n <= max(n1)) == 1)) = x1;%x1 with duration of y
y2(find((n >= min(n2)) & (n <= max(n2)) == 1)) = x2;%x2 with duration of y
y = y1 + y2; % sequence addition

2. DTFT Function:

This function is used to find DTFT of signal using DTFT formulae:

Code:

function X = dtft(x,n,w)
% X = dtft(x, n, w)
%% X = DTFT values computed at w frequencies
% x = finite duration sequence over n
% n = sample position vector
% w = frequency location vector
X = exp(-1j*(w'*n))*x';
end

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 DSP Lab Manual, Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad

Lab Tasks
In-Lab Task 01: Compute DTFT of a one-sided exponential:

In-Lab Task 02: Compute DTFT of a following signal:

Post-Lab Task 01: Compute DTFT of a following triangle:

Post-Lab Task 02: Prove frequency shift property of DTFT.

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