A Simple And Efficient Implemantation Of

Interleaved Boost Converter

Nasir Coruh Satilmis Urgun Tarik Erfidan Semra Ozturk
Department of Electrical Civil Aviation College Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Kocaeli University Engineering Engineering
Kocaeli University Kocaeli, Turkey Kocaeli University Kocaeli University
Kocaeli, Turkey [email protected] Kocaeli, Turkey Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract – Recently, DC-DC boost converters are usually the magnetic component size. Therefore, the design of
required in many applications which has low output voltage, magnetic components in converters is one of the important
such as renewable energy sources. The interleaved boost challenging problems. There are several well-known
converters consists of several identical boost converters strategies for selecting a core for the design of magnetic
connected in parallel and controlled by the interleaved method components, for example, the area product (Ap) method and
which has the same switching frequency and phase shift. The the core geometry (Kg) method. The Ap method is widely
advantages of interleaved boost converters include increased used for designing the inductors and transformers for dc-dc
efficiency, reduced size and improved reliability. This paper power converters operating in CCM and DCM. On the other
presents, simple design and implementation of a two phase
hand, the concept of the Kg approach is to select a proper
interleaved boost converter.
core satisfying the electromagnetic conditions, the
Keywords - Interleaved Boost Converter, core selection restriction of the core window area, and the restriction of the
winding loss, simultaneously. This method is useful to
design inductors and transformers with low core and ac
I.INTRODUCTION winding losses[12].
Renewable energy sources with low output voltage, such II.INTERLEAVED OPERATION
as the fuel cell stacks and photo-voltaic (PV) generation
system, have received a great attention in research fields
because they appear to be the possible solutions to the
environmental problems [1]-[3].
DC-DC converters are an important component as power
electronics interfaces for photovoltaic generators and other
renewable energy sources. Most renewable power sources,
such as photovoltaic power systems and fuel cells, have
quite low-voltage output and require series connection or a
voltage booster to provide enough voltage output [4]-[7].
Boost converters are popularly employed in equipments for
different applications, as preregulators or even integrated
with the latter-stage circuits or rectifiers into single-stage Figure 1. Two-phase interleaved boost converter
circuits [8]–[10].
The interleaved boost converters consists of several
Interleaved method used to improve power converter identical boost converters connected in parallel and
performance in terms of efficiency, size, conducted controlled by the interleaved method which has the same
electromagnetic emission, and transient response. The switching frequency and phase shift. Ripple cancellation
benefits of interleaving include high power capability, both in the input-output voltage and current waveforms,
modularity, and improved reliability. However, an reduced current peak value, and high ripple frequency are
interleaved topology improves converter performance at the some of the benefits of interleaving operation in converters.
cost of additional inductors, power switching devices, and Moreover, increased efficiency and high reliability can be
output rectifiers [11]. achieved. Also, by high frequency, the size and losses of the
The power loss in a magnetic component decreases magnetic components can be reduced. These interleaved
when the size of the inductor increases though both the low boost converters are distinguished similar with conventional
power loss and small volume are required. This means that converters by critical operation mode, discontinuous
there is a trade-off relationship between the power loss and conduction mode (DCM), and continuous conduction mode
(CCM). In critical operation mode, filter design is more

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 difficult because critical point vary by load. In the DCM, A. Core Selection
although the disadvantages related to the reverse recovery Inductors are designed for a given regulation, Į,
effects(RREs) of boost diodes are improved, there are
advantages such as high input peak current and conduction
losses. However, DCM generally undesirable for high- E2
power applications. Interleaved boost converters operating α= (1)
in CCM have better utilization of power devices, lower
K g ⋅ Ke
conduction losses, and lower input peak current. High-
power applications are easily achieved with CCM[13]. desired to be %1. In (1), E is energy handling capability of
magnetic core and calculated by,
Two-phase interleaved boost topology is given at Figure
1. After, S1 turns-on, iL1 current increase linearly. In this
interval energy stored in L1. When S1 turns-off, D1 conducts 1
E= ⋅ L ⋅ I pk 2 (2)
the stored energy in L1 to the load and output capacitor. 2
Current in L1 ramps down with a slope dependent on the
difference between the input and output voltage. After a half Ke is electrical conditions coefficient and depend on
period of S1 switching cycle, S2 also turns-on, completing output power, Po and operating flux density Bm
the same cycle of events. Since both power channels are
combined at the output capacitor, the effective ripple
frequency is twice that of a single-phase boost converter. K e = 0.145 ⋅ Po ⋅ Bm 2 ⋅ (10 −7 ) (3)
At Figure 2, it can be seen that the input current, i, for
two-phase interleaved boost converter is the sum of each In (1), the other constant that energy and regulation
channels inductor currents. Because signals are 180° phase- related is core geometry coefficient, Kg,
shifted, the input current ripple produced is the smallest.
Wa ⋅ Ac 2 ⋅ K u
Kg = (4)
MLT
Kg, is related with, window area of core, Wa, iron area of
core, Ac, window utilization factor, Ku, and mean length
turn, MLT. These parameters are depend on core shapes and
types. From (1), Kg is,

E2
Kg = (5)
α ⋅ Ke
After calculating core geometry coefficient, suitable
inductor cores shape and type are defined from the standard
design data tables of magnetic
B. Wire Selection
Before wire area calculation, current density, J, should
Figure 2. Ideal waveforms of the currents in the inductors L1 and L2 for
interleaved boost converter operating at CCM.
defined. It should be noted that, at Area Product approach
current density is estimated, but in Core Geometry approach
III.INDUCTOR DESIGN current density is calculated.
The design of magnetic components in converters is one
of the important problems. To design an inductor for a DC- 2 ⋅ E ⋅104
DC converter, desired inductance, L, the dc current flows J= (6)
Bm ⋅ Ap ⋅ K u
through inductance, Idc, current ripple on inductance, ǻIL,
and power loss parameters should be given. Operating
frequency is essential parameter when selecting the material In (6), Ap is area product and wire area, Aw is given by
of magnetic core. Core geometry(Kg) and Area Product(Ap) (7)
approaches are two methods for selecting core. These
methods are primarily used in the design of inductors for I rms
switching-mode power supplies (SMPS). In this paper, core AW = (7)
geometry approach used to select magnetic core. For J
interleaved operation two identical boost converter paralel
connected and operated with 180° phase shifted. Designed With the calculated Aw, wire is selected from wire
inductor will used for both phases. standards.

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 C. Air Gap Length TABLE 1. Design Parameters
The inductance value is adjusted by the air-gap length. Parameter Value
Vi : 60-80V
0.4 ⋅ π .N 2 ⋅ Ac ⋅10−8 MPL
lg = −( ) (8) Vi (min)
L μμ : 60V

Vout : 120V
MPL is magnetic path length and μμ is permeability of
core material. In (8), N is number of turns. But to define Io : 1A
actual number of turns, fringing flux at the air gap should be ΔI L : 0.25
known. So possible number of turns is used to calculate air-
gap length and given by effective window area, Wa(eff), Po : 120W

Dmax : 0.5
Wa ( eff ) ⋅ S F
Np = (9) fs : 100kHz
Aw
L : 1.25mH
Effective window area is the product of window area α : 1%
and effective window factor. Effective window factor
defines how much of the available window space may
actually be used for the winding and generally 0.75 is a V. RESULTS
good value for design. SF, is fill factor.
D. Number of turns:
Fringing flux can reduce the overall efficiency of the
converter, by generating eddy currents that cause localized
heating in the windings. When designing inductors, fringing
flux must to be taken into consideration. Fringing flux factor
is,
Figure 3. Waveforms of inductor currents for CCM operation; a) Single-
phase boost converter,(500mA/div,5μs/div) b) Two-phase interleaved boost
lg 2⋅G
F = 1+ ⋅ ln( ) (10) converter,(200mA/div,5μs/div)
Ac lg
Figure 3 shows the waveforms of inductor currents for
single phase and two phase interleaved boost converter. It is
G is winding length. With considering the effect of obvious that, in interleaved operation mean inductor
fringing factor, real number of turns is, currents reduced by half. As a result, total loss of inductors
significantly reduced.
lg ⋅ L
N= (11)
0.4 ⋅ π ⋅ Ac ⋅ F ⋅ (10−8 )

IV. INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER DESIGN

FOR CCM OPERATION
In this study, IRFP450, 500V-13A MOSFET and IXYS
DESI30-12a, 1200V-30A diodes are selected in power Figure 4. Waveforms of input current ripples for CCM operation; a)
converter circuit. Firing signals are generated by Single-phase boost converter,(50mA/div,5μs/div) b) Two-phase interleaved
MICROCHIPs dsPIC40F3011 microcontroller which is 16 boost converter,(50mA/div,5μs/div)
bit and running up to 120MHz.
Figure 4 shows that, effective ripple frequency increased
When operating above 100kHz, then the only material is twice and peak to peak value of input current ripple reduced
ferrite. Ferrite materials have a negative temperature with interleaved operation. Thus, input filter size will be
coefficient regarding flux density. According to Kg (5), decreased. In this paper, RM-4 ferrite core is used at input
ETD-39 3C90 ferrite core is selected. By using (7) AWG-19 filter design of interleaved boost converter and RM-6 ferrite
type wire selected and from (8), lg for the core is 0.24cm. core is used in input filter conventional boost converter. As
Finally, (11) gives 106 turns for inductor winding. a result, volume of input filter reduced by three times in
The given parameters listed in Table 1. interleaved boost converter.

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 (a)

Fig.7 Efficiency comparison of Interleaved Boost Converter(IBC) and

(b) Conventional Boost Converter(CBC).
Figure 5. Waveforms of MOSFETs VDS, ID and switching power
dissipation for a) single phase boost converter.(V/div:50, A/div:2,
W/div:100), b) two phase interleaved boost converter.(V/div:50, A/div:1, IV. CONCLUSION
W/div:100)
This paper presents design and implementation of
Figure 5 shows, switching power losses of MOSFETs interleaved boost converter under CCM operation. Magnetic
for boost converter and two phase interleaved boost component selection is studied and differences between
converter. In Figure 5(a), peak value of MOSFETs power boost converter and two phase interleaved boost converter is
dissipation waveform is approximately 130W. In Figure given.
5(b), by the reduced inductor current, peak value of
MOSFETs power dissipation for interleaved boost converter Figure 3 shows that, in interleaved operation mean
is nearly 90W. inductor currents reduced by half. As a result, total loss of
inductors significantly reduced. It can be seen from Figure 4
that, effective ripple frequency increased twice and peak to
peak value of input current ripple reduced with interleaved
operation. Thus, input filter size will be decreased. As
shown in Figure 5, switching power losses reduced
interleaved technique.
This paper presents that, interleaved technique on boost
(a) converters increase system efficiency and power density
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