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Signal Flow Graphs: (SFG)

Signal flow graphs (SFG) are a graphical representation of linear control systems developed by Mason. [1] An SFG depicts the flow of signals through a system using nodes connected by directional branches, with each branch multiplying the signal by a gain. [2] Mason's gain formula can determine the overall transfer function of a system from its SFG, as a ratio of the sum of gains along forward paths over a determinant involving loop gains. [3]

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21 views

Signal Flow Graphs: (SFG)

Signal flow graphs (SFG) are a graphical representation of linear control systems developed by Mason. [1] An SFG depicts the flow of signals through a system using nodes connected by directional branches, with each branch multiplying the signal by a gain. [2] Mason's gain formula can determine the overall transfer function of a system from its SFG, as a ratio of the sum of gains along forward paths over a determinant involving loop gains. [3]

Uploaded by

mugu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signal Flow Graphs: (SFG)

➢ SFG is a graphical representation of control systems. It was developed by


S.J.Mason.
➢ A SFG is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous linaer algebraic
equations.
➢ The SFG depicts the flow of signals from one point of a system to another and
gives the relationships among the signals.
➢ A SFG consists of a network in which nodes are connected by directed
branches.
➢ Each node represents a system variable or signal and each branch connected
between two nodes acts as a signal multipiler.
➢ Each branch has a gain or transmittance. When the signal pass through a
branch, it gets multiplied by the gain of the branch.
➢ The siganl flows in only one direction. The direction of signal flow is
indicated by an arrow placed on the branch and the multiplicatin factor is
indicated along the branch.

Properties of SFG

➢ Signal Flow Graphs are applicable to linear systems


➢ It consists of nodes and branches. A node is a point representing a variable or
signal. A branch indicates the functional dependence of one signal on another
➢ A node adds the signals of all incoming branches and transmits this sum to all
outgoing branches
➢ Signals travel along branches only in a marked direction and is multiplied by
the gain of the branch
➢ The algebraic equations must be in the form of cause and effect relationship

Mason’s Gain Formula:

It is used to determine the overall transfer function of the system from the SFG of the
system. The transfer function 𝑇(𝑠) is given by

𝐶(𝑠) 1
𝑇(𝑠) = = ∑ 𝑃𝑘 ∆𝑘
𝑅(𝑠) ∆
𝑘

𝑘 −number of forward paths

𝑃𝑘 is the path gain of the 𝑘𝑡ℎ forward path


∆= 1 − (sum of individual loop gains) + (sum of gain products of all possible
combinations of two non-touching loops) − (sum of gain products of all possible
combinations of two non-touching loops) + etc.

∆𝑘 = ∆ for that part of the graph which is not touching the 𝑘𝑡ℎ forward path.
Terminologies Used:

Input node or source: It is the node which have only outgoing branches.
Output node or sink: It is a node which has only incoming branches.
Forward Path: It is a path from an input node to an output node in the direction of
branch arrow.
Loop: It is a path that starts and ends at the same node.
Non-touching loops: Two or more loops are said to be non-touching if they do not
have any common node.
Forward path gain: A product of all branches gain along the forward path is called
Forward path gain.
Loop Gain: Loop gain is the product of branch gain which travels in the loop.

Problem:

1. Construct the signal flow graph for the following set of system equations.
Find the TF 𝑌4 /𝑌1 using Mason’s gain formula.

𝑌2 = 𝐺1 𝑌1 + 𝐺3 𝑌3; 𝑌3 = 𝐺4 𝑌1 + 𝐺2 𝑌2 + 𝐺5 𝑌3 ; 𝑌4 = 𝐺6 𝑌2 + 𝐺7 𝑌3 .

𝑥5 𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺7 + 𝐺4 𝐺7 + 𝐺1 𝐺6 (1 − 𝐺5 )
[ = ]
𝑥1 1 − 𝐺2 𝐺3 − 𝐺5

2. Draw the signal flow graph for the following set of equations and determine
the overall transfer function using Mason’s gain formula.

𝑥2 = 𝑎12 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥3 + 𝑎42 𝑥4 + 𝑎52 𝑥5

𝑥3 = 𝑎23 𝑥2

𝑥4 = 𝑎34 𝑥3 + 𝑎44 𝑥4

𝑥5 = 𝑎35 𝑥3 + 𝑎45 𝑥4
𝑥5 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎34 𝑎45 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎35 (1 − 𝑎44 )
[ = ]
𝑥1 1−𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎23 𝑎34 𝑎42 −𝑎23 𝑎34 𝑎45 𝑎52 − 𝑎44 + 𝑎23 𝑎32 𝑎44 +𝑎23 𝑎35 𝑎52 𝑎44

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