25-Mar-18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 04

Design of T and L Beams in

Flexure

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Introduction to T and L Beams

 ACI Code provisions for T and L Beams

 Design Cases

 Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Design of True T-beam

 References

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 The T or L Beam gets its name when the slab and beam produce
the cross sections having the typical T and L shapes in a monolithic
reinforced concrete construction.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 In casting of reinforced concrete floors/roofs, forms are built for

beam sides, the underside of slabs, and the entire concrete is
mostly poured at once, from the bottom of the deepest beam to the
top of the slab.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

a b a

a b a

a b a

a b a
Compression

Tension

Tension Compression

Section a-a Section b-b

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 Positive Bending Moment
 In the analysis and design of floor and roof systems, it is common practice
to assume that the monolithically placed slab and supporting beam
interact as a unit in resisting the positive bending moment.

 As shown, the slab becomes the compression flange, while the supporting
beam becomes the web or stem.

Compression

Tension

Section a-a

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 Negative Bending Moment
 In the case of negative bending moment, the slab at the top of the stem
(web) will be in tension while the bottom of the stem will be in
compression. This usually occurs at interior support of continuous beam.

Tension

Compression

Section b-b

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 For T and L beams supporting monolithic or composite slabs, the effective

flange width bf shall include the beam web width bw plus an effective
overhanging flange width in accordance with ACI Table 6.3.2.1

Slab Effective Flange Width

bf bf
h
Flange

Web or Stem
sw
bw

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 6.3.2.1)

T - Beam

1 bw + 16h

2 bw + sw sw sw

3 bw + ℓn/4
Least of the above values is selected

Where bw is the width of the beam, h is the slab thickness, sw is the clear
distance to the adjacent beam and ℓn is the clear length of beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 6.3.2.1)

L - Beam Effective Flange Width

bf Slab
bf
1 bw + 6h h
Flange
2 bw + sw/2 Web or Stem
ssw
bw
w
3 bw + ℓn/12 w

Least of the above values is selected

Where bw is the width of the beam, h is the slab thickness, sw is the clear
distance to the adjacent beam and ℓn is the clear length of beam.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cases
 In designing a T-Beam for positive bending moment, there exists two
conditions:

Condition 1. The depth of the compression block may be less than or equal
to the slab depth i.e. flange thickness (a ≤ h)

In such a condition the T-Beam is designed as rectangular beam for positive

bending with the width of compression block equal to bf.

bf
a h

d N.A

As

bw

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cases

Condition 2. The compression block may cover the flange and extend into
the web (a ˃ h)

In such condition the T-Beam is designed as true T-beam.

(bf - bw)/2

bf
h
a
d N.A

Ast

bw

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
 When a ≤ h

bf
a h

d N.A

As

bw

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
bf εc 0.85fc ′
a/2
(∑Fx = 0) a h a C

N.A
0.85fc′ abf = Asfy d la = (d - a/2)

a = Asfy/ 0.85fc′ bf As
εs
T
(∑M = 0) bw

Mn = T*la = Asfy (d – a/2)

As ΦMn = Mu ; ΦAsfy (d – a/2) = Mu

Therefore, As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2)

The other checks remains as that of the rectangular beam design.

Note: In calculating Asmax and Asmin, use bw , not bf.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example 01
 The roof of a hall has a 5″ thick slab with beams having 30 feet c/c and
28.5 feet clear length. The beams are having 9 feet clear spacing and
have been cast monolithically with slab. Overall depth of beam (including
slab thickness) being 24 in and width of beam web being 14 in. Calculate
the steel reinforcement area for the simply supported beam against a
total factored load (including self weight of beam) of 3 k/ft. Use fc′ = 3 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Span length (lc/c) = 30′ ; clear length (ln) = 28.5′

 W u = 3 k/ft
5″
 d = 24-2.5 = 21.5″, bw = 14″; h = 5″
21.5″
 Effective flange width (bf) is minimum of,
19″
 bw + 16h = 14 + 16 × 5 = 94″ As

 bw + sw = 14 + 9 × 12 = 122″
14″
 bw + ln/4 + = 14 + 28.5 × 12/4 = 99.5″

 Therefore, bf = 94″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.

 Mu = wul2/8 = 3 x 302 x12 / 8 = 4050 in-kips

 Trial # 01

 Let a = h = 5″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 5/2)} = 3.94 in2

 Trial # 02

 a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 3.94 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 94) = 0.98″ ˂ h = 5″

Therefore, design as Rectangular beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 0.98/2)} = 3.56 in2

 Trial # 03

 a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 3.56 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 94) = 0.89″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 0.89/2)} = 3.56 in2

Therefore As = 3.56 in2

Try #8 bars, No of Bars = 3.56 / 0.79 = 4.50, say 5 bars

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

 Asmin = 3 ( f′ / fy) bwd ≥ (200/fy) bwd

 3 ( f′ /fy) bwd = 3 × ( 3000 /60000) bwd = 0.00273 x 14 x21.5 =

0.82 in2

 (200/fy) bwd = (200/60000) x 14 × 21.5 = 1.0 in2

 Asmin = 1.0 in2

 Asmax = 0.27 (fc′ / fy) bwd = 0.27 x (3/60) x 14 × 21.5 = 4.06 in2

 Asmin (1.0) < As (3.95) < Asmax (4.06) O.K!

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
Check design capacity your self.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example Solution:
bf =94″

5″

24″

(3+2),#8 bars

bw =14″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example 2: Design the Beam B1 yourself for the following moments
 fc′ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, beam width = 15′′, Slab thickness = 6′′

Overall beam depth (including slab thickness) = 24′′,

147.02 ′ K 147.02 ′ K

24′ clear length 24′ clear length

260.24 ′ K B1-Moment Diagram

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
 When a > h
(bf -bw)/2 (bf -bw)/2

bf bf bf
h
a
d d d N.A
= +
Ast Asf As

bw bw
bw

ΦMn ΦMn1 ΦMn2

ΦMn = ΦMn1 + ΦMn2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

(bf -bw)/2

 Flexural Capacity bf
h/2
ΦMn1 Calculation: h C1
N.A
From stress diagram d l1 = d - h/2

 T1 = C1 Asf
T1
 C1 = 0.85 fc′ (bf - bw)h bw

 T1 = Asf fy ΦMn1

 Asf fy = 0.85fc′ (bf - bw)h

Everything in the equation is known except Asf

 Therefore, Asf = 0.85fc′ (bf - bw)h / fy

 ΦMn1 = T1 x l1 = ΦAsf fy (d – h/2)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Flexural Capacity (bf -bw)/2

bf
ΦMn2 Calculation:
h a
a/2
C2
From stress diagram N.A
d
l2 = d - a/2
 T2 = C2
As
T2
 C2 = 0.85 fc′ abw
bw
 T2 = As fy ΦMn2

 As fy = 0.85fc′ abw

 a = As fy / (0.85 fc′ bw)

 ΦMn2 = T2 x l2 = Φ As fy (d – a/2)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

(bf -bw)/2

 As Calculation bf
h a
a/2
C2
We know that ΦMn = Mu N.A
d
ΦMn1 + ΦMn2 = Mu l2 = d - a/2

As
ΦMn1 is already known to us, T2
Therefore ΦMn2 = Mu – ΦMn1
bw
And as, ΦMn2 = T2 x l2 = Φ As fy (d – a/2) ΦMn2
Also ΦMn2 = Mu – ΦMn1
Therefore, As = (Mu – ΦMn1)/ Φfy (d – a/2);
and a = As fy / (0.85 fc′ bw)
Calculate As by trial and success method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Ductility Requirements
 T = C1 + C2 [ ∑Fx = 0 ]
Astfy =0.85fc′(bf – bw)h + 0.85fc′abw
Astfy = Asffy +0.85fc′abw
 For ductility εs = εt = 0.005 (ACI table 21.2.2)
 For a = β1c = β10.375d, Ast will become Astmax, Therefore,
Astmax fy= 0.85fc′β10.375dbw + Asffy
Astmax fy= 0.85fc′β10.375dbw + Asf
Astmax = 0.31875 β1(fc′/fy)dbw + Asf
For fc′ ≤ 4000 psi, β1 = 0.85, Astmax = 0.27 (fc′ / fy) bwd + Asf
OR Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf
 So, for T-beam to behave in a ductile manner Ast, provided ≤ Astmax

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example 03
 Design a simply supported T beam to resist a factored positive moment
equal to 6500 in-kip. The beam is 12″ wide and is having 20″ effective
depth including a slab thickness of 3 inches. The centre to centre and
clear lengths of the beam are 25.5′ and 24′ respectively. The clear spacing
between the adjacent beams is 3 ft.

 Material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Span length (lc/c) = 25.5′ ; clear length (ln) = 24′

 d = 20″; bw = 12″; h = 3″

 Effective flange width (bf) is minimum of,

 bw + 16h = 12 + 16 × 3 = 60″

 bw + sw = 12 + 3 × 12 = 48″

 bw + ln/4 = 12 + 24 × 12/4 = 84″

 Therefore, bf = 48″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.

 Let a = h = 3″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 6500/{0.90 × 40 × (20 – 3/2)} = 9.76 in2

a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 9.76 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 48) = 3.18″ > h

 Therefore, design as T beam.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Design:

 We first calculate Asf

Asf = 0.85fc′ (bf – bw) h/fy

= 0.85 × 3 × (48 – 12) × 3/40 = 6.885 in2

 The nominal moment resistance (ФMn1), provided by Asf is,

ФMn1 = ФAsf fy {d – h/2} = 0.9 × 6.885 × 40 × {20 – 3/2} = 4585.41 in-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Design:

 The nominal moment resistance (ФMn2), provided by remaining steel As is,

ФMn2 = Mu – ФMn1 = 6500 – 4585.41 = 1914.59 in-kip

 Let a = 0.2d = 0.2 × 20 = 4″

As = ФMn2/ {Фfy(d – a/2)} = 1914.59 / {0.9 × 40 × (20 – 4/2)}= 2.95 in2

a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bw) = 2.95 × 40 / (0.85 × 3 ×12) = 3.85″

 This value is close to the assumed value of “a”. Therefore,

Ast = Asf + As = 6.885 + 2.95 = 9.84 in2 (13 #8 Bars)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Ductility requirements, (Ast = As + Asf) ≤ Astmax

Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf

= 4.86 + 6.885 = 11.75 in2 ; Asmax (singly) =0.27(fc′/fy)bd

Ast = As + Asf = 13 × 0.79 = 10.27 in2 < 11.75 O.K.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
 Ensure that Ast > Asmin

Ast = 10.27 in2

 Asmin = 3 ( f′ /fy) bwd ≥ (200/fy) bwd

3√(fc′)/fy bwd = 3 × (√(3000)/40000) x 12 x 20 = 0.98 in2

200/fy bw d = (200/40000) x 12 x 20 = 1.2 in2

Asmin = 1.2 in2

Ast (10.27 in2) > Asmin (1.2 in2) O.K.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
Check design capacity your self.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example Solution:
bf =48″

3″

d=20″

(5+5+3),#8 bars

bw =12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14)

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