SHIP ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION & CONSTRUCTION

Factors to design electrical networks in ship

Dr. Eng. Mohammad Abu Jamiin

From the mechanical and electrical power systems point of view, ships are grouped as follows:

Mechanical-drive (conventional) ship: The prime Integrated-electric ship: All required power for
mover directly drives the propeller via both the propulsion and the ship service loads is
mechanical gears and a long shaft running generated by the main generators with no
through the center of the ship, and the electrical separate ship service generators.
service loads are powered by the ship service
generators. All-electric ship: On many ships today, some
auxiliary equipment is either steam-powered,
Electrical-drive ship: The propellers are driven hydraulically powered, or compressed-air-
by large electric motors powered by dedicated powered. Converting these remaining
propulsion power generators, and the ship service nonelectrical equipments to electrical power
power is produced by separate ship service would make the ship all-electric.
generators.
From the original electrical power of a few kilowatts at 120 V,
some of today’s navy and cruise ships require an electrical load of
over 100 MW at a voltage of 11 kV or higher.
The key factors for dimensioning the ship’s electrical network are
depend on the types of ship:.
• Cargo handling equipment plays a dominant role in containerships, and defines
the special power requirement characteristics of the electrical network
• In tankers, cargo pumps and possibly compressors are significant factors
• In passenger ships large electricity consumers are air conditioning, the galley
equipment, stage equipment and lighting (also called hotel load) and the
transverse thrusters for manoeuvring in port
• In ships with electric propulsion, the propulsion machinery itself is the
dominating factor.
 • In marine, electrical power on board ship is commonly generated at 440 V, 60 Hz
(sometimes 380 V, 50 Hz). Ships with a very large electrical power demand will require
generators that operate at a high voltage( 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV or 11 kV) to limit the size of
normal load current and the prospective fault current.
• The British Standard (BS) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
definition of Iow voltage is 50 V a.c. to 1000 V a.c. (the IEC give this definition to
harmonise British and European standards
• Lighting and other low power ancillary services usually operate at 110 V or 220 V,
single-phase a.c. Transformers are used to reduce the 440 V system voltage to these
lower voltage levels
• Frequency of marine electrical system is 50 hz or 60 hz.

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• For small vessels having minimal power apparatus (up to 15 kW), 120 V,
three-phase or single-phase generators may be used, with 115V, three-
phase or single-phase distribution for power and lighting. Single- phase
lighting feeders should be balanced at the switchboard to provide
approximately equal load on the three-phase system.
• For intermediate-size vessels with power apparatus (up to 100 kW),
generators may be 230 V, three-phase or 240 V, three-phase; the power
utilization at 220 V or 230 V three-phase, respectively; and lighting
distribution at 120 V, three-phase, three-wire or 208/120 V three-phase,
four-wire. Power and lighting utilization should be at 200/115 V, three-
phase.
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• For large vessels of a size and type that require a dual-voltage system
(two systems isolated by transformers operating at different voltages), first
consideration should be given to 450 V, 480 V, 600 V, or 690 V generation
with power utilization at 44 0V, 460 V, 575 V, or 660 V, respectively, and
lighting distribution at 120 Vor 230 V three-phase, three-wire or 120/208 V,
three-phase, four-wire.
• For vessels having a very large electrical system requiring higher voltage
power generation, consideration should be given to generating at 13,800
V, 11,000 V, 6600 V, 4160 V, 3300 V, or 2400 V with some power utilization
at 13,200 V, 10,600 V, 6000 V, 4000 V, 3150 V, or 2300 V, three-phase,
respectively, with lower utilization voltages to be derived from
transformers.
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• For vessels requiring DC power generation, and having little power
apparatus, 120 V DC generators are recommended with a 115 V DC
lighting and power distribution system. Where an appreciable amount of
DC power apparatus is provided, 240/120 V DC, three-wire generators
and 230 V DC power distribution system and 230/115 V DC three-
conductor lighting feeders may be selected. Branch circuits from lighting
panel boards should be 115 V DC two-wire.

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 • Where portable equipment is to be used in dangerous, hot and
damp locations, it is advisable to operate at 55 V or even 24 V
supplied again by a step-down transformer. Occasionally,
transformers are also used to step-up voltages, e.g. supplying a
large 3.3 kV bow thruster motor from a 440 V switchboard supply
• Batteries for various essential services operate at 12 V or 24 V
d.c. but sometimes higher voltages are used if such loads require
a large power supply.

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BKI Biro Klasifikasi Indobnesia , Det Norske
Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany)

Supply voltage variations

a) Electric AC distribution systems shall be designed and installed so that the voltage variations on main
switchboards are maintained within these limits:
— Steady state
±2.5% of nominal AC system voltage.
— Transient state
from −15% to +20% of nominal AC voltage.
b) Electric DC battery powered systems shall be designed and installed so that the voltage variations on the
main distribution board are maintained within these limits:
— Voltage tolerance:
— +30% to -25% for equipment connected to battery during charging
— +20% to -25% for equipment connected to battery not being charged
— voltage cyclic variation: max 5%
— voltage ripple: max 10%.
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BKI Biro Klasifikasi Indobnesia , Det Norske
Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany)

Voltage variations in the distribution system

a) An AC distribution system shall be designed and
installed so that the stationary voltage drop in supply to
individual consumers, measured from the main
switchboard to the consumer terminals does not exceed
6% of system nominal voltage.
b) A DC distribution system shall be designed and installed
so that the stationary voltage variation in
supply to individual consumers, measured from the battery
distribution to the consumer terminals, does
not exceed ±10% of system nominal voltage. Voltage ripple
and cyclic variation deviation

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 BKI Biro Klasifikasi Indobnesia , Det Norske
Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany)

System frequency Harmonic distortion

The frequency variations in AC installations with a) Equipment producing transient voltage,
fixed nominal frequency shall be kept within the frequency and current variations shall not cause
following limits: malfunction of
— 95 to 105% of rated frequency under steady other equipment on board, neither by
load conditions conduction, induction or radiation.
— 90 to 110% of rated frequency under transient b) In distribution systems the acceptance limits
load conditions. for voltage harmonic distortion shall correspond
to IEC
61000-2-4 Class 2. In addition, no single order
harmonic shall exceed 5%.

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• A short circuit is a fault which occurs when the current in a system deviates its normal path and start flowing
through an alternate path.
• Since the alternate path offers very low resistance, the current increases very much above the normal value.
• Short circuit level (SCL) is the maximum possible current that flows through a circuit during a short circuit fault.
• High current flow during a short circuit fault result in increased temperatures, which damages insulation,
produces high thermal and mechanical stresses in the system, may cause arcing, arc flash and arc blast.
• Protective relay installed in the system immediately trips and isolates the equipment during a short circuit fault
within a short time. This prevents the effects of high current flow through the circuit.
• The generators, cables, equipment, switch gears, etc. associated with the system are designed to withstand the
heavy current during short circuit fault for this short duration of time.

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The Important safety devices fitted on main switch board are:
• Circuit breakers: A circuit breaker is an auto shut down device which activates during an abnormality in the
electrical circuit. Especially during overloading or short circuit, the circuit breaker opens the supplied circuit from
MSB and thus protects the same. Different circuit breakers are strategically installed at various locations.
• Fuses: Fuses are mainly used for short circuit protection and comes in various ratings. If the current passing
through the circuit exceeds the safe value, the fuse material melts and isolates the MSB from the default
system. Normally fuses are used with 1.5 times of full load current.
• Over current relay: OCR is used mainly on the local panel and MSB for protection from high current. They are
installed where a low power signal is a controller. Normally relays are set equivalent to full load current with time
delay.
• Dead front panel: It is another safety device provided on the Main switch board individual panels wherein you
cannot open the panel until the power of that panel is switched off.

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1. Jelaskan faktor faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam merancang jaringan listrik di kapal!
2. Jelaskan level jaringan listrik tegangan rendah dan tegangan tinggi serta frekuensi untuk penggunaan pratis di
kapal
3. Jelaskan standar variasi tegangan yang diperbolehkan menurut aturan kelas kapal pada sumber dan system
distribusi!
4. Jelaskan variasi frekuensi dan distorsi harmonisa pada jaringan listrik dikapaal yang diperbolehkan

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• https://marineengineeringonline.com/high-voltage-system-ships/
• https://electrotechnical-officer.com/all-about-power-supply-on-ship/
• Dennis T. Hall B.A. Honsl, PRACTICAMLA RINE LECTRICKANLO WLEDGE, Second Edition

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