MODULE 3

Heat Effects
Outline
■ Latent Heat Effects
■ Sensible Heat Effects
■ Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Latent Heat Effects
■ Latent heat is defined as the heat transfer due to
phase change.
𝑄 = 𝑚∆𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
■ ΔHTRANS is the latent heat of transition. It can be either
fusion or vaporization.
■ Heat of transition is also present among solids
changing from one crystalline structure to another. An
example is when solid sulfur changes from the
orthorhombic structure to the monoclinic structure.
Latent Heat Effects
■ The concepts of latent heat effects can be derived from
the concepts of phase equilibrium in Physical
Chemistry 2.
■ Phase equilibrium is the term used to describe a state
wherein two or more phases co-exist in equilibrium.
■ The stability of phases can be predicted by the
chemical potential, in that the most stable form of the
substance will have the minimum chemical potential at
the given temperature and pressure
The Clapeyron Equation
■ The Clapeyron is used for solid-liquid equilibrium.
∆𝑃 ∆𝐻𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
∆𝑇 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝑉
■ For vapor-liquid and vapor-solid systems, the Clapeyron
equation is modified into what we call the Clausius-
Clapeyron Equation.
■ Assumptions for the derivation are:
1. Vapor is ideal gas
2. Liquid and solid mass/molar volume is very negligible
compared to that of the gas
Derivation of the Clausius-Clapeyron
Equation (Definite and Indefinite)
 Sample Problem 1
The normal boiling point of Br2 is 58.8˚C, and
its vapor pressure at 25˚C is 0.315bar.
Estimate the average ΔHVAP in kJ/mol of Br2 in
this temperature range.
 Sample Problem 2
The vapor pressure of solid CO2 is 76.7mmHg
at -103˚C and its normal sublimation point is -
78.5˚C. What is the heat of sublimation of CO2
in cal/mol at its normal sublimation point?
 Sample Problem 3
At 90˚C, the vapor pressure of acetic acid is
293mmHg, and its vapor pressure at 100˚C is
417mmHg. Calculate the normal boiling point
of acetic acid.
 Sample Problem 4
Accurate vapor-pressure data for a substance are given in
the table.
a. Estimate the latent heat of vaporization in kJ/mol over
this temperature range.
b. Estimate the boiling point of this substance.
T(˚C) P(torr)
40 55.364
50 92.592
60 149.51
70 233.847
80 355.343
 Sample Problem 5
An ice skating rink contains ice at -10˚C.
Calculate the pressure in psi that an ice skate
blade must exert to allow smooth ice skating at
this temperature. Assume that ΔHF
=1440cal/mol, ρL=1g/mL, and
ρice=0.917g/mL.
Sensible Heat Effects
■ Sensible heat is defined as the heat transfer due to
temperature change.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
■ However, for some substances, which includes
polyatomic ideal gases, CP is given as a function of
temperature. Hence the equation must become:
𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑚 න 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
Sensible Heat Effects (Perry’s Handbook)
■ In some cases, the CP of a gas is not given, but it is
neither monoatomic nor diatomic. The constants for CP
can be found at Chapter 2 of the Perry’s Chemical
Engineering Handbook.
■ There are two equations available in the Handbook: a
polynomial function and a hyperbolic function.
However, the compounds available in the polynomial
function are extremely limited, hence the hyperbolic
function is mostly used.
Sensible Heat Effects (Perry’s Handbook)
■ Polynomial Fit

■ Hyperbolic Fit
Sensible Heat Effects (Van Ness)
■ If CP constants for CP are given, the CP equation of Van
Ness will be used:
𝐶𝑝 2
𝐷
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 + 2
𝑅 𝑇
■ A polynomial integral is easier to manipulate, thus
leading to an equation which can be used to iterate the
unknown temperature more easily.
Sensible Heat Derivation
Sensible Heat Derivation
 Sample Problem 6
Calculate the heat required to raise the
temperature of 1mol of methane from 260 to
600˚C in a steady flow process at a pressure
sufficiently low that methane may be
considered as ideal gas.
 Sample Problem 7
Calculate the heat required to raise the
temperature of 25lbmol of ammonia from 500
to 1760˚F. Consider ammonia to be an ideal
gas.
 Sample Problem 8
What is the final temperature when heat in the
amount of 0.4x106BTU is added to 25lbmol of
ammonia initially at 500˚F in a steady flow
process at 1atm? A=3.578, B=3.02x10-3, D=-
0.186x105.
 Sample Problem 9
Methane gas at 550K and 5bar undergoes an
adiabatic reversible expansion to 1bar.
Assuming methane to be an ideal gas at these
conditions, find its final temperature.
Cp/R=1.702+9.081x10-3T-2.164x10-6T2.
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
■ For industrial reactions, there are three forms of heat
that must be considered:
1. Sensible heat
2. Latent heat
3. Heat of reaction
■ For reactions with given standard heats of reaction,
calculations can only be done at 25˚C. Therefore, for
processes whose inlet and outlet temperatures are not
25˚C, sensible heat calculations must be done
accordingly.
 Sample Problem 10
Methane gas is burned completely with 30% excess air at approximately
atmospheric pressure. Both the methane and the air enter the furnace at 30˚C
saturated with water vapor, and the flue gases leave the furnace at 1500˚C.
The flue gases then pass through a heat exchanger from which they emerge at
50˚C. On a basis of 1mol of methane entering the system, calculate the heat
given off by the furnace and the heat transferred in the heat exchanger.
Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
 Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
 Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
 Sample Problem 11
A gas mixture of methane and steam at atmospheric pressure and 500˚C is
fed to a reactor where the following reactions occur.
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂 + 3𝐻2
𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2
The product stream leaves the reactor at 850˚C. Its molar composition is
2.75% CO2, 17.25% CO, 17.25% H2O, and 62.75% H2. Determine the quantity
of heat added to the reactor per mole of product gas.

Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5

Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
Carbon Monoxide -110,530 3.376 0.557 -0.031
Hydrogen 0 3.249 0.422 0.083
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
 Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
Carbon Monoxide -110,530 3.376 0.557 -0.031
Hydrogen 0 3.249 0.422 0.083
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
 Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Methane -74,520 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
Carbon Monoxide -110,530 3.376 0.557 -0.031
Hydrogen 0 3.249 0.422 0.083
Carbon Dioxide -393,510 5.457 1.045 -1.157
 Sample Problem 12
Ammonia gas enters the reactor of a nitric acid plant mixed with
30% more dry air than is required for the complete conversion of
the ammonia to nitric oxide and water vapor. If the gases enter the
reactor at 75˚C, if the conversion is 80%, if no side reactions occur
and if the reactor operates adiabatically, what is the temperature of
the gases leaving the reactor?
Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Ammonia -45,898 3.578 3.02 -0.186
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Nitric Oxide 90,250 3.387 0.629 0.014
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Ammonia -45,898 3.578 3.02 -0.186
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Nitric Oxide 90,250 3.387 0.629 0.014
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121
Compound ΔH25˚C A Bx103 Cx106 Dx10-5
Ammonia -45,898 3.578 3.02 -0.186
Air 0 3.355 0.575 -0.016
Nitrogen 0 3.28 0.593 0.04
Oxygen 0 3.639 0.506 -0.227
Nitric Oxide 90,250 3.387 0.629 0.014
Water -241,814 3.47 1.45 0.121