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Week 2b - Reynold Transport Theorem

This document discusses fluid kinematics concepts. It describes the velocity field and how fluid motion can be analyzed using either an Eulerian or Lagrangian approach. It also defines streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. The acceleration field is introduced and how it relates to both spatial and temporal changes. The concepts of a control volume and system are defined. Finally, Reynolds Transport Theorem is presented as an analytical tool to shift between the system and control volume concepts when analyzing transport phenomena in fluids.

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M. Fadhli Cesar K
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50 views

Week 2b - Reynold Transport Theorem

This document discusses fluid kinematics concepts. It describes the velocity field and how fluid motion can be analyzed using either an Eulerian or Lagrangian approach. It also defines streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. The acceleration field is introduced and how it relates to both spatial and temporal changes. The concepts of a control volume and system are defined. Finally, Reynolds Transport Theorem is presented as an analytical tool to shift between the system and control volume concepts when analyzing transport phenomena in fluids.

Uploaded by

M. Fadhli Cesar K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Kinematics

PE2203 Transport Phenomena


Week 3

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 2

Velocity Field
 Field representation  Representation of
fluid parameters as functions of spatial
coordinates
 Velocity field  comprises of velocity vectors
(u, v, w) as function of time (t) and spatial
coordinates (x, y, z)

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 3

Eulerian vs Lagrangian
 Two different approaches to analyze fluid mechanics problems

Eulerian Method

Use field concept


Fluid motion described Lagrangian Method
as properties of space
and time Follow individual
Commonly used in fluid (tagged) fluid particle
mechanic

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 4

Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines


 Streamline  line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field
 At steady state, streamlines are fixed in space and similar to pathline and streakline
 Pathline  the line traced out by A GIVEN PARTICLE as it flows
 Lagrangian concept; can be produced in the laboratory by marking the fluid particle and take time
exposure of its motion
 Streakline  ALL PARTICLES in a flow that have previously passed through a
common point
 Continuously inject marker in fluid

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 5

The Acceleration Field


 To apply Newton’s Second Law (i.e. 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂)
 Lagrangian method  simply use solid body dynamics (i.e. 𝒂 = 𝒂(𝑡) for each particle)
 Eularian method  define acceleration field as a function of position and time; without actually
following any specific particle
 Recall velocity field 𝑽 = 𝑽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 6

The Acceleration Field

The Acceleration Field

Particle velocity is a function of its location and time

location at time t

Using chain rule of differentiation velocity component

𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 ACCELERATION FIELD

For any particle


(Not just particle A)

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 7

The Acceleration Field

Unsteady Effect vs Convective Effect

steady
flow

accelerate deccelerate

TIME SPATIAL
derivative derivative
(local acc.) (convective acc.)

steady-state  0

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 8

Control Volume and System

 System  collection of matter of fixed “mass of a system remains constant”


identity (which move, flow and interact
with surrounding)
“the time rate of change of momentum
 Control volume  a space (geometry of a system is equal to the sum of all
entity, independent of mass) through the forces acting on the system”
which fluid may flow

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 9

Reynolds Transport Theorem


 Reynold Transport Theorem  Analytical tool to shift between system concept (a
given mass of fluid) and control volume concept (a given volume)

mass

Extensive property Intensive property


of physical parameters, e.g. of physical parameters, e.g.
• Momentum • Velocity
• Kinetic Energy 𝑚𝑣 /2 • Kinetic Energy per unit mass, 𝑣 /2

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 10

Reynolds Transport Theorem


At time 𝑡
Derivation
At time 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡

Rate of change of 𝐵 in interval 𝛿𝑡

At instantaneous
time interval
(𝛿𝑡 → 0)

Example for exit component Reynold Transport Theorem


Leaving Entering Fixed, non-deforming CV
CV CV Multiple inlets and outlets
flux component
System coincides with CV

10
PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 11

Reynold Transport Theorem

Example

Fixed
Non-deforming
Control Volume

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 12

Reynold Transport Theorem

Class Exercise

12
PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 3 – Fluid Kinematics 13

Reynold Transport Theorem

Exercise

Fixed
Non-deforming
Control Volume

13

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