cum Plane Waves at Media Interface Inthe previous chapter, we studied the solution of Maxwell’szz equations for time varying fields in an unbound medium. We found that the time varying fields exist in the form of a plane transverse electromagnetic wave in an infinite medium. For our convenience, we oriented the coordinate system to align with the direction of the wave motion and studied the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in the plane transverse to the direction of the wave propagation. The arbitrary orientation of the coordinate axis was possible, because, in an infinite medium, there is no special direction as the medium looks same in all directions. This is obviously a hypothetical situation. In practice, we never see a medium which is uniform in all directions, In the next few chapters, we will gradually make the medium bound and try to capture the EM wave in acompletely closed space. The first step towards this would be to make the medium semi-infinite, i.e. divide the space into two semi-infinite regions with different medium properties and study the behavior of a plane wave at the interface of the two regions. Specifically, we investigate the transfer of fields and power from one medium to another. In this chapter, we Ponder over the question like “what happens to the plane wave nature of the wave atthe interface ?” “What fraction of the wave enerBy is transported to the second medium?” “What happens to the polarization of the wave”, etc. and try to find their answers, . : Ttis very clear that since, space is no more symmetric, the coordinate axes cannot be oriented arbitrarily. If we orient the coordinate axes along the media interface, the wave will be travelling in an arbitrary direction (not along any of the axes) and if the coordinate axes are oriented to get one of the axes along the Wave motion, the axes will have arbitrary orientation with Fespect to the media interface, Generally, the coordinate axes are aligned along the interface and the Wave is assumed to travel at an angle with respect to the media interface. It is,ymagnelic Wwews> 202 coy ion for a wave which is trayey functi ulate the wave Fune ‘0 the coordinate axes. form mM fore, necessary to therefc ith respect t at an arbitrary angle Ww z Phase-front or constant phase plane Fig. 5.1 Wave travelling in an arbitrary direction with respect to the coordinate axes. 5.1 PLANE WAVE IN ARBITRARY DIRECTION As we have seen earlier, a plane wave is described by a phase front which is @ plane Perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion. As shown in Fig. 5.1, la us consider a wave travelling in some arbitrary direction, and let the unit vector it the direction of wave motion be denoted by fi. If the unit vector fi makes angi Gx, by, $; respectively with the three axes x,y,z we have fi = cos, + cosd,9 + cosdeé where cos $,, cosy and cos g, are called the direction cosines of the vec!" if The planes perpendicular to ft are then the phase fronts or the constant a planes. Let us consider one of the phase fronts as shown in Fig. 5-1, and l® Point P on the plane have coordinates (x, Y, 2). The vector OP can be writen ® sa) 203 2) OP=x8+y9+ a7 e From Fig. 5.1 we can see that the dot Product f-OP=4-r = [0A] a =Normal distance of the Plane from the origin ‘te Equation (5.3) is valid for any point a the equation of the phase front as on the phase front and hence, We © a 4 8- OP =f-r = constant (ci igPlane Waves iar Meaia rit If we assume that phase of the plane which passes through the origin is zero and if the phase constant of the wave is B, the phase change over the distance OA will be BIOA| = fi-r (5.5) The electric field of a plane wave travelling in direction faccan then be written as E = Ege" /8t (5.6) where Ep is a constant vector( = Eox% + Eoy§ + Eoz2). For a transverse electromagnetic wave, Eo lies in the constaut phase plane and hence is perpendicular to fi. We, therefore, have Ey -f=0 6.7) Jf we now define the vector propagation constant k (also called the wave vector) as k= BA = Blcos $k + cos Py¥ + cos r2} = Bcosd. + B cos y¥ + B cos b% (5.8) the electric field can be written as E=Eye*t = Ege Herth the) (5.9) with Ey: k=0 (5.10) where we have defined ky = 6 cosy; ky = B.cos dy, and k;, = Bcos¢;. From Eqns (5:9) and (5.10) we can verify that if the wave travelsin +z direction (as taken in the previous chapter) x = ¢y = 7 /2.and $; = 0, and the wave vector becomes uw T\ a ay k = A{cos (F) 8 +008 (§)s + cos(0)2} = 62 (5.11) The corresponding electric field can then be written as E = Ege /?** = Ege (5.12) Since, Eo is perpendicular to 2, it lies in the xy-plane. Equation (5.12) is identical to the plane wave Eqn (4.54). aeHSCEE ‘The magnetic field of a wave can be obtained by substituting E in the Maxwell’s equation = _ty xE jou KY @ 1jo aa 7 S=5 8 jon |* % * (5.13) = = =- 204) __ Electromagnetic Waves jk: jk: where E, = Eo,e~ikr, Ey = Eqye/*" and E, = Eqze~i*? and k.p — hx if hyy + kyz. Since Eo., Eo, Ep, are constants, Jug, Ey, E.) = — jk, (Ey, Ey, E,) ax a ‘| > Operator oe = Ike 6.14 Similarly, we can get a > =-yjk, ay dk a — = _jk a JK Substituting for partial derivative operators in Eqn (5.13), the magnetic field cay be written as H=- yy, Jou i | %o 4 @ Sl dkey = jhy- ik jou ze z, i, z 1 1 =-——(~jkx pa 1, 5.15) you J } nk xE ( From Eqn (5.15) we can note that His perpendicular to both k and E and since 8 Perpendicular to k, the three Vectors E, Hand k re perpendicular to each other (Transverse electromagnetic wave). Since, the wave Vector = Bai = o/heh, and Size = 7 (intrinsic impedance of the medium), Eqn (5.15) yields z => BBs PSO A TIO ale The direction cosines of the wave normal are 1 cos, = cos 60° = 2 1 cos py = c0s 45° = ri Since, cos? ¢, + cos” by + cos’, = 1 11 we get, cos? $, = 1 a 1 => cos b; = 2 The unit vector along the direction of the wave normal is i 1 i= 3* + A The electric field is given by B= Ee Pit206 - Electromagnetic Waves Kye G+ At) Ey is a constant vector perpendicular to the wave normal, Eo = Eq.& + Eos} + Eo: Since, the wave is linearly polarized Ep,, Eoy and Ep, should be in Phase ‘Therefore, without losing generality, let us assume them to be real, : Since, for uniform plane wave Ep is perpendicular to i, we have . Eos | Boy | Fox _ MBE gihigguhiageas () Ttis given that, Ex. =2Epy Q) and the peak amplitude = Ei, + ER, +B, =10V/m 8) Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get, Ex =4.9V/m Eqy = 2.45 V/m Eq = -8.37V/m and the vector electric field is given as E= (49% +2459 —g.37HJ8G+4+) Using Eqn (5.15), the vectoz magnetic field can be obtained as Lek B ~ ipa Fe Gig = Fx Boe un x j : oa | ee “-. = 1 de 15496 0.748 ~2 6454 1 > P20 TE + 6.639 — 224 eG RH) A/m [Note: The intrinsic impedance of the free-space is is Jo leo = 1200-1 5.1.1 Phase Velocity and Wavelength Asseenin the previous section, the Choice Of coordinate systemis generally. a by the media boundaries, etc, and the ‘Wave travels in an arbitrary directiO™ 3 however, useful to find the velocity of the Wave along the principal C0 axes. As will be seen in the following sectio y 0 ns, the phase velocity of a W2” the principal axes isnt simpe eso escttion of he phar vonid 207 Hane Plane Waves at Media Interface wave. The phase velocity along an axis is the velocity of the constant phase point along that axis. Let us consider a wave with wave vector k. The electric field for this wave is given by (see Eqn (5.9). E=Ege** = Ee /P* 0084: 9 JB 2056y p~iBy cos bs (5.18) vey Let us now find the phase velocity along the z-axis. Rewriting Eqn (5.18) we get E = Ege HA 2086: +9 00865) 9 jf z008 6: (5.19) Two things should be noted from Eqn (5.19): 1. Inthe xy plane (plane perpendicular to z-direction) the phase isnot constant. So xy-plane is not a constant phase plane. 2. The phase constant along z-direction is k, = B cos ¢,. Since, cos p, is always less than or equal to unity, k, is always < . The phase velocity in the z-direction is therefore o o vo Up = — = = (5.20) Pr kz Boos, — cos; where vo is the phase velocity of the wave in the direction k, i.e. actual phase velocity of the wave. Similarly, we can get the phase velocities of the wave along the x and y directions as o a vo wali 2 2 5.2 Yen = 5 Beosds 008d cue o o vo =—=—— = 5.2: Upy ky Bcosdy cos oy 62) It is interesting to notice that since, |cosdz|, |cos@yl, |cos¢,| < 1, the Velocities Upx, Upy, Upe are always greater than or equal to v9. In fact when any of the angles @x, dy, 6: > 7/2, the cosines of these angles tend to 0 and the corresponding velocities approach infinity. The bounds on the phase velocity therefore are U9 < Upxs Upyr Upz SO (5.23) The wavelength of the wave in x, y, z directions are respectively a= a =F cosde jet vf cosdy Vpz __ _ 40 goo (5.24) Where, Ao= vo/f is the wavelength of the wave.a | 208 _ Electromagnetic Waves From Eqns (5.23) and (5.24) we should note that the Phase velogi wavelength are smallest in the direction of the wave motion. If we consider the unbound medium as the free-space, the phase y, the wave is vp = c (velocity of light in vaccum). Equations (5.23) and ( yield Y and the locity 7 f 5.24) they CS Upx, Upy, Upz SCO (25) One would then wonder as to “how the velocity is greater than the Veloci light, and if we can achieve infinite velocity can we send information With infinite speed?” The answer to this question can be obtained from Fig. 5.3. z K A A >y B (b) Fig. 5.3 Phase fronts for a uniform plane wave in the yz-plane. For geometrical simplicity let us consider a Plane wave travelling in the y= plane (Fig. 5.3(a)). Let a wavefront intersect the y-axis at point A at time f ="- After a time Ar the point A moves to A’. The phase front now intersects the y-3™* at B’ which corresponds to point B at the wavefront at time t = ty. Similarly, he wave front intersects the z-axis at Point C’ which corresponds to point C 0” : wavefront at t = ty. While calculating the Phase velocity along y-directio" e z-direction, we do not actually find the distance travelled by a particular poitt . the wavefront but find the distance between two different points on the waver Consequently, we get a velocity which appears to violate the physical laws . velocity > c). The velocity of energy corresponds to the distance travelled by 4 A from A to A’ is interesting to note from Fig. 5.3 that as the angle ?y ince? the: distance AB increases but the distance DC’ decreases. Consequently." ), velocity vy increases but the phase velocity v, decreases and for ¢y 7 7", Obviously, then we can not send information with a speed greater than the velocity of light. a se It is worthwhile to ask a question at this juncture that “with what veloey wi the point A move along the y-axis?” Since the point A moves with velocPlane Waves at Media Interface 209 the direction of k, its velocity in y-direction is py = v9.08 $y (6.26) Ug is called the group velocity of the wave and vgy denotes the group velocity in the y-direction. The group velocity corresponds to the physical motion of a point on the wavefront and therefore gives the speed with which the energy travels. As can be seen from Eqns (5.26), vgy is always less than or equal to v. The same is true for vg, and vgz. From Eqns (5.22) and (5.26) we also note that (5.27) Ugy Upy = U5 In fact, Eqn (5.27) is true for any arbitrary direction and hence we can make a general statement that ‘the product of the group and the phase velocities in any direction is equal to the square of the velocity of the wave in the medium’. Figure 5.4 shows the exclusive domains of vp and vg. Up is always greater than or is always less than 0, up > 00, and as equal to the velocity of the wave in the medium, whereas, vg or equal to the velocity of the wave in the medium. As vg > Ug > U0, Up also > vo. Group velocity | Phase velocity Ve ‘p a = vo Fig. 5.4 Domains of vp and vg ic fields in an ideal EXAMPLE 5.2 The complex vector electric and magneti dielectric medium are given as B= (—jv3% +29 + DE pa (Wik + 29 - De 307 0 Show that these fields correspond to a uniform plane wave. Find frequency and velocity of the wave. Also find the phase velocities along the x, y and z-directions, Find the state of polarization of the wave. Solution: For uniform plane wave E, Hand the wave normal are other. Therefore, EH, E: fi and H - fi should be zero. note from the field expressions that araser+ 30 — 0.020 (x+-V32) — j0.02n(x+-V32) perpendicular to each‘210 Electromagnetic Waves wave 2 t= T7I4 ante, 3, 7 Rept E-H=(-j3+ j4—j)=0 3 3 E-a Ciz tiz)=0 niet _ 3 The fields in Fig. 5.5, therefore, Tepresent fields of a uniform plane wavt: Now taking the coefficient of —J in the exponent, we get, Bi-r = 0.02 + V32) = 0.020 + V3i)(xk + 2) “ 3, = Bit = 0.027(8 + /3%) = 0.047 ( + $s) => B=0.04n0 r The components of E and H are hot in time phase and conse fields are not linearly polarized, For the fields the compere y-component by 5 and as the x-component lags the y-componemt cont some instant when the y-comy t ponent is at its positive peak, the ** and the z-component are zero. At that instant we have E=29 5 |g =2 and 1 nn 2 H= So (Wik-a) = IAI = 309Plane Waves at Media Interface an Now for a uniform plane wave 1EI _ [Ho 120m = = 300 = - |H| € X & Ve > «= 16 The velocity of the wave a 1 a Hoe0er _ 3x 108 ve, =0.75 x 10° m/s. Now we know that » = 2 f = B x velocity => frequency of the wave _ Bx velocity _ 0.047 x 0.75 x 108 _ 15 MHz Ton Qn 7. ' The phase velocity along the x-direction v 0.75 x 108 =——=- — =15 x 10° ms. oe Cos os 1/2 The phase velocity along y-direction is Uv v =00 y= Cosdy — cos(ar/2) The phase velocity along z-direction is 8 v__ 0.75 x10" _ 0.866 x 10° m/s. "= sh WA To find the state of polarization of the wave, let us trace the tip of the electric the electric fields are field vector. The three components 0} a : s -“)= t Ey = V3 cos (# *) V3 sino Ey =2cosot bs z E,=cos (wt + 5) = sinot Let the time period ofthe signal be T(T = 2/0 = 1/P)- Att =0, Ey =0, Ey = 2, Be = 0> IE =? AU=T7/8, ot = 1/4 => Ex = ALE, = Att = 7/4, ot = 2/2 => Ex = V3Ey = OF .= FH > IEl=2 =-1 > |E|=2 Sleaii -plectromagnetic Waves j 212 iM «on time, it is the circular polarj e is constant as 4 function time e polatiai ee Oe ain draw the fields at different times as shown in i , get the is towards the Ieft hand if we face in the direction oe : et, The vector rotation ia The wave polarization, therefore, 1S : 5.2. PLANE WAVE AT DIELECTRIC INTERFACE s we discussed the propagation of a plane wave in y unbound medium. Let us now consider the propagation of a plane wave acrog, dielectric interface. Let the space be divided into two semi-infinite regions sd different medium parameters like the permeability and the permittivity. Let usa assume that both the regions are loss-less, i.e. the conductivity for both regio, ality let us orient the coordinate system such th is zero. Without losing gener: the dielectric interface is along the xy-plane passing through z = 0 as shownis Fig. 5.6. In the previous section: Medium 1 Medium 2 ul, el y2,€2 ol=0 o2=0 Fig. 5.6 Electromagnetic wave at a dielectric interface. all ee ee the region on the left of the interface (z < 0) aS region !, ast! tthe ia a ters be denoted with suffix 1, Similarly, let the region 0° wet with suffi ee > 0) be denoted as region 2 and let its parameters P° dest Lsoetiiel and en, 11, €1 Tepresent permeability and permittivity of mediv# lt awcniictinie for mediu™?, Fe aplane wave incident on the i edi je int from m0 % age got ou te wave vector es fie xz-plane 7 i ee ¢ interface (in thi: _djrection) ia ene: Roi arb jormal to the interface is jest" the wave vector makes with the en. the plane of incidence. The ang! 1 ‘es are therefore aoe %=5, o, = 6;Plane Waves at Media Interface 213 We can then write the field (electric or magnetic) for this wave as Fi=Foew** (5.29) = Fype IP ( 008 b+ c05 by 42.008 4.) (5.30) ‘The suffix i indicates the incident field, Fig is a constant vector, and fy is the phase constant of the wave in medium 1, Bj = @,/#141- Substituting for ¢,, by, ¢z into Eqn (5.30) we get Fy = Fige HP 801/284 cos(n/2}+<00801) = Fype Hi sindy+20056,) (5.31) From Eqn (5.31) it is clear that the field is independent of y. At the interface i.e. at z = 0, the phase is constant along y-direction and it linearly increases along the x-direction. The field magnitude in the xy-plane therefore is A= Re(Fye 20%) = Fy cos(B1x sin 6) (5.32) The field variation is like a sinusoidally corrugated sheet with corrugations oriented along the y-axis as shown in Fig. 5.7. Fig. 5.7 Spatial variation of electric field amplitude, When the sinusoidally corrugated field is incident at the interface, a field with similar corrugated variation is induced on the other side of the interface. Thisis due to the boundary conditions which require continuity of the fields at the dielectric boundary. One can additionally show that both magnetic field and electric field in Seneral, cannot satisfy the boundary conditions without modifying the incident fields. In other words, we can say that when @ plane wave is incident on an interface, the fields with similar phase variation are induced on both sides of the interface. In region 1 then the total field is the combination of the incident field and the induced field, where as in region 2 there is only the induced field. Since, ei induced fields are also time varying, they also constitute waves. The induced melds in region 1 then form a wave moving away from the interface, i.e. back in we 1, whereas the induced fields in region 2 forma wave going away from the face in region 2 as shown in Fig. 5.8, Since, both induced waves see infiniteDs medium ahead of them they are in the form of Plane waves, These called the reflected and transmitted (or refracted) Wa waves Tespectively, Ne Medium 1 Medium 2 neteed ‘Transmitted — Interface Fig. 5.8 Incident, reflected and retracted waves, ‘We can now Note that since the Phase variation for the induced fields is sam as that of the incident field at the interface (constant along y-direction), the ware vectors of the reflected and transmitted waves also lie in the Plane Containing the incident wave Vector and the interface normal, i.e. the Plane of incidence. 0 » Whe wave vectors for the incident, reflected and refrac (transmitted) ‘waves, and the normal to the interface lié in the Same plane, In bul in the medium 2 at an angle 6, with respect tot interface normal, as shown in Fig. 5.9) fel For reflected wave $, = 7/2-6,, dy = 1/2 and g, = —6,, and the F, for the reflected wave can be written as F, SFye Pile £08(/2-€,)4.ycos(n/2}+2cos(n 6) = Fyge Pile sine, ~zcos0,) 63 2h? Similarly, for the transmitted wave ¢: =1/2-6, by = 7/2, and d=" its field can be written as Fy = FygesPal £09 /2-6,)+ cos(ar/2)-42 ‘cos 6) 6 =Fige Jbl sin 6,+2 608 ,) i satesf20e Ba = w,/Hx€ is the phase constant in medium 2. At the he! where, Bo ; i If fields we at z=0 the fields must satisfy the boundary conditions. tinuous J resent electric fields, their tangential components must be wa geld® get Rs interface. On the other hand, if we take F,, F,, F; a8 magnetic >' Plané Waves at Media Interface sue ass GEES Fig. 5.9 Incident, transmitted and refiected waves at a media interface. their normal components must be continuous. However, in the present case, their tangential components also must be continuous at the interface since for ideal dielectrics there is no surface current. So, without worrying about whether F represents E or H, we can say in general that their tangential components must be continuous at the interface. We therefore have (Firane #99 + Bpo)ane I = Fade 8% 6.35) Suffix ‘tan’ represents the tangential component of the vector. Equation (5.35) is true for every point on the interface, i.e. for every value of x and y. This can happen only if the phases of the three terms are same i.e. Bix sin; = Bix sin 6, = Box sin, (5.36) > sin 6; =sin6, = 6; =9, (537) and Bi sin 6; = Posin & (5.38) = Jie Sin, = Hae sin 8 (5.39) From Eqn (5.37) we get the second law of reflection that is, ‘the angle of Teflection is equal to the angle of incidence’. al For ideal dielectrics p11 = #2 = Ho (free space permeability), €1 = €o¢r1 and © = €,9 where €,1 and é,2 are the dielectric constants of the two media Tespectively. Noting from eqn (4. 140) that /é1 = 71 (refractive index of medium 1) and /&q = np (refractive index of medium 2), Eqn (5.39) can be written as Jitoeoeri Sin 8; = /Ho€0€r2 sin 0,ae 216 “Electromagnetic Waves => Véri Sin 6; = /€,2 sin 0, : > n, sin 6; = nz sin@, f uation (5.40) is the well known Snell’s law of refraction, One sho \ oo tise Rep AO) is a special case of Eqn (5.39) which rem generalized Snell’s law for any loss-less medium. en Once the phases of the thrée.terms in Eqn (5.35) are equated the Teduces to Mi Cio)ian + Fro)tan = (Fto)tan 6 That is, the problem of wave propagation across an interface Teduces to fi the fields of the three waves at the interface using Eqn (5.41). From the kno, of Fio, Fro and Fi we can write the fields at any point in the Space, If the af the is in region 1 the field is a superposition of F, and F, whereas, if the pein tegion 2 the field is F,. EXAMPLE 5.3 A light beam is incident fro: mM air to a medium wig dielectric constant 4 and relative permeability 100. If the angle of incidence 60°. Find the angle of eflection and angle of refraction. Solution: The angle of Teflection 9, = angle of incidence 6, = 60°, From the Snell’sis VH161 sin 6; = . /2€ sin 6, = s/Ho€o sin 60° = ¥/ H0(100)€9(4) sin 6, sin'60° sin 0, = —_—_ = 0.0433 Angle of refraction 4, = 2.48° 5.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ‘WAVES AT DIELECTRIC INTERFACE 2 ion of! In the previous sections, we had a general discussion on the propaga”. plane wave across a loss-l i iif We aa FaER x ). WR N Interface 0 A wave incident at a media interface with its field at an angle with Fig.5.1 respect to the plane of incidence. ye discuss the two cases (i) Electric field in the plane of incidence, also called parallel polarization (ii) Electric field normal to the plane of incidence also called pependicular polarization. Specifically, we are interested in finding out the field amplitudes of the transmitted and the reflected waves for a given incident wave. Nomally, we carry out the analysis for the E field and as discussed earlier we find the magnetic field as and when needed from the property of the uniform phne wave. We, therefore, define two parameters of interest namely E, Reflection coefficient: T = 7 (5.42a) i Transmission coefficient: tT = 5 (5.42b) i ‘tdfind their values for the parallel and perpendicular polarizations. & . 31 Reflection and Refraction with Perpendicular Polarization i consider a plane wave with, perpendicular (1) polarization incident at ile interface as shown in Fig. 5.11. The angle of incidence is say 6; i ich the wave vector makes with the interface normal) and the plane of teincidens the plane of the paper, Without losing generality let us assume that iny gut! electric field Ej is pointing out of the plane of the paper (oriented Yillbg ion). Then, from the property of the plane wave the magnetic field Hy te perPendicular to E; and will lie in the plane of the paper perpendicular the 2 Mace as shown in Fig. 5.11. The Hi, therefore, lies in the xz-plane. *etiyg [N° Of the magnitudes of Ei and Hi is mi; 'the intrinsic impedance of disc i “Ussed in the previous sections, the wave vectors of reflected and Waves also lie in the plane of incidence (in this case the plane of™ Electromagnetic Waves Fig.5.11 Uniform Plane wave with interface. perpendicular polarization at a med the paper), and the angle of reflection is same as ¢ may further argue that since the tangential component of E should be continuo at the interface and since, the incident wave has only y-directed electric fel the reflected and transmitted Course, the fields might point the angle of incidence. Oe into the plane of paper or Point out of it. Hower, the direction reversal can easily be accommodated by assigning a +ve or-vesit toa field. Therefore, without losing generality we assume that both fields Er! E, are along +-y direction, ie, Pointing outwards from the plane of the ya If any of them. or both of them were directed in the opposite direction ( -y-direction) their signs would come negative automatically. jon l Now for each wave, the Poynting vector E.x H should give the direct the wave vector. Since, the directions of the incident, reflected and at waves are known, the directions of the magnetic field for the three i and Hy can be easily obtained as shown in Fig. 5.11. Note that, the inci right to left upwards and hence its magnetic field is oriented upwards 3 P ni 1)s ‘We can write the electric fields for the three waves as (see Eqns (5.3 ! and (5.34)) of Incident wave: E, = Ejge AP1Ce sing, +zc086) ot Reflected wave: B, = Ege” iPiCx sind—2e056) of Transmitied wave: Ey = Ejge~ i620 sina, +20086)Hy cos 6, Fig.5.11 Uniform plane wave wilh perpendicular polarization at a re interface. the paper), and the angle of reflection is same as the angle of incidence ( may further argue that since the tangential component of E should be contre at the interface and since, the incident wave has only y-directed ¢lectne tx the reflected and transmitted waves must also have y-directed E field on} 0 course, the fields might point into the plane of paper or point out of it Hosce the direction reversal can easily be accommodated by assigning a +ve or veg toa field. Therefore, without losing generality we assume that both fields E, = E; are along +y direction, i.e, pointing outwards from the plane of the pee If any of them or both of them were directed in the opposite direction (us -y-direction) their signs would come negative automatically. Now for each wave, the Poynting vector E x H should give the direct’ the wave vector. Since, the directions of the incident, reflected and transo== waves are known. the directions of the magnetic field for the three waves B.§) and H, can be easily obtained as shown in Fig. 5.11. Note that, the incwen= transmitted waves are travelling from left to right upwards and consequxch ® magnetic fields point downwards. Whereas, the reflected wave is travelling = right to left upwards and hence its magnetic field is oriented upwards. We can wie the electric fields for the three waves as (see Eqns (5. we and (5.34)) Incident wave: Ey = Eye J 08 +209) (se Reflected wave: E, = Eye"? sind, 26088 Transmiticd wave: Ey = Eqge™/*:(18in #2e88)— Nerfate nere r= SHE], Bo = gy 7 maudes of the three waves ee and o icillY assumed. Since, E ang H e mei we also have Eo, fies Bi, and Evo are the vector are relateq thr ae rie et el : Ough intrinsic impedance of Way) = !E m (5.46) 1H, | = Eel m (5.47) iy = Eel ™m (5.48) em = VTE and 2 = STE are th Fig cs ; | val medium 2 respectively, © intrinsic impedances of medium Now, applying the boundary Conditions, ie. i electric field is continuous at the i , ‘angential component of the id is continuous at the interface, wegetatz =O E+E,=E, (5.49) Hj cos 6; — H, cos 9; = Hy cos 6, (5.50) Note that, the E fields are in y-direction and hence are tangential to the interface whereas for the magnetic field we have to take the component along the interface. Substituting Eqns (5.46) to (5.48) in (5.49) and (5.50) we get Ejo + Exo = Eto G.51) Ee gs 6; =F cos, = Ee cos 6, (5.52) m m Nn Solving Eqns (5.51) and (5.52) we can obtain the reflection and transmission efficients as Exo _ 72.0086; — m1 cosio, Ej 720086; +71 cos, Ew 2n2 cos & a a SIRES (5.54) Transmission coeff: t= Ey 72.0086; +71 cos, From Eqns (5.53), (5.54) or dividing Eqn (5.51) by Ejo we get relation between mission and the reflection coefficients as Reflection coeff: Ty = (5.53) Eo _ Ew (5.55) + Eo Eo a ere (5.56) ing observations: om Bons (5.53) and (5.54) we can make following L “ That means there is no * The Teflection and transmission coefficients at wave at the interface. ittary phase change in the reflected or trans » 219 kending upon the sign of "' and t,, the Phase change eg oe a) Fd ea sign and 7 for negative sign). ald bey 2. Magnitude of Reflection coefficient T, is always less than Unity the magnitude of the transmission coefficient could be Steatey Whe than unity. It means that the amplitude of the transmitted E 7 k be greater than the amplitude of the incident electric field, vin, « would happen when I", is positive (see Eqn (5.56)), ie, When Usly, 12 COS 6; > ny, COs O, From Snell’s law since B; sin 6; = Bp sin®, we get 2 cos 6, = +)/1—sin?o, = + /1— sin? 6 71 Substitution of cos 6, in Eqn (5.57) yields 2. 72.6088; > cos, = ny, /1 — Faint, 6. 2 br 2 => & cos? 6; > 1 — SS sin? 6; (5 n By E; = og, + ME gindg, 1 6 Mie, M2€2 Therefore, if Eqn (5.61) is satisfied the transmitted electric field is greater! the incident electric field. It should be noted here that higher transmitted electric field dos! mean higher transmitted power. The magnetic field reduces in the medius appropriately to give the transmitted Power less than or equal to the incident ” After all, there has to be conservation of power making sum of the transm! and the reflected power equal to the incident power, i.e. Evol? E,o |? fe eel cos 6; = IE-o| cos + IEvo| m m m2 cos 6, > ah + Bye pose m2 c 6 EXAMPLE 5.4 A uniform Plane wave having power density 2 incident from air at air-dielectric interface at the angle of incide inci” electric field vector for the wave lies Perpendicular to the plane? api Find the power density of the transmitted and the reflected wave. "at permittivity ‘of the dielectric medium is 25. If the frequencY ti stom 100 MHz, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic field 1 m on either side of the interface. ag3 223 pat? power density _ |Ewol? 2no > |Evol = V4010 = V40377) = 122.8 V/m =nio = 1200 =20 From the Snell’s law we get aa sing; _ sin 45° - I Ve vas 52 > cos 0; = 0.9899 from Egns (5.53) and (5.54), we have, ee re 24m cos45° — 120m x 0.9899 = 075 2am cos 45° + 1207 x 0. 9899 2(24m) cos 45° = — — eee ag 70S a += Dag cos 45° +, 120m x 0.9899 -“Stherefore, get } Esp 2t|'Eio = 0.75 x 122.8 = —92- { and Ey = 1: Ejn ='0.25-X 122.8= hy Loving the coordinate re in Fig. 5:11, we have ='122! Ge dBi sins: Hz c0s(45°)) 5, ' aimse a dtr i | E,=-92. ye 2g iG sgeamccsina tees) sore Ga ms,oo” 222 Electromagnetic Waves = IEP _ In Ep Power density of the transmitted wave = ‘ee S tot = 1.25 Wine Power density of the reflected wave = 20(|1|)* = 11.25 w /m2 In Region 1, the electric field is (at z = 1m) E,=E4E,= (122.8619 4 92.16!) elke = (2.76 — 214.03 je" => |Ei|=214.068 V/m In Region 2, the electric field is E=E > peak amplitude = 30.7 V/m The magnetic fields for the three waves are(see Eqns (5.46), (6.47) and ( |B] = 122.8/1207 = 0.3257 A/m [Hr|=92.1/1207 = 0.2443 A/m = 30.7/40m = 0.2443 A/m Hence, total Magnetic field component in x direction in Region 1 can be writ as (4 Hz = |r| cos 6, — [Fh cos, =0.2443//2 — 0,3257//2 = 0.1727 — 0.2303 = 0.05763 A/m The negative sign shows Teversal of the field direction: it Similarly, the total magnetic field in z direction in Region 1 can be wnt 4, = |H,| sin 0; + |Hi| sin 6, =0.2443/V2 + 0.3257//2 =0.1727 +.0.2303 = 0.403 A/m Peak amplitude of magnetic field in Region 1 is l= Vine +P = VO.057632-+(O.405% = 0,407 A/m Total magnetic field in Region 2 is same as Hy, Hence, i.e. 0.2443 A/m 5.3.2. Reflection and Refraction with Parallel Polarizatio" a os On the lines similar to that for the Perpendicular polarization, we ean 0 nis” reflection and refraction of a plane Wave having parallel polarizatio™ _Plane Waves at Media Interface 223 the E-vector lies in the plane of incidence. Again, assuming that plane of incidence is same as the plane of the paper, both wave vector and the E vector lie in the plane of the paper. Since, the magnetic field is perpendicular to both, it is now perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Therefore, without losing generality let us assume that the magnetic field is pointing out of the paper (oriented along + direction) (see Fig. 5.12). Fig.5.12 Uniform plane wave with parallel polarization at a media interface. Using similar arguments as in previous case, we can assume that the magnetic fields for the reflected and transmitted waves are also oriented along +y direction. Using the Poynting vector argument we can then find the directions of the tespective electric fields. The electric fields for the incident, reflected and transmitted waves have exactly same formas given by Eqns (5.43) to (5.45) except that the vector Ejo, Ero and Eto are no more oriented along the -+y direction but lie in the xz-plane. The amplitudes of the magnetic fields for the three waves are also given by Eqns (5.46) to (5.48), but their direction is perpendicular to the Plane of incidence (+y direction). Applying continuity of the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields at the interface we get Ejo.cos 6; — Ero cos 6; = Ew cos 6 (5.63) Hyo + Hro = Heo (5.64) ») and solving Eqns (5.63) and (5.64) we get Again using Eqns (5.45) to (5.48, coefficients for the parallel polarization as reflection and the transmission ©Reflection coefficient: Ero _ 7100s; — n2cos 6, "Fo 1 0086; + m2.008 6, CF Transmission coefficient: Ew 2n2 cos 6; a= En n2 cos 6; + 11 cos 6; Ge From Eqn (5.63) we note that (1+T))cos6; = Ty Cos 6, (6 In the case of parallel polarization also we can make similar observations as th in the previous case, i.e. 1. The magnitude of the reflection coefficient Ty is always less than unity a there is a phase difference of 0 or z between the incident and the reflect ‘Waves, 2. The transmission coefficient ty Could be greater or less than unity, i. t transmitted electric field coul id be greater or less than the incident electr field. H, E E,@)}—~+— E © | =o +. p90 Ei | Ss 4" afl Hi Interface nterttice HIV oF @) 4 Polarization (b) {| Polarization @=0 20 , ia intertao™ Fig. 5.13 Uniform Plané'wave normally incident at a media inte 53 me. bs ‘ (55 Fo mt +n Eqns nsequently 6, = 0 due to Snell’ law, i | (4 n-m m+m Pil@=o) = -_ .“sane Waves at Media Interface ~ 225 m—m Pyle=0 = (5.69) mee m+n = Pile@=o = —Tyle-0 Since, for 6; = 0, the 1 and || polarizations represent same case one would wonder why the two reflection coefficients are negative of each other! The reason for this lies in the original directions assumed for the E-fields. In perpendicular polarization case as 6; = 0, Kj and E, point in the same direction whereas for parallel polarization when 6; = 0, EK, and E, point in opposite directions (Fig. 5.13(b)). It is then clear that, for normal incidence if we assume the E; and E, pointing in the same direction the reflection coefficient is same as that given by Eqn (5.68). We, therefore, have for normal incidence, Reflection coefficient : P= 22— (3.70) m+m LG polati. 1s ape Transmission coefficient : t = 6.71) m+m The case of normal incidence can also be analysed in a different way. For normal incidence since 6; = 6, = 0 the electric fields for the three waves can be written as (put 6; = 6, = 0 in Eqns (5.43) to (5.45)) Ej = Eye 67 (5.72) E, =Eyoet 4? ' (5.73) Ey = Exe (5.74) py) = tl = el ate (5.75) m m ja| = Eel = Bet rine (6.76) m m IE] _ [Erol — ja. - st 5.77. [Hel = > in a e 6.77) Equations (5.72) to (5.77) are identical to the transmission line: equations withE replacing V, H replacing I and n; and 7 replaced by the characteristic impedances of the two media respectively. One can, therefore, conveniently analyse the normal incidence case using transmission line concept. : : a Figure 5.14 shows the equivalence of the two cases. Since, line 2 is infinitely long towards the right, at the junction it appears like an impedance na Gnput impedance of an infinitely long line is always the characteristic impedance). The Voltagé reflection céefficient on line 1 is then’ ~ ° ee i nm—-—™m r= em. Bre. u G.78)Cable EO—~— ~~ Cable @ Ona hn SES mh Orcas trstalaa tba ” Two semi-infinite Thhechicd cables, Fig.5.14 Analogy between normal incidence interface and the transmission line. Mt of a uniform Plane Wave ata eg which is same as Eqn (5.68) and the transmission Coefficient is 2n2 Solution: The wave is incident from air to the material, Hence, we have No R= v5 The transmission Coefficient 2no m+n 2 c= ee — = 0.618 wl ‘ii qh The electric field inside the slab E, = TE; = 0.618 x 25 = 15-45 magnetic field inside the slab E, A, = — = 0.091 Alm N2 2 The power transferred to the slab is p — E,H, = 1.416 W/m’.eae “Plane Waves at Media Interface 227 5.4. NORMAL INCIDENCE ON A LAYERED MEDIUM Let us consider a layered three media geometry as shown in Fig. 5.15. Media 1 and 2 are semi-infinite in size whereas media 2 is of finite thickness d. The parameters for media 1, 2 and 3 are denoted by suffices 1, 2,3 respectively. Let us consider a plane wave with electric field E; normally incident on the interface (1/2) from medium 1. Since, the electric and magnetic fields are oriented along the coordinate axes, without writing explicitely we will assume that all E vectors are along +-y direction and H vectors are along x-directions depending upon the direction of the wave vector. If the wave is moving along +z direction the H will be along —x direction and if the wave is moving along —z direction the H vector will be in +x direction. (Note, that these signs are chosen to give correct directions of the Poynting vectors for each wave). Mediu) RA E; v WS Zz H; Fig.5.15 Normal incidence of a uniform plane wave at a layered medium. In the following analysis, we will drop the vector notation for the writing simplicity. The incident electric and magnetic fields, therefore, can be written as E; = Eye" (5.80) Ein _;, a Gi “IBZ (5.81) Our primary interest now is to find: (i) Fields for reflected wave in region 1. (i) Fields for transmitted wave in region 3. As mentioned above, the problem can be solved in two ways (i) by m ultiple reflections and transmissions at the two interfaces (1/2) and (2/3) (ii) by transmission line analogy. y 5.4.1 Multiple Reflections/Transmissions of Waves Let us first create a notation for the transmission and i Teflection coeffici at the interfaces in forward as well as backward directions, Let [, mca, a ij sentthe reflection Coefficient at interface (i/7) for 3 Wave incident from Similarly, let Tij Tepresent the transmission Coefficient from Medium ; fact i ill represent reflection Coefficient at interface ant Mission oo”) fy , ards in Medium 3 - From Eqns (3.78) and (5.79) we derive . Ni ni histo cerry Ga and 2n; a oath 6a 12; and the amplitude of the transmitted field is tb. The transmitted field travels a distance d in medium 2 and, therefore, undergoes Phase change of, (—fod). The Phase shifted wav © Ti2EeP24 gets partly Teflected and partly transmitted at the interface (2/3). The reflected Wave at (2/3) interface travels backwards upto interface (1/2) and furth. ler undergoes a phase change d (Bad). At the interface (1/2) a part ca th © energy is transmitted backwarl i medium 1 anda Part is reflected back in medium ‘23 5 *REi T12BjevBd nats tt — = — won) Tat3Bie Wa — — T1231 Ee Ad T2%3BjeFB.t ae — aT 2%3Bje Padpe Plane Wanesarmeaiamnterface "pq 229 wR From Fig. 5.16 we can write reflected field in medium 1 as E, = TE; + tel asta Bye 7F4 + taPsPaP asta Bie 4 +tnP Pal aPal asta Biel + (5.84) Ey =V Ey + tl ste 204 Bi + Pa 2se +(PaPasPe 44 +o} (5.85) The terms in {} form a geometric series with progression ratio T'21 T23 exp(—j2P2d). Since |T'2i| and |T3| are less than 1, and lexp(—J2f24)| = 1 the series is convergent and we can write its sum. The reflected field and the reflection coefficient, therefore, can be written as E = ' —j2Brd E, =k + malate pm (5.86) giving E, taP2stare 4 re—=fP, ooo 5.87, BE, 7)? * Tle PP oo Similarly, from Fig. 5.16 we can write the transmitted wave in medium 3 as E, = ttase 74 Ej + TP 2sPatae 4 E: 4rPesP al osPatese 9B: + = tote MEL + Pale OM + (PaiPa3?e F424.) (5.88) Again the terms in curly brackets form the same geometric series as that in Eqn (5.85), and we get the transmission coefficient as — Et tite /4 T= B 1-Palne lt The procedure explained above can be extended to any number of layers with of course increased algebraic complexity. (5.89) 5.4.2. Transmission. Line Analogy Let us now try to solve the problem of wave propagation in a multi-layer medium using the transmission line analogy. The geometry in Fig. 5.16 is equivalent to three transmission lines of characteristic impedances m1, "2, 13 respectively. The transmission lines 1 and 3 are infinitely long and the transmission line 2 is of length d, Also note that the phase constants of the three lines are By, B2,.B3 Tespectively as shown in Fig. 5.17. 1 os Now, since line 3 is infinitely Jong, it sees an impedance 3 (characteristic impedance of line 3) at the junction (2/3). This impedance can be transformed to if ton=m ™ t 13 B fh B Fig.5.17 Transmission line analogy for a layered medium. an impedance (say) Z at (1/2) junction as Zoos [2 Cos Bod + jnz sl —— (5.90) 12 COS Bod + jn3 sin Bod Note that the characteristic impedance of the transforming line 2 is np. The reflection coefficient on the line 1 then can be written as raZ=m : 631) Z+n = MMs 608 Bod + jnp sin Byd) — (12 cos Bod + jn3 sin Bod) (5.92) 12003605 Bad + jmp sin Bod) = (M2 608 Bod + jing sin Bad) Equations (5.87) and (5.92) although look algebraically different, are infi! the same. It is only a matter of algebraic mani it ying The magnitude of the ‘ansmission coefficient can be obtained by apply! conservation of power. ower The electric field E; in medium 1 has a power density of |E;|?/m- TWP density of the reflected wave will be |DE;|?/n,. Since, all the media are 1o' ‘ a the difference of the two Power densities is equal to the power density transmitted wave in medium 3, |E,|?/n3, giving IEP EPS ee yeep 69) m ee ee 94) [izP ie 6 > Pep se fee PMS og yay z| Ep ea ITP) on The above analysis clearly shows that the problem of normal incisor op! multi-layer medium can be elegently solved ing the transmission line "for The analysis of layered medium fi... many practical applica A example, one may be interested in sending electromagnetic energy bisa ye st! one medium to another, or one may be interested in providing a pro! _[WSs 231 of amaterial around a ‘Tadiating instrument. ‘In both type of applications, of course the primary objective is the efficient power transfer with minimal reflections. One can then ask, “under what condition does the reflected power reduces to zero”, ie. the reflection coefficient goes to zero. From transmission line view point the answer to this question is rather simple, ‘Use a quarter wavelength transformer to match two transmission lines’. We can get the same result by equating the reflection coefficient I" in Eqn (5.92) to zero, giving ma{ns Cos Bod + jnz sin yd} = m{n2cos Bad + jnssin Bod} 6.95) Separation of real and imaginary parts yields Real: m(n3 — m1) cos Bod = 0 (5.96) Imag: (3 — mms) sin fod = 0 (5.97) Since, both sin and cos cannot simultaneously become zero for any angle, we have two conditions under which there is no reflection. 1, sin Bod = 0 and n3 =m This implies pod = ma m=1,2,3-+- ~ be mr mo ee Le Ag is the wavelength in medium 2. Qa. = 1/fx/P282) This condition suggests that if a slab of any material which is multiples of half wavelength thick is inserted normally in the path of: ‘an electromagnetic wave, there isno reflection, ic. the propagation on either side of the slab remains unaffected. This is interesting and useful, as it suggests that if an antenna is covered with a half wavelength thick sheet, the flow of the radiated wave is unaffected. This is the principle of radom design. Radom is a cover which protects an antenna from -adom is mechanical, it should affect the wave the weather. Since, the purpose of rado chanica h Propagation in the least possible fashion. Multiple dielectric layers can be used for designing proper radoms. (5.98) 2. cosf,d =0 and ne = m3 This is the famous quarter wavelength transformer. The conditions imply a fod = Om + I> (6.99) x d=Om+0F m=1,2,3+-- (5.100) m=Vm"3 (6.101) that an electromagnetic wave can be fully transmitted without reflection by inserting a sheet of matching thick and has intrinsic impedance equal to > and This condition suggests across a media-interface Medium which is quarter wavelengththe geometric mean of the intrinsic impe dances of the two medi, is frequently used in realizing anti-refi lecting coatings in optical ca techy ent EXAMPLE 5.6 A uniform plane wave having 10 W 1m? po { normally incident on a 5 cm thick dielectric sheet with e, =9 Te deny of the wave is 1 GHz. Find the Power density of the wave transmi Tea the sheet. ted thr Solution: Intrinsic impedance of the dielectric is n= = ™ Cn) = Mo Te Nd — No pe ona) i ad Nat+no = B+no 2 1 lg=—Tp= 3 t= ou = 7 Na+no 2 mae 2m _ 3 Rin 2 5 : br =o/ mee, = ae x V9 = 20m rad/m Bod = 207 (0.05) = 2 The transmission coefficient from Egn (5.89) is ro DG 23 es Calyglye gem ar 5 (He a Power density of the transmitted wave =IcP? x Power density of the incident wave 'y 9 18 == eee 2 35 X10= W/m ee ee 5.5 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 3s? Let us now investigate an interestin; jon know? ig Case of the wave propagatiO? “total internal reflection (TIR)’. =Be Plane Waves at Media Interface 283 From Eqns (5.38) and (5.58) we note that if Bing $1 (5.102) bo the angle of transmission does not exist, since sin 6, > 1 and cos @, is imaginary. It means that, if a plane wave is launched at a media interface at an angle which satisfies Eqn (5.102) there is no transmitted wave. The angle for which the equality in Eqn (5.102) holds is called the critical angle, 6,. This is the angle of incidence (6; = 9-) at which sing = sine =1 (5.103) ey 6,= ; ‘ (5.104) meaning that the transmitted wave travels ‘just: along the interface. The critical angle is therefore given by ’ 2 sin, => * Bt For 0 > 6,, the reflection coefficients for the two polarizations (prependicular and parallel ) are re-written such that the quantity in the square root sign is positive, giving jay, | Et sin? 6, — m cos; — jn sin’ 6-1 (5.105) r= re mi cos; + jn isin’ 8 =1 2 1.6036) — jy $4 si? 6; — 1 h= (5.106) jmi,) 2 sin? 6; — 1 np. 0086; + jm) gt Sin” 6 where we have written cos9, explicitly in terms of 6;, and have taken —1 common within the square root sign. It is now easy to note that both reflection Coefficients are of the form (a — jb) a, bare real, (a+ jb) therefore, their magnitudes are unity. That is, for @ > 6, [Py] = 1 and |Py| = 1. The reflection coefficients, however, have different phase angles. The phase anglesee for the two polarizations are on no) 5 si0? 6 — 1 -{ 1° —_—_ 1 =-2tan 1 cos 8; or m & sin? 6; — 1 ey inne sun go. =—2 tan er a the reflection coefficients are unity, the entire inc Since, the magnitudes of 2 i medium 1. This phenomenon 1s therefore called i power is reflected back into Total Internal Reflection (TIR). ‘There are certain important things internal reflection. which are worth mentioning about thet 1. The total internal reflection can take place only if the wave travel From Eqn (5.102) we can see that the angk from denser to rarer medium. of incidence for which the total internal reflection can occur is given by singy’s, Bt Cuatro (510 Bb ofa = See Since, sin 6; has to be < 1, for TIR to take place we must have Haé2 S HEL 6.0 ie. medium 2 is rarer compared to medium 1. : special case of this is an ideal dielectric interface, for which wi = #2 ee an 6 = 61 = ont €2 = €0€;2 = €0N} 0 eet a ny and ng ae refractive indices ofthe two dielectric media. Condition ##" 6 then reduces to the well known condition H 6 msn it From Ban 6. ) and (5.106) itis clear that the reflection coetfciem™ a, ya = plies that the reflected wave lags with respect to the in idee era cee depends upon the medium States as well a the ysl in the square critical angle the phase lag in the reflected wave #6 zi it ce Peyind 8. Tete Bae) and it increases as the 08 ny i. i Le and perpendicular, undergo diferent phase neta >the later sections, this differential phase change for the two polarizations will be exploited to alter the state of polarization of an electromagnetic wave. 3. At TIR the fields do not vanish in the second medium. Substituting Eqn (5.58) with TIR condition Eqn (5.102) in Eqn (5.54) and Eqn (5.66) we find thateven when |I", | and |T'y| become unity, the transmission coefficients tj and 1. do not become zero. In other words, total reflection of power in medium 1, i.e. no transmission of power to medium 2, does not mean no transmission of the fields to medium 2. The fields can very well exist in the second medium provided they do not constitute any power flow. These fields are called the ‘evanescent fields’. Distribution of these fields in medium 2 can be readily obtained by substituting for 9, in the expression for the transmitted field Eqn (5.45). Substituting sind, = Fe sind (5.112) and a ee cos, = j,/(>3) sin’ 6 — 1 (6.113) By in Eqn (5.45) we get iP { six sin jz Sit a] —j{ pis sind ie pi in 0-83) E, = Ewe = Ewe = Ey oP ere br ae OB (5.114) f ree In Eqn (5.114), the exponential term I represents a travelling wave in sents only an exponentially varying field in the x-direction. Term II however repres (por ying z-direction and not a wave as there is no phase variation along z-direction. Since, the field cannot grow indefinitely away from the interface, we should choose the —ve sign for the exponent which represents exponentially decaying fields away from the interface in medium 2. The field in medium 2, therefore, is correctly written as golbresind t/ha OBE (5.115) constant in z-direction is a function of the angle arameters, Figure 5.17 shows the field variation as function of distance from the interface for different angles of incidence. Atthe critical angle, the decay constantis zero and the field is constant along the z-direction in medium 2. As the angle of incidence increases beyond the critical angle, the field gets more confined to the interface. However, it is important to Rote that in no circumstance the field in medium 2 goes to zero. The boundary conditions demand that the fields must be continuous at the interface. Since, the E; = Ew Note that, the exponential decay of incidence besides the media P:———— — 6 Electromagnetic Waves 23) 1 Ep 9= 8, = 0,54, 8= &>6, = 63> 6, z Fig.5.18 Electric field variation in medium 2 for angle of incidence 7 Greater or equal to the critical angle. fields in medium 1 at the interface are non-zero, the fields in medium 2 are) finite at the interface. For TIR, where the energy is totally reflected in metx 1, one should not undermine the importance of the evanescent fields in medi 2. Though, these fields do not constitute any power flow, there presence is: important as the fields in medium 1 which have power flow associated with ties Any disturbance to the evanescent fields eventually disturbs the total intem Teflection. EXAMPLE5.7 A uniform plane wave travelling in a dielectric of efact index 3 is incident at the dielectric air interface. The angle of incidenceis The electric field of incident wave is 10 Vim, Find the phase velocity oft and the magnitude ofthe field in air ata distance of 0.5 em from the del air interface. Assume Perpendicular polarization for the wave. Freq wave is 10 GHz. Soluti The critical angle at the interface is ) 1 = sin ( - ) = 19.47° in (3) a Since, the angle of incidence is 60°, the wave is total interallY aati interface. In dielectric medium then We have superposition 0! 7 the reflected wave and in air we have exponentially decaying fe" From Eqn (5.106) reflection Coefficient can be written as 72.0086; — jn, & sin? 6 4 Tye NA T2086; + jny & sin? 6-1Plane Waves at Media Interf : {ge0s6; jy) 2 sin? 6; =1 {Seos6, tiy sin? 6; 3G) iV 9ehP = 1 3) + 9B? - 1 = -0.4375 — 0.8922] Hence, total electric field in dielectric medium is given by E, =F, 4+TiE; = (0.5625 — 0.8922) x 10 => Peak amplitude = 11.31 V/m In the air, electrical field decays as we go away from the interface. In air, B is along the x-axis. New A, will be given by Bx = Bi sin 9; ry o c lence, vp=>—— = = P Br sin fe; sin 0; = 2210 5 (FZ) = 1.185 x 108 as 3 3 Qn x10" _ 200r 3x18 3 2m x 10! V3 usin 6, = og 3X = 1OOVSe Electic field in air is given by Eqn (5.115) Ey, = 10x 75x 10° /100V3x 2008/3)? ‘air = =0.811 V/m ee 5.6 WAVE POLARIZATION AT MEDIA INTERFACE In Section 4.5, we Have shown that any arbitary polarization can be decomposed ‘nto any two orthogonal states of polarization. We. can, therefore, analyse the polarization of the reflected and the transmitted waves at an interface by decomposing the incident electric field into its components, one in the plane Of incidence and other perpendicular to it. In other words, we decompose th Polarization of the incident wave into two orthogonal linear polarizations, o plane of incidence and other normal to it, find reflection and transmitig: Jy and combine them. Let us, therefor _ * Wy the two polarizations separate! ( incident electric field as By = Ey + Eue* fe (iy the coordinate system is oriented such that Ey is lop M a i Note that locally aaa axis and z’ is the direction of the wave vector (see Fi B.S and Ej, is along y’ Interface Fig.5.19 Polarization of incident, reflected and transmitted plane wavesatm interface. ion coefficients for parallel and perpensi If the reflection and transmissi ly, the reflect polarizations are denoted by Ty, tj and Pu, t1 respectiv transmitted electric fields are 5, =Byj + Era = TyBn +E ue” E,=Ey + Eu = Ey + Ee* since the reflection and transmission coefficients are different for pall perpendicular polarizations, we can say that in general the states of pe m of the reflected and transmitted waves are not same as that of the incide" ; However, it is worthwhile to investigate here a few simple but importan 6 6 5.6.1 Change in Polarization at Simple Reflection i ig I |. Linearly Polarized Incident Wave If the incident e x polarized, Ej, and Ej, are in phase, i.e. ¢ = 0. For simple reflect! ( internal reflection) since the reflection coefficients 'y and Pr, ae re e they could be positive or negative), the components of the reflectee” 7 of! \-E,, are either in phase or 180° out of phase (depending upo9 ee ori! »fDsiThe polarization of the reflected wave hence remains lineat-of the linear polarization however will be different since \Ery) |, (Ent (Ertl (Eixl The argument is equally applicable to the transmitted wave as well since ty and T, are also real in this case. We, therefore, conclude that a linearly polarized wave remains linearly polarized after simple reflection but the plane of polarization changes as shown in Fig. 5.20. x, Interface Fig. 5.20 Linearly polarized incident wave. 2. Circularly Polarized Incident Wave For a circularly polarized incident wave, we have (Ey! = (Ei! X o=ty Since the reflection and transmission coefficients are real, the reflected (and also transmitted) wave has a phase difference of 7/2 between its components. However, the two components no more have same magnitudes, since Ty #1, and ty # t.. The reflected and transmitted waves therefore become elliptically polarized with the major axis of each ellipse either lying in the plane of incidence or perpendicular to it as shown in Fig. 5.21. Depending upon the magnitudes of the reflection coefficients, the polarization ellipse may degenerate into a fine. A circular polarization, therefore, may change even to the linear polarization after. reflection. This aspect will be discussed later in Section 5.7. 5.6.2 Polarization Change at TIR For the total internal reflection, there is no transmitted wave, so we need to discuss the polarization of the reflected waye only. For the TIR the magnitudes of the two reflection coefficients 'y and I’, are unity but their phases are different.a Electromagnetic Waves REP LCP Interface Fig. 5.21 Circularly polarized incident wave at a dielectric boundary, Consequently, the phase difference between the two Teflected components sn same as that between the incident Components. Then it is evident that the sut of polarization always changes at the total internal reflection, except when te incident polarizati i EXAMPLE 5.8 A circularly polarized plane wave is incident ona glass slab at an angle of incidence of 45°. Find the state of aarp fl reflected and transmitted waves. The frequency of the wave is 10! Hz: refractive index of glass is 1.5. Solution: lj sndicu! Since, the incident wave is circularly polarized, the parallel ee ois components of the electric field are equal in magnitude but 90' er as Let the perpendicular component be leading the parallel componen! Ej, = Eyed? = jE [Ei|=|Ejy| =A From snell’s Law ny sin 8; = ny sin 6, mM Le yse 04714 s sind, = fin = gsinds > cos 6, = 0.8819 Also we have Ho m= Bee =No Sle241 Re he reflection and transmission coefficients for perpendicular and parallel olarizations are (from Eqns (5.53), (5.54), (5.65) and (5.66)) i 2 cos 45° — no cos 6, 2 cos 45° + no cos 6, __ 0.4714 — 0.8819 0.4714 +0.8819 T=14+T, = 0.6966 no. cos45° — 2 cos 6; ~~ 199 cos 45° + % cos@ 0.707 — 98818 ~ 0.707 4 SBE 22 cos(45°) ‘im no cos(45°) + cos 6 The reflected and transmitted fields are —0.3033 = 0.09189 = 0.728 E,\ = Aly and Ey. = jATy E,. — j_ . 0.3033 E, 7 Ty 7 0.09189 And Ey = At and Ey, = fAt Es _ jts _ 0.6966 ace thoes DED E,=At + jAts dn /2 = -3.3Ln/2 Lr/2=0.96L1/2 The reflected wave is elliptically polarized and the transmitted wave is almost circularly polarized. — 5.7 BREWSTER ANGLE The Brewster angle is the angle of incidence for which there is no reflection, i.e. the reflection coefficient is zero. Equating (5.53) and (5.65) to zero we get For Perpendicular Polarization: 2 C08 @g1 — m1 cos 0, =0 (5.119) For Parallel Polarization: 1 Cosy — 72 cos 6, =0 (5.120) Where 5) and 4 are the Brewster angles for perpendicular and parallel Polarizations respectively.Substitution for cos 9, from Eqn (5.58) in Eqn (5.119) ang Eq N (Sty 0) Be. ve 1.008451 = m,/1— psi Oa 2 (Gy ae n cos Og) = 12,/ 1 — Bz Si" ay 2 (S) After a little algebraic manipulation we get 2: 292 \ 1/2 tan 651 = Pe (3 ) m \Bz — Bi Gu 2 p2y 1/2 tang = 2 (3) m \Bz — Bi Sn Substituting 6) = @/714, By = © Jin, m = Ju Jey, > » M=V7H1/€1, and n= the Brewster angles for the two polarizations can be obtained as me vil 65, =tan! ({ [42 [2s mone]! Ver Leger — mies Gn 6p, =tan-! (| [ae = ween]? €1 bene. = Mel on In Principle, the Brewster angle can exist for both polarizations: However, forno magnetic materials (dielectrics), 41 = p= uo (free-space permeability) an consequently the Brewster angle does not e: for the perpendicular polarizatio This can be seen by substitutin; =. i t 8.4 = 2 = Mo in Eqn (5.125)..The quantity the square bracket becomes negative and hence there is no real angle 651.7 Brewster angle for the parallel polarization exists and is given by, 6p) = tan (/2) (um 1 Note: From Eqn (5.127) it might appear that when €1 = &, i.e. when thereis™ medium discontinuity at the interface (in fact in that case there is no interfa™ there is only one medium), the Brewster angle is 45°. But this is absurd bee J if there is no medium discontinuity, no-refiection condition should be ue oan and aa only for 45°, This absurdity, however, is purely ma €, = €2, the quantity in squ: i , indeterminate and not es ee ee cul From the above discussion, it is Clear that at the Brewster angle, ® pee polarization has no reflection. Now, if the incident wave has some 7 9 polarization ( which is a combination of parallel and perpendicular polarize i! after reflection at the Brewster angle the wave will have only one PO! 3s ot) component. If the angle of incidence is Opj, the reflected wav “i — ie. nt ®games Platte Waves at Media Interface ndicular polarization, and if the angle of incidence is Op ,, the reflected wave has only parallel polarization. In both the cases, the polarization of the reflected wave is linear (in the plane of incidence or perpendicular to it) irrespective of the jarization of the incident wave. The Brewster angle therefore is also called the ‘polarizing angle’. The Brewster angle concept is used to obtain linearly polarized light from an unpolarized one. In many applications, like optical interferometry, Jasers, etc where the light has to be linearly polarized, the Brester angle concept can be conviniently used. 9 EXAMPLE5.9 Anelliptically polarized wave is incident on an air dielectric jnterface at the Brewster angle. The axial ratio of the polarization ellipse is 2 and the major axis of ellipse is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Find the axial ratio and the orientation of the major axis of the reflected and transmitted waves. Solution: Since, the interface ‘is dielectric interface, at the Brewster angle, parallel polar- ization is completely transmitted. The reflected wave has only perpendicular. polarization. The reflected wave therefore has linear polarization perpendicular to the plane of incidence. For transmitted wave, we have to obtain the field components. The angle of incidence ie] €2 a 6; = py = tan '( aya ‘m) 4 sin 6; = = 14+n} 1 and cos 6; = 1+n3 Using Snell’s Law we get and cos 6, = ‘the ellipse since the AR is 2 we have, Ey =A (say) Ej, =2B ye!" = 2Ae!*? 1 +73, the major axis of the ellipse will be + a of incidence and AR will be 4. However, if Ei! < [Eyl ie. if 2a < 1+ 1, the major axis eo will be in the plane of incidence and AR will be 447 { For any medium 72 is always greater than 1 and consequent Be 2nz always, ie. we have, |Ey\| > |En1|- The transmitted wave ® elliptically polarized with major axis in the plane of incidence- 5.8 FIELDS AND POWER FLOW AT MEDIA INTERFACE a From the discussions of the reflection and refraction of the plane waves vn eee. it is clear that in medium 1, we have superposition oft ei wit e reflected waves, and in medium 2 we have only the transmit we paler: to investigate the distribution of the fields it ret for tion of the net power flow. Let us investigate the fie Batt a wave with perpendicular polarization. In the two me" “ 6 Medium 1 : E,=E +E é _ Medium 2 : E,=Eea . Plane Waves at Media Interface. 245 «og for Ei, Er and Ey from Eqns (5.43) to (5.45), we get ggbsietin€ fails n= fg Poses + fgg Piet -xent) (5.130) fe Eae Pe ee 6 131) dicular polarization Ejo, Exo and Ey are in the same direction. re tis for Exo and Eyo from Eqns (5.53) and (5.54), we can get the fields te" media as Mediu ' cence? [echrseme®, + Py etiPizcosé) (5.132) _pige OHO [CL +P) c0s(B1z.008 6;) + JP 1)sin(B1z cos 4)] . (5.133) theexpression inside the square bracket can be written in polar form (magnitude ani phase form) giving Ey = [Ejole P84 (Ae!?) (5.134) where, A=[(.+ Pu? c08(Biz.0086) + Ca 1)? sin®(Bizcos@,)]"” 6.135) = (1+ 13] +2 cos[2fiz cos oi)? (5.136) ad 1 /@i-D ) @=tan tant 46; 5.137, an eat (B1z cos 6;) ¢ ) Theamplitude of the total field in medium 1 is (Eq) = [Evol (1 + PU) +202 cos{2B1zc0s 6:1)!” (5.138) ‘Ad the phase of the total field, inéluding the time phase, is co — (fi —YD a) 1 = wt — Bix sind + tan (Sapa i) (5.139) «an Ban (5.138), we ‘can note that the field amplitude |E;| is a function ae Since, cos(2B,z cos 6;) varies between -1 and +1, the field amplitude ted \-— 1) |[Bjol to [(1 + F1)IlEaol- This is a partial standing wave aapiqa) SUPerposition of the incident and the reflected waves. A plot of the field eine’ APPears like a corrugated surface with corrugations running parallel to fet as shown in Fig 5.22. stant Id amplitude is constant in a plane parallel to the interface (z = ‘othe «2 Dut it varies from plane to plane. For example, plane P; corresponds s to the maximum field in Fig. 5.22. ) call these planes as ‘constant amplitude planes’. Ne 20 then m field whereas P, correspond: )P, Py Fig.5.22 Electric field amplitude as function of Space, planes: * Constan an The distance between the two adjacent constant amplitude Pl through the maximum amplitude points and other Passing through * One amplitude points is given by then d=" _ = _ 2B, c0s6; — 2(2m/A4) cos 8, 4c0s6, 6 where A, is the wavelength in medium 1. Note that when 6; =0, = whereas when 6; —> 1/2, d > oo. ee Like the constant amplitude planes, the constant phase surfaces are nop Depending upon the angle of incidence, reflection Coefficient etc, we mz different constant phase surfaces. = . The phase constant of the composite wave in x-direction is A; sin 6, aud the phase velocity in x-direction is ¢ wt o mm Bi sindg; In the z-direction, however, the phase constant cannot be written Ee as that in the x-direction. We, therefore, have to obtain the phase 4 z-direction from the first principles. Making the phase stationary along? (and also making x constant) we get i 2 Ty-1 2, 6;)Bi cosh: 6 og, eee or 1 + {py taniz 0 d 6 2. dz ofl +{ BS tan(Bizcos6)l} 6 => = a+ ‘. ai omy a ies — ) sec?(B1z cos 6;)B1 cos 4 * - ‘rom Eq : 0 From Eqns (5.139) and (5.143) two things are worth makin 1. The constant phase surfaces are no more planes. 2. The phase velocity in z-direction is not conan a y Consequently, the total phase velocity becomes as and Fig: >: Figure 5.23 shows the phase as a function of space variation of the phase velocity as function of space- a ote oF oe agg fun a t but a ofa 4 1 i : . ae 247 EE } et 10 8 6 4 2 0 2. +4. +. -8: 2 ig.5.23 Spatial variation of phase for the waves at a media interface. x 108 B=0.2 m", 0=0,T=05 5 1015" 20> 25 730. “35° "40" 945 50 —> 2 *5.24 Variation of phase velocity in z-direction, v, ‘as a function of z. ‘ vim 2 Inmedium2 the fields are rather simple as there is only one travelling “The amplitude of the field is re |E2| = t1|Ewl (5.144) the phase of the wave (including the time phase) is 2 = at = Box sin 9, + B2z Cos 9 (5.145) ~~ Awr i wmf aE 248 | i Electromagnetic Waves The amplitude of the field is constant every where in medium 2 (see F;, and the phase varies linearly with x and z. Consequently, the phase rage x and z directions iy o “ee Basing, o tee By cos 0, (6 are constant in space. Tt should be clear that although the above analysis has been carried outfy perpendicular polarization, the discussion is valid for any polarization. Tht to note are that due to interference of the incident and the reflected ware, do not have constant field strength in medium 1. For a field receiver, kean receiver ora mobile phone, movitig in medium 1, the receiver output then varies since it encounters stronger field at some place and weaker fied This phenomenon is called ‘signal fading’. For a single media interface, 3st here, the field pattern is quite regular and predictable. In an enviroumett™ there are many reflecting boundaries, the field patterns are quite complex fading becomes more or less random. In modern communication systems fading is one of the prime issues. This aspect will be discussed in deta # chapter on ‘propagation of electromagnetic waves’. 5.9 LOSSY MEDIA INTERFACE As discussed earlier, if the conductivity of a dielectric medi medium becomes a lossy medium. The propagation constant al impedance of a lossy medium are v=Vjoule + joc) =o + JB ; 6 n= |e o+ jwe gf If we replace jf by complex y, in the formulation carried vt ns section, we get the general formulation for any lossy MC. fot? formulation is valid for any arbitrary but finite value of conduct ist (ideal conductor), however, we have to reformulate the prob! lem. init fact that for an ideal conductor, one has to include surface © me o conditions. The continuity of the tangential component of t° Nyy not valid for an ideal conductor as we have taken in Our ted ey Therefore, the case of ideal conducting boundary will be an oe ( Although the extension of results from a loss-less media! ! 5 cultie® ve straight forward, one may encounter certain conceptual ye a) origin of the incident wave in medium 1. In the Joss-less OO ith where the incident wave was originated and how much ais _ um is now 6i | i) reaching the interface. This question was rather unimportant because, the spi of the wave was constant, and no matter how much the wave travelled ret infinite), it had the same amplitude. This, however, is not true for a lossy & _Ifwe assume that the incident wave was originated at an infinite distance fomthe interface, it would attenuate to zero for any finite value of o (that is any faite value ofc). On the other hand if we assume that an incident wave of finite amplitude is present at the interface, and if it was originated at an infinite distance from the interface, its energy would be infinite at its origin. Well, we need not gory about this as in practice neither the waves would have travelled infinite distance, nor will they be ideal plane waves. In our analysis, therefore, we start vith an incident wave whose amplitude is known at, the interface and find the felds in the two media in the vicinity of the interface with proper incorporation ofthe attenuation Constant @. EXAMPLE’ 5:10!" A uniform plane is normally incident on an infinitely thick dielectric’ slab, having dielectric constant 10 and loss tangent 107? at o=10" tad/sec. If the power density of the incident wave is 100 W/m. Find the power density of the wave in the dielectric at a distance of 10 m from the surface. Solution: Loss tangent = piri E06, 2 AaisedOlt tee LO = o= 107 wee, = 0.01 x 36m = 36 Furth incident wave the power density is 2 p 2B _ 100 w/m? ( m0 Allthe quantities are assumed to be RMS here:) > [E;| = 100m = 194-16 V/m Th i *Uansmitted field at the surface is 2m m+n | ‘Ho _ Here m= = hes = 1207 __jovo _ = 119.2 + j0.6 o + jweoer |Eil [E,| =tlEil = and m= Therefore, |E;|surface = 93-3 W/™