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FAC1002 - Computer Hardware (I)

The document discusses components of the computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the central processing unit (CPU) and controls computer activities. The CPU consists of an arithmetic-logic unit, control unit, and registers that work together to process instructions. Parallel processing and pipelining techniques can improve processing speed by dividing tasks between multiple CPUs or overlapping machine cycle stages.

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mohammad aljihad bin mohd jamal FJ1
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38 views

FAC1002 - Computer Hardware (I)

The document discusses components of the computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the central processing unit (CPU) and controls computer activities. The CPU consists of an arithmetic-logic unit, control unit, and registers that work together to process instructions. Parallel processing and pipelining techniques can improve processing speed by dividing tasks between multiple CPUs or overlapping machine cycle stages.

Uploaded by

mohammad aljihad bin mohd jamal FJ1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FAC1002 – Programming 1

(COMPUTER HARDWARE)
Semester 1, Session 2020/2021
Center for Foundation Studies in Science
University of Malaya
THE SYSTEM UNIT

THE SYSTEM UNIT – A case that contains electronic components of the computer to
process data.

Case (or Chassis) ~ box made from metal or plastics to prepare a physical space
confinement to the system unit & protects the internal components.

THE MOTHERBOARD (or the System Board) – The main flat-circuit board of the System
Unit consists of a mass of chips & connections that organized the computer
activities.

Chip ~ A small piece of semi-conducting material (usually made from Silicon or


Germanium) on which Integrated Circuits (IC) are etched.

Integrated Circuit ~ Electronic circuits that contains many pathways capable of


carrying the electrical current.
~ Consists of millions of Resistors, Capacitors & Transistors.

Chipset (Bus Controller) ~ A specific chip that holds sets of ICs to control the Bus
Operations.
THE SYSTEM UNIT CONNECTORS PORTS
POWER SUPPLY
UNIT

MOTHERBOARD CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (PROCESSOR)

ARITHMETIC-LOGIC
CONTROL UNIT
UNIT

DECODER ACCUMULATOR

INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTION EXPANSION BOARD


UNIT UNIT
• Expansion Slots
CO-PROCESSOR SYSTEM • Adapter Cards
REGISTER
CLOCK

System Bus

CHIPSET
(BUS CONTROLLER)
Expansion Bus Expansion Bus
System Bus

CHIPSET
CO-PROCESSORMEMORY (MODULES & SLOTS)
(BUS CONTROLLER)

VOLATILE MEMORY NON-VOLATILE MEMORY

RAM CACHE ROM

PROM EEPROM
•DRAM MEMORY DISK
•SRAM CACHE CACHE FLASH
•MRAM MEMORY
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CPU / PROCESSOR – A highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that stores,
interprets, & carries out basic instruction to execute the program
& operates the computer.

 THE CONTROL UNIT ~ Component that Directs & Coordinates most of the
operations in the computers.

 THE ARITHMETIC-LOGIC UNIT (ALU) ~ Component that performs Arithmetic,


Comparison & Logic Operations.

 REGISTERS ~ Temporarily Holds Data & Instructions for high speed access
(not as a part of Memory or Storage Units).
• SPECIFIC TASK REGISTERS (to instruct certain execution, e.g.
Accumulator in in ALU & Decoder in Controls Unit).
• GENERAL TASK REGISTERS (to instruct data extraction from files
or vice versa)

 SYSTEM CLOCK ~ A small quartz crystal circuit to Regulate & Control Timing
all computer operations.

 CO-PROCESSORS ~ A special additional processor chip or circuit board in


Performing Specific Tasks & Increases the performance of the computer.

 HEAT SINK, HEAT FAN & HEAT PIPES ~ A small ceramic/metal component
with fins to Absorb & Ventilate Heat produced by electrical components such
as processors.
OPERATIONS OF PARTS OF CPU

THE ARITHMETIC-LOGIC UNIT

• Arithmetic Operations
• Comparison Operations
• Logical Operations

THE CLOCK MEASUREMENT

 ‘Ticks’ ~ measuring electronic pulse ‘CLOCK CYCLE’ frequency.


 Unit : ‘Tick per second’ prefix – Hertz.
 Example MHz, GHz. Or alternatively : MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second).
 MEGAFLOPS : Supercomputer that performs High Performance & Complex
Mathematical computation

* Analogy to velocity-of-mass versus velocity-of-light


Fig 3-1 The System Unit of a typical PC
Fig 3-2 The Motherboard
Fig 3-3 The Chip
Fig 3-4 The Microchip
Fig 3-5 The Heat Sink & its fan
THE MACHINE CYCLE

MACHINE CYCLE – A series of 4 basic operations between Instruction Time (I-


Time) and Execution Time (E-Time) in the processor.

THE FOUR BASIC OPERATIONS


• FETCHING – the process of obtaining a program instruction or
data item from memory.
• DECODING – the process of translating the instructions into
signals the computer can execute.
• EXECUTING – the process of carrying out the command.
• STORING – writing the results to memory (caution! not to the
storage media or devices!)

THE DEFINED TIME


 The I-Time : the machine time defined between the process of
fetching & the process of decoding.
 The E-Time : the machine time defined between the process of
executing & the process of storing.
Fig 3-7 The Machine Cycle
Fig 3-8 A sample operations performed in Machine Cycle
THE PARALLEL PROCESSING & THE MACHINE CYCLES
PIPELINING

PARALLEL PROCESSING

– the use more than one processor (or using multiple co-processors) to
speed up the processing cycle.
– Multiple processors/co-processors simultaneously execute a program.
– Divides the main program-problem into sub-programs/sub-modular
problem, and thus the multiple processors/co-processors can work on
their assigned sub-programs/sub-modular problem.
– Requires special software.
– Example : Supercomputing for weather prediction

MACHINE CYCLES PIPELINING

– A processing concept similar to parallel processing


– Concept ~ the processor begins fetching the second instruction before
it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction.
– The advantage ~ avoiding processing bottleneck at bus line.
Fig 3-10 Parallel Processing
Fig 3-11 Machine Cycle With and Without Pipelining

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