2-1. Is the turns ratio of a transformer the same as the ratio of voltages across the transformer?

Why or
why not?

Ans: Yes, ratio of turns is the same as ratio of voltages of windings for an ideal transformer.

2-2.Why does the magnetization current impose an upper limit on the voltage applied to a transformer
core?

Ans: If we increase the supply voltage V1 beyond the limits, Iu increased and then magnetic
core gets saturated. 

2-3. What components compose the excitation current of a transformer? How are they modeled in the
transformer's equivalent circuit?

Ans: The exciting current (Ie) has two components: the core-loss current (Ih+e) and the
magnetizing current (Im). The core loss is a real-power component, due to hysteresis and eddy
currents, revealed as heat generated in the core.

Read: 2.5 para of book.

2-4 What is the leakage flux in a transformer? Why is it modeled in a transformer equivalent circuit as an
inductor?

Ans: A small portion of flux will link either winding but not both. This portion of flux is
called leakage flux. ... Due to this impedance of transformer, there will be voltage drops
in both primary and secondary transformer windings.
Since air reluctance is high (as compared to core reluctance), therefore, a small flux takes
path through air. On the other hand, core reluctance is small, therefore, a large flux passes
through the transformer core. ... Hence, leakage flux is represented by an inductive reactance in
transformer equivalent circuit.

2.5. List and describe the types of losses that occur in a transformer.

Types of Losses in a Transformer - Circuit Globe

https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-losses-in-transformer.html

2.6. Why does the power factor of a load affect the voltage regulation of a transformer?

Ans: The voltage regulation of the transformer is the percentage change in the output voltage
from no-load to full-load. And since power factor is a determining factor in the secondary
voltage, power factor influences voltage regulation. This means the voltage regulation of a
transformer is a dynamic, load-dependent number.
i) When the load p.f. is lagging or unity or such leading that I R cos φ R > I XL sin φR,
then voltage regulation is positive i.e., receiving end voltage VR will be less than
 the sending end voltage VS. (ii) For a given VR and I, the voltage regulation of the
line increases with the decrease in p.f. for lagging loads.

2.7. Why does the short-circuit test essentially show only i 2R losses and not excitation losses in a
transformer?

Ans:Open circuit or No load test on Transformer

Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding is connected to
its normal supply. ... And as the other side of transformer is open circuited, there is no output
power. Hence, this input power only consists of core losses and copper losses.

2.8 Why does the open-circuit test essentially show only excitation losses and not i 2 R losses?

Ans :https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/04/open-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer.html

2.9 How does the per-unit system of measurement eliminate the problem of different voltage levels in a
power system?

Ans: Circuits are simplified. Voltages have same range in per unit in all parts of the
system from EHV system to distribution and utilization. When expressed in the per unit
system, apparatus parameters usually fall in narrow range regardless of apparatus size.
The purpose of using a per-unit system is to simplify conversion between different
transformers. ... The base power value is the same for the entire power system of concern.
The ratio of the voltage bases on either side of a transformer is selected to be the same as the
ratio of the transformer voltage ratings.
Per unit is a way of expressing the value of a quantity in terms of a reference or base
quantity. ... Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per unit are the same
regardless of the voltage level.

2.10 Why can autotransformers handle more power than conventional transformers of the same size?

Ans: The Autotransformer have many advantages over conventional double wound
transformers. They are generally more efficient for the same VA rating, are smaller in size,
and as they require less copper in their construction, their cost is less compared to double
wound transformers of the same VA rating.
An autotransformer compared to its two-winding counterpart has a higher operating
efficiency. Explanation: The losses are less in autotransformer compare to two-winding
transformer. Thus, for the given same input to autotransformer as that of two-winding
transformer more output will be available to secondary side.

2.11 What are transformer taps? Why are they used?

Ans: A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable turn ratios to
be selected in distinct steps. This is done by connecting to a number of access points known
as taps along either the primary or secondary winding.
Transformers are normally provided with taps to adjust the turns ratio to compensate for this
supply variance. This will allow the output voltage to be closer to the rated output voltage when
the input voltage is off rated voltage. What is a Tap? Each turn on both the high and low voltage
coils has the same voltage.

2.12 What are the problems associated with the Y - Y three-phase transformer connection?

Ans: The Y-Y connection is not satisfactory for the unbalance load in the absence of a
neutral connection. If the neutral is not provided, then the phase voltages become severely
unbalance when the load is unbalanced.
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-10/three-phase-transformer-
circuits/

2-13. What is a TCUL transformer?

Ans. Most transformers come equipped with taps on the windings to adjust either the voltage
transformation or the reactive flow through the transformer. Such transformers are called either
load-tap-changing (LTC) transformers or tap-changing-under-load (TCUL) transformers.

2.14 How can three-phase transformation be accomplished using only two transformers? What types
of connections can be used? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

Ans: Scott (T-T) connection

One of the transformers has centre taps on both primary and secondary windings (which is
called as main transformer). The other transormer is called as teaser transformer. Scott
connection can also be used for three phase to two phase conversion.
In the case of three phase transformer windings, three forms of connection are possible: “star”
(wye), “delta” (mesh) and “interconnected-star” (zig-zag).

2.15 Explain why the open-Ll transformer connection is limited to supplying 57.7 percent of a normal Ll-
d transformer bank's load.

Ans. https://www.electrical4u.com/open-delta-connection-of-transformer/

Open Delta Transformer Connection: Calculation & Diagram (V-V Connection) | Electrical4U

2.16 Can a 60-Hz transformer be operated on a 50-Hz system? What actions are necessary to enable
this operation

Ans: Therefore, if a 60Hz transformer is to be operated on 50Hz, its applied voltage must also
be reduced by 1/6 or the peak flux in the core will be too high/. This reduction in applied
voltage with frequency is known as derating.
Transformers rated at 60Hz should not be used on a 50Hz supply due to higher losses and
core saturation, and the resultant higher temperature rise. Transformers rated for 50Hz,
however, can be operated on a 60Hz supply.
2.17 What happens to a transformer when it is first connected to a power li ne? Can anylhing be done
to mitigate this problem.

Ans: What happens to a transformer when it is first connected to a power line? Can anything be done to
mitigate this problem? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/What-happens-to-a-transformer-when-it-is-first-connected-to-a-
power-line-Can-anything-be-done-to-mitigate-this-problem
2.18 What is a potential transfonner? How is it used?
Ans: A Potential transformer is actually a instrument transformer that used in power systems to
step down primary current voltages and secondary voltages from a higher level to lower
secondary potential output voltage level.
The potential transformer consists of primary winding with more turns and secondary winding
with less number of turns. The high input AC voltage is given to the primary winding (or
connected to the high voltage circuit to measure). The lower output voltage is taken across the
secondary winding by using a voltmeter.
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for
stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and
relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage

2.19 What is a current transformer? How is it used?

A Current Transformer (CT) is used to measure the current of another circuit. CTs are used
worldwide to monitor high-voltage lines across national power grids. A CT is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding that is proportional to the current that it
is measuring in its primary.

2.20 A distribution transformer is rated at 18 kVA, 20,000/480 Y, and 60 Hz. Can this transformer safely
supply 15 kVA to a 4 l 5-V load at 50 Hz? Why or why not?

A distribution transformer is rated at 18 kVA, 20,000/480 V, and 60 hz. can this transformer safely
supply 15kVA to a 415-V load at 50hz? Why or not? - Quora

https://www.quora.com/A-distribution-transformer-is-rated-at-18-kVA-20-000-480-V-and-60-
hz-can-this-transformer-safely-supply-15kVA-to-a-415-V-load-at-50hz-Why-or-not
2.21 Why does one hear a hum when standing near a large power transformer?
Electric hum around transformers is caused by stray magnetic fields causing the enclosure
and accessories to vibrate. ... Because the magnetic flux density is strongest twice every
electrical cycle, the fundamental "hum" frequency will be twice the electrical frequency.