Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of B.Tech. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

By

Samir Debata

Regd. No.: 2021219028

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Anshuman Nayak

(Asst. Prof., EED, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar (COEB))

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Biju Patnaik University of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

 CERTIFICATE

. This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “Challenges and Opportunities in Integration of
Electric Vehicle” presented by Samir Debata bearing Registration No. 1901219115 of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department submitted to Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar (COEB) under Biju
Patnaik University of Technology Rourkela, Odisha for the award of the degree of B.Tech.
in Electrical & Electronics Engineering. This is a seminar work carried out by him in the
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering under my supervision.

Guide HOD
Prof. Anshuman Nayak Prof. Biswapriti Mishra
(Asst. Prof., EED)
(Asst. Prof., EED)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

. The making of seminar needed cooperation and guidance of number of people. I therefore
consider it my prime duty to thank all those who had helped me through this venture. I am
very grateful and wish to record my ineptness to the seminar guide Prof. Anshuman
Nayak, for his active guidance and interest in this seminar work.

It is my immense pleasure to express gratitude to the Head of Department Prof. Biswapriti

Mishra who provided me constructive and positive feedback during the preparation of this
seminar report.

Lastly word run to express the gratitude to the Management, Principal and all the
Professors, Lecturers, Technical and Official Staffs of the department and friends for their
cooperation, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions during the preparation of
seminar report.

Samir Debata
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Regd. No.: 1901219115
 ABSTRACT

Electric vehicles are operable solution for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. EVs not only
reduce fossil fuel reliance, but they also minimize ozone depleting compounds and facilitate
large scale renewable deployment. Despite extensive study on the qualities and properties of EVs
as well as the nature of their charging infrastructure, EV manufacturing and network modeling
continue to change and be restricted. Despite all EVs also have some challenges as well as
opportunities. There have been ongoing efforts towards redesigning infrastructure and advancing
battery technologies with a range of charging capabilities. The current review focuses on some
key EV topics such as vehicle types, charging stations battery technology, economic impact,
safety and government regulations and policies.

Signature of Student

Name: Samir Debata

Regd. No.: 1901219115
Semester: 6th
Branch: EEE
Date:
 CONTENTS

1: Introduction 1-3

2: Types of EVs 3-5

3: The Key Components in EV 5- 6

4: EV Charging Methods 6-8

5: Economic impact 8-9

6: Challenges and opportunities 9-13

7: Conclusion 13-14

8: References 14-
 1

INTRODUCTION

India is one of the top ten automotive markets in the world today and having highly
increasing middle-class population with buying potential and the steady economic
growth. But petrol price has increased more than 50% in 13 different steps in the
last two years. Here comes the potential need for alternative technologies in
automobiles such as electric vehicles (EVs) in India.

An electric vehicle (EV) is one that uses an electric propulsion system rather than
an internal combustion engine (ICE). The vehicle's entire power comes from an
electric motor, which also serves as the vehicle's primary drive source. The key
benefit is the great efficiency of power conversion via the electric motor
propulsion system. There has been a lot of research and development activity
reported recently, both in academia and in industry. With the commercialization of
electric vehicles, several governments have offered customers with incentives such
as lower taxes or tax refunds, free parking, and low-cost/free charging stations. A
hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), on the other hand, is a viable option. In recent years,
it has received a lot of attention. Major car manufacturers across the globe have at
least one model that uses hybrid technology or is completely converted to electric.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are experiencing rapid growth because of five key global
trends:
(i) Fossil fuel depletion.
(ii) Growing public awareness.
(iii) Advances in technology.
(iv) The development of electric motors and electronic control systems.
(v) Advances in EV supporting technologies.
 2

Transportation is a substantial source of CO2 emissions, accounting for 22% of

global CO2 emissions in 2020. EVs, on the other hand, do not emit CO2 and are
less vulnerable to rising oil prices. The world population will rise from 7 billion to
11 billion people in the next 50 years, while the number of automobiles will rise
from 700 million to 2.5 billion. Fossil fuels are anticipated to be depleted by 2050
due to an increase in the use of ICEs. Air pollution will rise as long as petrol and
diesel engines are used, resulting in dark and dreary skies. Compel individuals to
strive for 21st-century sustainable road transportation as a solution for a greener
and cleaner future.
 3

TYPES OF EVs

We already know that any vehicle powered by an electric motor is classified as an

EV. Electric cars may encompass battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric
vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) under this wide definition.

Battery electric vehicle

A fully electric vehicle is a battery electric vehicle, commonly known as a BEV. It
eliminates a gasoline engine, instead relying on high-capacity, rechargeable battery
packs that can be charged from an external source. The electric motor and the
internal electronics of a battery electric car are powered by chemical energy stored
in rechargeable batteries. The BEV has the potential to cut not only CO2 emissions
from the light-duty vehicle fleet, but also the reliance on fossil-fuel automobiles.
 4

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) include an internal combustion engine (ICE) and
batteries, which are utilized to move the vehicle; hence, the energy source can be
either a battery or an ICE. As a result, the HEV is often known as a vehicle with
two power sources. Because the battery may be recharged by recapturing the
vehicle's kinetic energy through regenerative braking, HEVs are superior for city
driving. The car often starts and stops while city driving. As a result, HEVs are
better for city driving than country or highway travel.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Like electric vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) include an electric
engine, but the fuel cell tank utilizes hydrogen as an energy source. FCEVs are
classified into two categories based on their power train configuration:
1. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle.
2. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
 5

THE KEY COMPONENTS IN EV

The electric vehicle is rather simple in structure. The key components are the
propulsion parts. Fig 3 shows the configuration.
 6

The battery is the main energy storage. The battery charger is to convert the
electricity from mains to charge the battery. The battery voltage is DC and is
inverted into switched-mode signal through power electronic inverter to
drive the motor. The other electronic components in a vehicle can be
supplied to the battery through DC-DC converter that step down the voltage
from the battery pack to lower voltage such as 5V-20V.

B
 7

EV CHARGING METHODS

Battery exchange, wireless charging, and conductive charging are the three main
charging techniques. The conductive charging is further divided into pantograph
(Bottom-up and Top-down) and overnight charging, as shown in Figure 4.

Fig 4. EV charging methods

Battery Swap Station (BSS)

The battery swapping technique is also known as "Battery Exchange," and it is
based on the BSS owner receiving monthly rent for the battery. The BSS's slow
charging mechanism helps to extend battery life. Locally produced Renewable
Energy Sources (RESs) such as solar and wind are easier to connect into the BSS
system. One of the key benefits of this procedure is that the drivers do not have to
exit the car and can swiftly replace the drained battery. Furthermore, the station's
 8

battery can participate in V2G (vehicle-to-grid) project. However, because the BSS
owner owns the EV batteries, this sort of EV charging strategy might be more
expensive than fueling the ICE engine due to significant monthly leasing rates
levied by the BSS owner.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)

Two coils are used in this technique, which is based on electromagnetic induction.
The primary coil is installed on the road, while the secondary coil is installed
inside the car. WPT technology has recently gained popularity in EV applications
due to its ability to allow EVs to recharge securely and easily. It also doesn't
require a standard connector (but does require standard coupling technology) and
may charge while driving.

Conductive Charging (CC)

Conductive charging necessitates an electrical connection between the car and the
charging outlet and offers several charging options, such as level 1, level 2, and
level 3 charging, as well as high charging efficiency owing to the direct
connection. For a public charging station, two power charging levels (Levels 2 and
3) are used. The distribution system is less affected by the first two levels (Levels 1
and 2).
Conductive charging lowers grid loss, maintains voltage level, prevents grid power
overloading, offers active power assistance, and can provide reactive power
adjustment by using the vehicle's battery. Level 3 has a variety of effects on the
distribution system, including voltage variation, system dependability, and
transfer/power loss.
 9

Overnight Depot Charging:

The overnight depot charging mechanism may be set up to charge slowly or

quickly. It's commonly found at the end of the lines and is utilized for charging at
night. Slow charging is thus the most advantageous choice because to its little
impact on the distribution system. The Pantograph charging approach, on the other
hand, is appropriate for applications that demand a large battery capacity and rapid
charging.

Pantograph Charging:

This type of charging is one of the opportunities for charging options. This kind of
charging infrastructure is used for higher battery capacity and power requirement
applications, such as buses and trucks. Pantograph charging is further divided into
the following two categories:
(i) Top-down Pantograph
(ii) Bottom-up Pantograph

ECONOMIC IMPACT

India is the unique market for EVs. 85% of ICE two-wheeler market and 78% of
ICE four-wheeler market in India is concentrated at less than INR 80,000 for two-
wheelers and less than INR 5,00,000 price points respectively. It is difficult to
offer an electric vehicle with comparable performance in these price ranges at
 10

current battery prices. And hence Total Cost of Ownership or TCO is an important
aspect of “EV purchase decision.”

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Challenges

Well, it’s great to read to know that the electric vehicle market is poised to grow.
But then, the companies and the industry have to overcome some obstacles to
capitalize on the market entirely. Let’s have a look at such obstacles:

Rang anxiety:

One of the most sticking factors. A question on everyone’s mind before purchasing
an EV. The EV customers are often worried about the vehicle’s capability to reach
the destination before the battery dies out and the absence of charging
infrastructure. The charging infrastructure is considerably weak in rural or sparsely
populated areas.
 11

Consumer protection:

While the technology is still relatively new and is being accepted more day by
day, the repair and maintenance network is still very minuscule compared to ICE
vehicles. The lack of people skilled in EV maintenance is one of the major causes
of this challenge.

As per some recent news we also have experienced that some two-wheelers of
some EV industries are catching fire due to some technical issues
 12

High initial cost:

Electric vehicles are initially very expensive compared to ICE cars. For example,
the Tata Nexon price starts from ₹7.19 lakh, while the Tata Nexon EV price starts
from ₹13.99 lakh.

Scarce battery technology: The number of OEMs manufacturing batteries from

raw materials in India is very tiny. Coupled with the fact that the country lacks
certain minerals (cobalt and lithium) to produce a battery, it negatively impacts the
country’s ambition to become an EV hub. The country currently relies heavily on
Chinese and Korean manufacturers.
 13

Lack of products:

The number of choices a consumer has while purchasing an Ev is significantly less

when compared to buying an ICE. For Example, there are several choices for a
superbike (ICE) but very few (if not none) EV that are mass manufactured.

PRODUCTS

Opportunities:

A. Cheaper to operate

EVs are cheaper to operate since they have high efficiencies and fuel economies
thereby reduce cost for the owner. The electricity to charge an EV is about one
third as much per kilometer to purchase fuel for vehicle.

B. Cheaper to maintain

BEVs have fewer moving parts than those had by conventional combustion engine
vehicles. There is less servicing and no expensive systems such as fuel injection
and exhaust systems, which are not needed in an EV. PHEVs have petrol engine
 14

and need servicing hence costing more than BEVs but they also have an electric
propulsion system, which requires fewer moving parts leading to less depletion of
petrol engine parts.

C. Environment Friendly

EVs are less polluting, as they have zero exhaust emissions. If you opt to use
renewable energy to charge your EV, you can reduce greenhouse gas emissions
even more. Some EVs are made of eco-friendly materials such as the Ford Focus
Electric, which is made of recycled and bio-based materials and the Nissan Leaf,
which is partly made of recycled plastic bottles, old car parts and second-hand
appliances.

D. Safer

EVs have a low center of gravity thereby making them less likely to capsize. They
also have low risk of fires and explosions. Their body construction gives them
more durability hence making them safer during collisions.
 15

CONCLUSION

The additional loads from widespread EVs could require costly upgrades to
maintain distribution system reliability; however, careful planning and advanced
operations strategies can reduce or eliminate such upgrade needs. Moreover, EV
charging infrastructure can also support grid stability and improve distribution
systems especially when paired with distributed solar, storage, or when equipped
with smart charge management and grid-interactive support. Previous studies have
found that impacts of unmanaged charging include limited load hosting capacity,
transformer and line overloads, and voltage and power quality degradation. Past
studies have also explored a wide range of opportunities to mitigate these impacts,
including traditional upgrades, enhanced controls, and market design. However,
the smaller-scale of most past studies limits their ability to capture impacts and
opportunities introduced by managed EV charging, regional-scale movement of
EVs, and more widespread EV deployment. With accelerated EV adoption driven
by sustained technology progress, policy support, and rapid charging infrastructure
deployment, it will become increasingly important to capture entire regions, rather
than a single or a few feeders; to advance theoretical control developments to be
simulated against more realistic and diverse distribution systems and to advance to
widescale field deployments; and to develop more holistic approaches which
incorporate EV charging alongside a variety of distributed energy resources. This
will require enhanced collaboration across multiple disciplines to develop cost-
effective and reliable solutions for the combined mobility and electricity systems
of the future.
 16

REFERENCES