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Data Science

A data scientist analyzes large datasets to extract knowledge and insights that can help solve problems across many fields. Data science is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates skills from areas like computer science, statistics, mathematics and more. It focuses on preparing, analyzing and applying data to inform decisions. While related to statistics and data mining, data science deals with both quantitative and qualitative data to enable prediction and action.

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37 views

Data Science

A data scientist analyzes large datasets to extract knowledge and insights that can help solve problems across many fields. Data science is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates skills from areas like computer science, statistics, mathematics and more. It focuses on preparing, analyzing and applying data to inform decisions. While related to statistics and data mining, data science deals with both quantitative and qualitative data to enable prediction and action.

Uploaded by

Nathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A data scientist is someone who creates programming code and combines it with

statistical knowledge to create insights from data.[7]

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,


algorithms and systems to extract or extrapolate knowledge and insights from noisy,
structured and unstructured data,[1][2] and apply knowledge from data across a
broad range of application domains. Data science is related to data mining, machine
learning, big data, computational statistics and analytics.[3]

Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, informatics, and


their related methods" in order to "understand and analyse actual phenomena" with
data.[4] It uses techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context
of mathematics, statistics, computer science, information science, and domain
knowledge.[3] However, data science is different from computer science and
information science. Turing Award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a
"fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational, and now data-
driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing because of the
impact of information technology" and the data deluge.[5][6]

Foundations
Data science is an interdisciplinary field[8] focused on extracting knowledge from
typically large data sets and applying the knowledge and insights from that data to
solve problems in a wide range of application domains.[9] The field encompasses
preparing data for analysis, formulating data science problems, analyzing data,
developing data-driven solutions, and presenting findings to inform high-level
decisions in a broad range of application domains. As such, it incorporates skills
from computer science, statistics, information science, mathematics, data
visualization, information visualization, data sonification, data integration,
graphic design, complex systems, communication and business.[10][11] Statistician
Nathan Yau, drawing on Ben Fry, also links data science to human–computer
interaction: users should be able to intuitively control and explore data.[12][13]
In 2015, the American Statistical Association identified database management,
statistics and machine learning, and distributed and parallel systems as the three
emerging foundational professional communities.[14]

Relationship to statistics
Many statisticians, including Nate Silver, have argued that data science is not a
new field, but rather another name for statistics.[15] Others argue that data
science is distinct from statistics because it focuses on problems and techniques
unique to digital data.[16] Vasant Dhar writes that statistics emphasizes
quantitative data and description. In contrast, data science deals with
quantitative and qualitative data (e.g. from images, text, sensors, transactions or
customer information, etc) and emphasizes prediction and action.[17] Andrew Gelman
of Columbia University has described statistics as a nonessential part of data
science.[18]

Stanford professor David Donoho writes that data science is not distinguished from
statistics by the size of datasets or use of computing and that many graduate
programs misleadingly advertise their analytics and statistics training as the
essence of a data-science program. He describes data science as an applied field
growing out of traditional statistics.[19]
Etymology
Early usage
In 1962, John Tukey described a field he called "data analysis", which resembles
modern data science.[19] In 1985, in a lecture given to the Chinese Academy of
Sciences in Beijing, C. F. Jeff Wu used the term "data science" for the first time
as an alternative name for statistics.[20] Later, attendees at a 1992 statistics
symposium at the University of Montpellier II acknowledged the emergence of a new
discipline focused on data of various origins and forms, combining established
concepts and principles of statistics and data analysis with computing.[21][22]

The term "data science" has been traced back to 1974, when Peter Naur proposed it
as an alternative name for computer science.[3] In 1996, the International
Federation of Classification Societies became the first conference to specifically
feature data science as a topic.[3] However, the definition was still in flux.
After the 1985 lecture at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, in 1997 C. F.
Jeff Wu again suggested that statistics should be renamed data science. He reasoned
that a new name would help statistics shed inaccurate stereotypes, such as being
synonymous with accounting or limited to describing data.[23] In 1998, Hayashi
Chikio argued for data science as a new, interdisciplinary concept, with three
aspects: data design, collection, and analysis.[22]

During the 1990s, popular terms for the process of finding patterns in datasets
(which were increasingly large) included "knowledge discovery" and "data mining".
[3][24]

Modern usage

In 2012, technologists Thomas H. Davenport and DJ Patil declared "Data Scientist:


The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century",[25] a catch-phrase that was picked up even by
major-city newspapers like the New York Times[26] and the Boston Globe.[27] A
decade later, they reaffirmed it, stating "the job is more in demand than ever with
employers".[28]

The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes


attributed to William S. Cleveland.[29] In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion
of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly
change the field, it warranted a new name.[24] "Data science" became more widely
used in the next few years: in 2002, the Committee on Data for Science and
Technology launched Data Science Journal. In 2003, Columbia University launched The
Journal of Data Science.[24] In 2014, the American Statistical Association's
Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on
Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data
science.[30]

The professional title of "data scientist" has been attributed to DJ Patil and Jeff
Hammerbacher in 2008.[31] Though it was used by the National Science Board in their
2005 report "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education
in the 21st Century", it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital
data collection.[32]

There is still no consensus on the definition of data science, and it is considered


by some to be a buzzword.[33] Big data is a related marketing term.[34] Data
scientists are responsible for breaking down big data into usable information and
creating software and algorithms that help companies and organizations determine
optimal operations.

What does a data scientist do?


Data scientists determine the questions their team should be asking and figure out
how to answer those questions using data. They often develop predictive models for
theorizing and forecasting.

A data scientist might do the following tasks on a day-to-day basis:

Find patterns and trends in datasets to uncover insights

Create algorithms and data models to forecast outcomes

Use machine learning techniques to improve the quality of data or product offerings

Communicate recommendations to other teams and senior staff

Deploy data tools such as Python, R, SAS, or SQL in data analysis

Stay on top of innovations in the data science field

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