Chapter 11

Fluids
continued
11.2 Pressure

Pressure is the amount of force F SI unit: N/m 2

P=
acting on an area: A (1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 )
Example 2 The Force on a Swimmer

Suppose the pressure acting on the back

of a swimmer’s hand is 1.2x105 Pa. The
surface area of the back of the hand is
8.4x10-3m2.

(a) Determine the magnitude of the force

that acts on it.
(b) Discuss the direction of the force.

( )(
F = PA = 1.2 × 105 N m 2 8.4 × 10−3 m 2 ) Since the water pushes perpendicularly
against the back of the hand, the force
= 1.0 × 103 N is directed downward in the drawing.
Pressure on the underside of the hand
is somewhat greater (greater depth). So
force upward is somewhat greater - bouyancy
11.2 Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level: 1.013x105 Pa = 1 atmosphere

11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

Fluid density is ρ
Equilibrium of a volume of fluid

F2 = F1 + mg
with F = PA, m = ρ V

P2 A = P1 A + ρ Vg
with V = Ah

P2 = P1 + ρ gh

Pressure grows linearly with depth (h)

11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

Example 4 The Swimming Hole

Points A and B are located a distance of 5.50 m beneath the surface

of the water. Find the pressure at each of these two locations.

Atmospheric pressure
P1 = 1.01× 105 N/m 2

P2 = P1 + ρ gh

P2 = P1 + ρ gh
( ) ( )( )
= 1.01× 105 Pa + 1.00 × 103 kg m 3 9.80m s 2 (5.50 m )
= 1.55 × 105 Pa
11.4 Pressure Gauges

P2 = P1 + ρ gh
P1 = 0 (vacuum)
P2 = ρ gh
ρ Hg = 13.6 × 10 kg m
3 3

Patm = ρ gh
Patm
h=
ρg

=
(
1.01× 105 Pa )
(13.6 × 10 kg m )(9.80m s )
3 3 2

= 0.760 m = 760 mm of Mercury

11.5 Pascal’s Principle

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Any change in the pressure applied

to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all parts of the fluid and
enclosing walls.

F2 F1
P2 = ; P1 =
A2 A1

P2 = P1 + ρ gh, h = 0
P2 = P1

F2 F1 ⎛ A1 ⎞
= ⇒ F1 = F2 ⎜ ⎟
A2 A1 ⎝ A2 ⎠
11.5 Pascal’s Principle

Example 7 A Car Lift

The input piston has a radius of 0.0120 m

and the output plunger has a radius of
0.150 m.

The combined weight of the car and the

plunger is 20500 N. Suppose that the input
piston has a negligible weight and the bottom
surfaces of the piston and plunger are at
the same level. What is the required input
force?
⎛ A1 ⎞
F1 = F2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ A2 ⎠
π ( 0.0120 m )
2

= ( 20500 N ) = 131 N
π ( 0.150 m )
2
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle

Buoyant Force

FB = P2 A − P1 A = ( P2 − P1 ) A
= ρ ghA P2 = P1 + ρ gh

=
 ρV g V = hA
mass of
displaced
fluid

Buoyant force = Weight of displaced fluid

11.6 Archimedes’ Principle

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially

or completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the buoyant
force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:

CORROLARY

If an object is floating then the

magnitude of the buoyant force
is equal to the magnitude of its
weight.
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle

Example 9 A Swimming Raft

The raft is made of solid square

pinewood. Determine whether
the raft floats in water and if
so, how much of the raft is beneath
the surface.
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
Raft properties
Wraft = mraft g = ρ pineVraft g
Vraft = ( 4.0 ) ( 4.0 ) ( 0.30 ) m 3 = 4.8 m 3
( )(
= 550kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80m s 2 )( ) ρ pine = 550 kg/m 3
= 26000 N

If Wraft < FBmax , raft floats

FBmax = Wfluid (full volume)

FBmax = ρ Vg = ρ waterVwater g
( )(
= 1000kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80m s 2 )( )
= 47000 N

Wraft < FBmax Raft floats

Part of the raft is above water
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle

How much of raft below water?

Floating object

FB = Wraft

FB = ρwater gVwater
= ρwater g( Awater h)

Wraft Wraft = 26000 N

h=
ρwater gAwater
26000N
=
( )(
1000kg m 3 9.80m s 2 16.0 m 2 )( )
= 0.17 m
11.7 Fluids in Motion

In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant
as time passes.

Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity of the fluid particles at a

point changes as time passes.

Turbulent flow is an extreme kind of unsteady flow in which the velocity

of the fluid particles at a point change erratically in both magnitude and
direction.

Fluid flow can be compressible or incompressible. Most liquids are

nearly incompressible.

Fluid flow can be viscous or nonviscous.

An incompressible, nonviscous fluid is called an ideal fluid.

11.7 Fluids in Motion

When the flow is steady, streamlines The mass of fluid per second that flows
are often used to represent through a tube is called
the trajectories of the fluid particles. the mass flow rate.
11.8 The Equation of Continuity

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

The mass flow rate has the same value at every position along a
tube that has a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow.

SI Unit of Mass Flow Rate: kg/s

Δm2
= ρ2 A2 v2
Δt

Incompressible fluid: ρ1 = ρ2

Volume flow rate Q:

11.8 The Equation of Continuity

Example 12 A Garden Hose

A garden hose has an unobstructed opening

with a cross sectional area of 2.85x10-4m2.
It fills a bucket with a volume of 8.00x10-3m3
in 30 seconds.

Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose

through (a) the unobstructed opening and (b) an obstructed
opening with half as much area.
a) Q = Av
Q
v= =
( )
8.00 × 10−3 m 3 / ( 30.0 s )
= 0.936m s
A 2.85 × 10 m-4 2

b) A1v1 = A2 v2
A1
v2 = v1 = ( 2 ) ( 0.936m s ) = 1.87 m s
A2
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation

According to the pressure-depth

The fluid accelerates toward the relationship, the pressure is lower
lower pressure regions. at higher levels, provided the area
of the pipe does not change.

Apply Work-Energy theorem

to determine relationship between
pressure, height, velocity, of the fluid.
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation

Work done by tiny pressure “piston”

WΔP = (∑ F ) s = ( ΔF ) s = ( ΔPA) s; V = As

Work (NC) done by pressure difference from 2 to 1

WNC = ( P2 − P1 )V

E1 = 12 mv12 + mgy1

E2 = 12 mv22 + mgy2

WNC = E1 − E2 = ( 1
2 ) (
mv12 + mgy1 − 1
2
mv22 + mgy2 )
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation

WNC = ( P2 − P1 )V
WNC = E1 − E2 = ( 1
2
mv + mgy1 −
2
1 ) ( 1
2
mv + mgy2
2
2 ) NC Work yields a
total Energy change.

Equating the two expressions for the work done,

( P − P )V = (
2 1
1
2
mv12 + mgy1 − ) ( 1
2
mv22 + mgy2 ) m = ρV

(P − P) = (
2 1
1
2
ρ v12 + ρ gy1 − ) ( 1
2
ρ v22 + ρ gy2 )
Rearrange to obtain Bernoulli's Equation
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

In steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid, the pressure, the

fluid speed, and the elevation at two points are related by:

P1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = P2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2

11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example 14 Tarpaulins and Bernoulli’s Equation

When the truck is stationary, the

tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges outward
when the truck is speeding down
the highway.

Account for this behavior. Relative to moving truck

Bernoulli’s Equation v1 = 0 under the tarp

v2 air flow over top
P1 + ρ v + ρ gy1 = P2 + ρ v + ρ gy2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2

P1 = P2 + 12 ρ v22

P1 > P2
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Example 16 Efflux Speed

The tank is open to the atmosphere at

the top. Find and expression for the speed
of the liquid leaving the pipe at
the bottom.

P1 = P2 = Patmosphere (1× 105 N/m 2 )

v2 = 0, y2 = h, y1 = 0

P1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 = P2 + 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2

1
2
ρ v12 = ρ gh

v1 = 2gh
11.11 Viscous Flow
Flow of an ideal fluid. Flow of a viscous fluid.

FORCE NEEDED TO MOVE A LAYER OF VISCOUS FLUID WITH

CONSTANT VELOCITY
The magnitude of the tangential force required to move a fluid
layer at a constant speed is given by:

η Av η , is the coefficient of viscosity

F= SI Unit: Pa ⋅s; 1 poise (P) = 0.1 Pa ⋅s
y

POISEUILLE’S LAW (flow of viscous fluid)

The volume flow rate is given by:
Pressure drop in a
straight uniform
diamater pipe.
11.11 Viscous Flow

Example 17 Giving and Injection

A syringe is filled with a solution whose

viscosity is 1.5x10-3 Pa·s. The internal
radius of the needle is 4.0x10-4m.

The gauge pressure in the vein is 1900 Pa.

What force must be applied to the plunger,
so that 1.0x10-6m3 of fluid can be injected
in 3.0 s?
8η LQ
P2 − P1 =
π R4

=
( ) ( )
8 1.5 × 10−3 Pa ⋅s ( 0.025 m ) 1.0 × 10−6 m 3 3.0 s
= 1200 Pa
( )
4
π 4.0 × 10-4 m
P2 = (1200 + P1 ) Pa = (1200 + 1900 ) Pa = 3100 Pa

( )
F = P2 A = ( 3100 Pa ) 8.0 × 10−5 m 2 = 0.25N