UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPNES

Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus

Catubig, Northern Samar

CLYDE P. LOBERITA
NSTP Coordintor
 UNIVERISTY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus
Catubig, Northern Samar

MODULE 1
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION PROGRAM

G E T T I N G S T A R T E D

Hello student! Let us fill this lesson 1 to 3 of module 1 with love. For sure, you will
enjoy this lesson because this is the part where we explore the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) must be within the area of concern as specified in RA
9163 and its implementing Rules and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various colleges and universities.

So, what are we waiting for let‘s begin!

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 1
ECOLOGICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Hooray to a new academic year!
MODULE CONTENTS
The journey in this pandemic has been
tough yet you made it. New normal has
come, but the learning must continue. ECOLOGICAL WASTE
This would be happy and exciting! As MANAGEMENT
we start digging through this course
pack, we will focus on the topics • What is Ecology
dedicated to the National Service • Types of Waste Identified by RA
Training Program (NSTP) must be 9003
• Three R’s of Solid Waste
within the area of concern as specified Management
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules • Ten Commandments of
and Regulations, CHED Issuances, Garbology
• Guiding Principle in solid waste
Memoranda and Thrusts of various management
colleges and universities. • Community Organizing
• Who is in the Community

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 1 you should be able to:

• Discuss the importance of Ecological Waste Manage-

ment;
• Explain the importance of RA 9003;
• Explain the three R‘s of Solid Waste Management;
• Discuss the ten commandments of Garbology.
 A B S T R A C T I O N Specifically refers to the following materials as
solid waste:

1. Discarded household waste.

2. Commercial waste.
Ecological Waste 3. Non-hazardous institutional and industrial
Management waste.
4. Street sweepings.
The topic on ecological waste 5. Construction debris.
management provides insight and concepts that 6. Agricultural waste and
would guide students on how they can manage 7. Other non-hazardous / non toxic solid
their daily wastage and instill awareness on how waste.
they contribute for the preservation of our
natural resources.
SOLID WASTE

Solid waste these are all household,

commercial wastes, non hazardous institutional
and industries wastes, street sweepings,
construction debris, agricultural wastes, and
other non – hazardous/non – toxic solid waste.

SPECIAL WASTE

Special waste these are household

hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners,
ECOLOGY
household batteries, lead-acid, batteries, spray
canisters, and the like. These include wastes
Comes from Greek word ―oikos‖ or house and
from residential and commercial sources that
―logos‖ the study of.
are composed of bulky wastes, consumer
It is defined as the scientific study of the
electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are
interrelationship of plants, animals and the
collected separately, oil and tires. These waste
environment. it is often times misused as a
are usually handled separately from other
synonym for environment.
residential and commercial wastes.
Republic act 9003

TYPES OF WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE

IDENTIFIED BY RA 9003

Considers ―waste as a resource that can be Hazardous waste these are solid , liquid
recovered,‖ emphasizing re-cycling, re-use, and ,contained gaseous or semisolid wastes that
composting as methods to minimize and may cause or contribute to the increase of
eventually manage the waste program. mortality, or in serious or incapacitating riverside
This act aims for the reduction of solid illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of
waste through ―resource reduction and waste people and other organism.
minimization measures including composting
recycling re-use recovery, green charcoal
process and others.
 A B S T R A C T I O N The process whereby portions of these
wastes are sorted out and used for something of
benefit is called recycling.

INFECTIOUS WASTE Key messages:

 Choose recyclable products and container

Infectious waste these are the mostly and recycle them.
generated by the hospitals wastes, and mining  Select products made from recyclable
activities which contaminate soil and water materials.
resources.  Compost yard trimmer/trimmings food
scraps and other biodegradable waste, do
not burn.
THE 3R’s OF SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF
GARBOLOGY
Reuse:
Wastes are sometimes reusable on its 1. Do not mix your waste
other function. Old clothing can be used as rags 2. Compost ―nabubulok‖
or better donate it to our less fortunate brothers. 3. Recycle the rest
4. Set up physical centers for composting and
Key messages: recycling in every barangay
5. Total segregation ,‖no segregation,‖ no
 Consider reusable products segregation‖
 Maintain and repair durable products 6. Two destination, ―back to mother earth or
 Reuse bags, containers and other items back to father factory‖
used frequently and 7. Decentralized,‖small is beautiful..Mayors,
 Sell or donate goods instead of throwing redirect budget for basura to ESWM at
them out. barangay level.
8. An ecology officer, a point person
REDUCE: 9. Sue those who defy the law specially
Avoid wasteful consumption of goods. public officials
Begin by asking the question ―Do I really need 10. Take care of LAHAT (Lupa, Araw, Hangin,
it?‖ in doing so, we minimize waste and Tubig at Ako)
conserve our natural resources. Conversation
like charity begins at me.
GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN SOLID
Key messages: WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Reduce the amount of (Pac) unnecessary 1. Waste is a resource.

packaging.
 Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity. 2. Waste prevention is better than waste
regulation and control.
RECYCLE:
Waste can be valuable resource. That 3. There is no single management and
are useless or of little value. To someone who technological approach to solid waste.
wants to dispose of them are very often of
significant value to others at another setting and 4. An integrated solid waste management will
or time. best achieve solid waste management
goals.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
5. All elements of society are fundamentally
responsible for solid waste management
disposal. Community organizing is the process of
building power through involving constituency in
6. Those that generate waste must bear the identifying problems they share and the
cost of its management and disposal. solutions to those problems that they desire .

7. Integrated solid waste management should It is a collective participatory,

approached within the context of the transformative, liberalize, sustained and
resource conservation, environment systematic process of building people‘s
protection and health, and sustainable organization by mobilizing and enhancing the
development. capabilities and resources of the people for the
resolution of their issues and concern towards
8. Integrated solid waste management effecting change in their existing and oppressive
programs should take into considerations exploitative conditions.
the physical and socio economic conditions
of the concerned communities. And be
designed according to their specific needs.
WHO IS IN THE COMMUNITY?

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING People are the most important resource.

They are the one source that can replace
money, their recruitment and mobilization is
Requires a great knowledge on what is called the ―field‖ operation. It includes
understanding people, as an organizer of individual and organization.
community, you are forced with different kinds of
people coming from different kinds of people
coming from different customs and traditions.

As you enter the community, it will allow

you to discover the diverse aspects of behavior
which is necessary for the organizational skills
applied to group of individuals

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

In identifying the different aspects and

important factors of community organizing , the
students would have an understanding on how
one can manage and direct a particular
community in our country.
 A C T I V I T Y
1
ESSAY

Note: Please write atleast 150 words in a long bond paper.

1. Describe who is community? And what are the importance of the community in waste management?
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2. Discuss what is community organizing?

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3. What are the guiding principles of solid waste management?

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4. What is Republic Act 9003?

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 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 2

CLEAN-UP DRIVE
Hooray to a new academic year! MODULE CONTENTS
The journey in this pandemic has been
tough yet you made it. New normal has
come, but the learning must continue. CLEAN-UP DRIVE
This would be happy and exciting! As
• What is Clean-Up Drive
we start digging through this course
pack, we will focus on the topics • Principles of Environment and
dedicated to the National Service Environment Laws
Training Program (NSTP) must be
within the area of concern as specified
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules
and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various
colleges and universities.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 2 you should be able to:

• Discuss the importance of Clean-Up Drive;

• Explain the purpose of the Clean-Up Drive;
• Discuss the Principles of Environment and Environment Laws .
 A B S T R A C T I O N

INTRODUCTION

We used to have fresh air to breath,

WHAT IS CLEAN-UP greenish surroundings and taste clear and clean
DRIVE? water. Nowadays, tables have turned and we
can see a big difference from a clean into a
Clean-Up Drive‖ aims to raise polluted environment. As we all know, we are
environmental awareness in different facing a lot of environmental issues such as
communities. Below are the lists of the floods, climate change, melting of the polar ice
additional objectives of our program: caps and pollution. May it be from air, water or
land. The main cause of these problems are the
 To achieve or practice the conduct in waste wastes that are improperly thrown.
management and recycling.
Restore what was lost, we aim for the
 To promote waste reduction, recycling and surrounding that‘s greenish and full of grasses
reuse and create public awareness on and tall trees. Those grasses that have turned
waste management and environmental into cemented roads, those trees that are placed
concerns. on such a beautiful area have turned into
enormous buildings. Deforestation is the main
 To help reduce the greenhouse gases and cause of this, people who illegally cut down
fight climate change; improving the quality trees just for their own convenience mostly
of the natural environment. results landslide. These trees can prevent
floods, it can fight against global warming, so if
 To set one‘s mind on the well-being of future people continue to do the same thing all over
generation. again, it would disturb the balance of its system,
causing so much loss not just with our
 Demonstrate practical application of environment but also with our way of living.
environmental protection and management.
As students of STCAST, we are planning
 Appreciate the Principles of Environment to think of a program that reduces the chance of
and Environmental Laws. those problems from growing. Therefore, we
thought of a program that not only helps our
own community but also the world we live in. It
will also serve as an inspiration in other
communities to come up with the same activities
in order to maintain a clean and green
environment.

PURPOSE

Our purpose in our project is to help

reduce waste in our surroundings and to recycle
most of the waste like plastics and metals for a
better purpose as we sell it to the junk shops. As
we sell this waste, we use the money earned to
buy plant/tree seeds for them to plant in their
 A B S T R A C T I O N

PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENT
AND ENVIRONMENT LAWS
WHAT IS CLEAN-UP We can only appreciate things if we understand
DRIVE? it; we can only provide solutions to problems if
we know the cause of it. The following are the
surroundings. We want to help each and every environmental principles and laws that we must
barangay to stay clean and have a surrounding learn by heart to under- stand why the world is
that is beneficial to each and every person that encountering several environmental problems.
resides in that barangay or Purok, since we
want an environment free from liters and an 1. Nature knows best. This principle is
environment full of trees. the most basic and in fact encompasses all the
others. We must under- stand nature and need
to follow the rules it dictates. In essence, we
must not go against the natural processes if we
ADVERTISEMENT would like to ensure a continuous and steady
supply of resources.
We aim to provide awareness of how
2. All forms of life are important. Every
much we are wasting every day. We want to
creature/organism plays essential role in nature.
make a statement that we could reuse this
With this principle we must learn how to
waste as we recycle it. This is for us to teach
appreciate and acknowledge no matter how big
them and make it as ―persuasive‖ as possible
or small the creature is as it plays a vital role to
for them to participate.
give balance in nature.

3. Everything is connected to everything

else. Remember the concept of ecosystem? In
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
an ecosystem, all living and non-living
components interact with each other to ensure
Residents would benefit a lot, mainly that the system is perpetuated. Any outside
because these programs are implemented interference may result in an imbalance and the
directly towards their benefits. They would learn deterioration of the system. Best example that
how to recycle and segregate waste properly everything is connected to everything else is
since not all of them are aware of it, especially that what we do in the mountain can be felt in
the children at their young age, it is better for the lowlands. If the forest cover is lost, flooding
them to learn these things and of course be will be experienced in the lowlands.
more aware of our nature, on how to take good
care of it. They would also learn how to plant 4. Everything changes. We must bear in
seedling, they will appreciate how difficult it is to mind that change is the only permanent thing.
plant, protect and watch over their seeds as As a general classification, change may be
they grow. linear, cyclical or random. As an example of
linear change is the evolution of species, which
has brought about higher and more complex
types of organisms. Cyclical change may be
exemplified by seasons and the rhythms in floral
and faunal life stages that go with the seasons.
An example of random change is the eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo, which brought about great
disruption in many in many parts of Luzon and
 A B S T R A C T I O N

changes in the topography of the land.

5. Everything must go somewhere. A

little act of you can go a long way, tangible or
intangible. When you throw a piece of paper or
plastic, it will disappear from your sight, but it
still exists and ends up elsewhere. So better do
something good for the people and the
environment, remember that it will end up
elsewhere.

6. Ours is a finite earth. We only have

one earth, so we must take good care of it. We
have renewable and non-renewable resources.
The renewable resources are those that can
easily be replenished by natural cycles (e.g.
water, air, plants, and animals) while the non-
renewable resources are those that cannot be
replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of
various metals, oil, coal). Although renewable
resources can be replenished, it is important to
note that these are renewable only as long as
they are not overused nor destroyed from such
factors like pollution. To ensure that these
resources will be continually replenished, it is
essential to know how much of a resource can
be consumed at a given time to balance the rate
of exploitation with the rate of replenishment.

7. Nature is beautiful and we are

stewards of God's creation. Among all other
creatures that God made, we humans are the
only ones made in God's own image and have
been given the right to have dominion over all
His creations. Being the most intelligent and
gifted with reason, humans are capable of
manipulating creation to their own advantage.
With this responsibility we must show that we
are good stewards of God‘s creation, and we
must practice a responsible environmental
stewardship.
 A c t i v i t y
A C T I V I T Y
1
W o r k s h e e t

List down your usual activities for a day from the moment you wake up until you go to sleep.
Think of the negative impact of each activity on the environment and the things you should do to lessen
its impact. For a week, try to do the things you think can lessen the negative impact on the environment
and check the last column if you achieved it or not.

Time of the Day Activity Negative Impact How to Lessen the Accomplished or
on the Negative Impact Not
Environment on the
Environment
 A c t i v i t y
A C T I V I T Y
1
W o r k s h e e t

Evidence/Documentation
 UNIVERISTY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 3
CLEAN AIR ACT
MODULE CONTENTS

Hooray to a new academic year! CLEAN AIR ACT

The journey in this pandemic has been • What is Clean Air Act
tough yet you made it. New normal has • Guiding Principles of the Clean
Air Act
come, but the learning must continue. • Coverage of the Clean Air Act
This would be happy and exciting! As • Compliance Mandates for Mobile
we start digging through this course Sources of Air Pollution
pack, we will focus on the topics • What will be done to smoke
belching vehicles on the road
dedicated to the National Service • What about fuels
Training Program (NSTP) must be • Compliance Mandates for
within the area of concern as specified industrial Sources of Air
Pollution
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules • What will be done to Polluting
and Regulations, CHED Issuances, Industries
Memoranda and Thrusts of various • What about other sources of Air
colleges and universities. Pollution
• Who should implement the
Clean Air Act
• What can you do to help clean
the air
Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 3 you should be able to:

• Discuss the importance of Clean Air Act;

• Explain the importance of Guiding Principles of the Clean Air Act;
• Explain the compliance mandates for Industrial Sources of Air Pollution;
• Discuss the sources of air pollution.
 A B S T R A C T I O N
COVERAGE
OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT
All potential sources of air pollution
WHAT IS CLEAN AIR ACT? (mobile and area sources) must comply with the
provisions of the law. All emissions must be
within the air quality standards;
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known
as the Philippine Clean Air Act is a Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars,
comprehensive air quality management policy trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles, motorcycles
and program which aims to achieve and and vans;
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
Area sources refer to sources of
emissions other than the above These include
smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from
construction, unpaved grounds, etc.

COMPLIANCE MANDATES FOR

MOBILE SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION
Exhaust emission standards for various
mobile sources that are either in use, new,
rebuilt, and imported second-hand have been
set.

All new motor vehicles classified under

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF the Philippine National Standards 1891 of the
THE CLEAN AIR ACT Bureau of Product Standards of the Department
of Trade and Industry, whether locally
assembled/manufactured or imported are to be
The CAA provides that the State shall: covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC).
The COC is to be issued by the DENR to the
• Protect and advance the right of the people
motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler or
to a balanced and healthful ecology in
importer.
accord with rhythm and harmony of nature;
In-use motor vehicles will only be
• Promote and protect the global
allowed renewal of their registration upon proof
environment while recognizing the primary
of compliance with emission standards through
responsibility of local government units to
actual testing by the Motor Vehicle Inspection
deal with environmental problems;
System (MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, land
authorized private emission testing centers.
• Recognize that the responsibility of
cleaning the habitat and environment is
On the other hand, rebuilt motor vehicles
primarily area-based;
or imported second hand completely built-up or
pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with
• Recognize that "polluters must pay―;
secondhand engines will only be allowed
registration or renewal of registration upon
• Recognize that a clean and healthy
submission of a valid Certificate of Compliance
environment is for the good of all and
to Emission Standards (CCES) issued by the
should therefore be the concern for all.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

WHAT ABOUT FUELS?

DOTC. The CCES will only be issued if the
exhaust emission standard for that specific
motor vehicle is met, as verified by the actual
Clean fuels are needed to achieve clean
testing through the MVIS.
air. The CAA thus provides for:

• the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline

before the end of the year 2000,
WHAT WILL BE DONE TO SMOKE • the lowering of the sulfur content of
BELCHING VEHICLES ON THE ROAD industrial and automotive diesel,
respectively, from 0.5% to 0.3% and from
Smoke belching vehicles on the road 0.2% to 0.055; and .
shall be subjected to emission testing by
properly equipped enforcement teams from the • the lowering of aromatics in unleaded
gasoline from 45% maximum to 35%
DOTC/ETO or its duly deputized agents.
maximum; and the lowering of benzene in
Violators will be subjected to the following lines
penalties. unleaded gasoline from 4% maximum to
2% maximum. Further improvement on the
fuel quality, excluding cleaner alternative
1st Offense - 1,000.00 fuels, will be spearheaded by the
Department of Energy.
2nd Offense - 3,000.00

3rd Offense -5,000.00 plus a seminar on

pollution management WHAT WILL BE DONE TO SMOKE
BELCHING VEHICLES ON THE ROAD

All stationary sources must comply with

the National Emission Standards for Source
Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP) and National
Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) and
must secure their permit to operate, prior to
operation.

For new or modified sources, the permit

to operate shall be converted to Authority to
Construct.

The Act also provides for the

maintenance of attainment and non attainment
areas, in respective specifications as would be
described shortly. Attainment areas are such
where the existing ambient air quality complies
with the National Ambient Air Quality Guideline
Values.
 A B S T R A C T I O N • must comply with NESSAP and NAAQS;

• in case of non-compliance, compliance plan

For existing sources or those established to meet the standards within 12 months is
prior to the effectivity date (November 25, 2000) required;
of the Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR), in attainment areas, the following must be • must pay a higher fee for the mass rate of
observed: emissions (50% surcharge); and

• must comply with the NESSAP and • must pay a 100% surcharge (i.e., 20% of
NAAQS, or submission of compliance base) for any penalties and fines relating to
program in case of non-compliance; a violation of the non-attainment provisions.

• may use emissions trading and/or For new modified sources in non-
averaging as part of compliance plan; must attainment areas, the following must be
comply within 18 months if found non- observed:
compliant; and
• must comply with the NESSAP and
• must pay mass emission fees. NAAQS;

For new or modified sources of air • must install Lowest Achievable Emission
pollution, in attainment areas, the following must Rate (LAER) control technology, or such
be observed: technology or combination of technologies
and process controls that result in the
• must comply with the NESSAP and lowest possible emissions of a given air
NAAQS; pollutant. The technical feasibility, rather
than the cost, is the consideration, in
• must have an "Authority to Construct," determining the applicable LAER for a given
which is converted to Permit to Operate; source;

• must apply "Best Available Control • must not use emissions averaging and
Technology," or such approaches, trading compliance;
techniques or equipment which when used,
result in lower air emissions, but in a cost- • must install CEMS;
effective manner;
• must pay 50% surcharge on mass emission
• emission averaging is not allowed, but may fees; and
generate emission credits for selling;
• must pay a 1005 surcharge of (i.e., 20% of
• must pay mass emission fees, and base) for any penalties and fines relating to
a violation of the non-attainment provisions.
• must install continuous emission monitoring
system (CERMS) for sources with potential
to emit greater than or equal to 100 tons per
year.

For existing stationary sources in non-

attainment areas, the following must be
observed:
 A B S T R A C T I O N
WHO SHOULD IMPLEMENT
THE CLEAN AIR ACT?

WHAT WILL BE DONE TO The implementation of the Act is a multi-

POLLUTING INDUSTRIES sectoral undertaking to be spearheaded by the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR). Other government agencies
A fine not more than P100,000.00 for
are: DOTC, LTO, DTI, DOST, Bureau of
every day of violation shall be charged against
Customs-DOF, Bureau of Import Services, DTI
the owner of a stationary source, until such time
and DOTC LFTRB-LTO in the regulation of
that standards have been met.
importation of second-hand vehicles.
For gross violation, the penalty is
imprisonment of not lower than SIX years but
not more than 10 years upon the discretion of WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP
the court. At the same time, the Pollution CLEAN THE AIR?
Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm
through the issuance of a Cease and Desist
Order. For vehicle Owners/Motorists:

• Maintain your vehicle by changing oil

regularly (every 5,000 kilometers).
WHAT ABOUT OTHER
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION? • Keep the engine well-tuned following the
owner's manual.

Smoking is banned beginning May 25, 2001, in • Keep tires properly inflated.
any of the following locations:
• Plan trips and observe proper driving habits.
• inside a public building;
• Remove unnecessary things from the
• enclosed public places including vehicles trunk. Don't overload and travel only at
and other means of transport; speed required by traffic regulations and
road conditions.
• in any enclosed area outside of one's
private residence, private place of work, For Commuters:
and
• Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver
• any duly designated area which will be about the high health risk of poor vehicle
enclosed. maintenance and improper driving
practices.
The local government units are
mandated to implement this provision of the law. • Patronize mass railway transit (.e., MRT,
LRT).
Penalty for violation of this provision is six
months and one day to one year of For Office Workers:
imprisonment, or a fine often thousand pesos
(P10,000.00). • Reduce use of air conditioning and ensure
that rooms are sealed.
 A B S T R A C T I O N FOR EVERYONE:

• Talk to people on what they can do about

• Make sure that lights are energy-efficient. air pollution.

• Use company vehicles wisely and make • Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA,
sure that they are well-maintained. and/or the appropriate local government
units.
• Use natural lighting by opening window
curtains at day time. • Walk or ride your bike to places.

• Take the bus or mass rail transit whenever

AT HOME: you can.

• Use low watt bulbs or energy-saving lights. • Work with residential association to stop
burning of garbage.
• Limit the use of air conditioning units and
keep the temperature. • Plant trees.

• Do not burn garbage.

• Avoid using aerosols. • Spread the word about the ban on smoking
in public places.
• Properly dispose of refrigerant,
refrigeration, equipment, and used coolant.
 G I V E Y O U R O W N
A C T I V I T Y
1
P E R S P E C T I V E

1. RESPONSIBILITY
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2. PROTECT
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3. POLLUTION
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4. HEALTHFUL ECOLOGY
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5. MANDATES
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6. IMPLEMENT
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7. PROPERLY DISPOSE
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8. CLEAN AIR
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9. POLLUTERS
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10. VIOLATION
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 A C T I V I T Y
2
ESSAY

Note: Please write atleast 150 words.

1. As a NSTP student what is your role in maintaining our air clean?

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2. What can you do to help clean the air?

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3. As a student what is your public awareness campaigns or programs needed to resolve the issues
and problems of Pollution?
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 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus
Catubig, Northern Samar

MODULE 2
STRESS
EDUCATION PROGRAM

G E T T I N G S T A R T E D

Hello student! Let us fill this lesson 1 of module 2 with love. For sure, you will
enjoy this lesson because this is the part where we explore the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) must be within the area of concern as specified in RA
9163 and its implementing Rules and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various colleges and universities.

So, what are we waiting for let‘s begin!

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 1
STRESS
MANAGEMENT
Hooray to a new academic year!
MODULE CONTENTS
The journey in this pandemic has been
tough yet you made it. New normal has
come, but the learning must continue. STRESS
This would be happy and exciting! As MANAGEMENT
we start digging through this course
pack, we will focus on the topics • What is Stress?
dedicated to the National Service • Causes of Stress
Training Program (NSTP) must be • Signs and Symptoms of
within the area of concern as specified Stress
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules • Stress Management Program
and Regulations, CHED Issuances, • Five Components of Stress
• Create personal Stress
Memoranda and Thrusts of various
Management Plan
colleges and universities. • Other Helpful Techniques to
Reduce Stress

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 1 you should be able to:

• Define what is stress and identify it‘s causes;

• Identify the signs and symptoms of stress;
• Explain stress management program and it‘s importance;
• Acquire knowledge and skills in creating stress management
plan;
• Apply and experience techniques in managing stress;
 Stress
 pregnancy and becoming a parent bereavement
 long-term health problems
 organizing a complicated event, like a group holiday

Management
 everyday tasks such as travel or household chores.
 getting married
 taking care of a child or old aged parents
 going through a break-up or getting divorced
L e s s o n 1  difficult relationships with parents, siblings, friends or
children
 being a career for a friend or relative who needs lots of
Normally we all have experience stress daily in our support.
lives because of the majority health problems are  losing your job
caused or influenced by stress, it is important to  long-term unemployment
understand how stress affects our mind and body for  retiring
 exams, homework, and deadlines
us to know how to deal with it, we must learn
 difficult issues at work or school
effective stress management and other techniques
 starting a new job.
to make ourselves healthy also to educate others  housing problems such as poor living conditions, lack of
how stress management works for them. security or homelessness
 moving house
 problems with neighbors.
 worries about money or benefits
What is stress  poverty
 debt.

is a normal reaction of the body

that has when changes occur, Signs and Symptoms of
resulting in physical, emotional Stress
and intellectual responses. It is
a feeling of emotional or
physical tension, it may come
from any event or thought that
makes you feel frustrated,
angry, or nervous.

Although we all experience stress differently, some

common symptoms include the following:
What causes you stress?  Difficulty sleeping;
 Weight gain or weight loss;
Feelings of stress are normally triggered by things  Stomach pain;
happening in your life which involves the following:  Irritability;
 Teeth grinding;
 being under lots of pressure  Panic attacks;
 facing big changes  Headaches;
 worrying about something  Difficulty concentrating;
 not having much or any control over the  Sweaty hands or feet;
outcome of a situation  Heartburn;
 having responsibilities that you're finding  Excessive sleeping;
overwhelming  Social isolation;
 not having enough work, activities or change in  Fatigue;
your life  Nausea;
 times of uncertainty.  Feeling overwhelmed;
 illness or injury and obsessive or compulsive behaviors.
 Popular examples of stress management include
STRESS MANAGEMENT meditation, yoga, and exercise. We'll explore these in
PROGRAM detail, with a range of different approaches to ensure
that there's something that works for everyone.

What are the six steps in the stress-resolution plan?

Identify the problem, identify the objective that must
be achieved, identify the circumstances that affect
Stress Management program assists the problem, name all possible solutions, make and
adults in effectively managing stress in healthy implement a plan, evaluate the results.
ways, including: exercising, seeking social
support, using pleasant activities and relaxation
techniques. Stress management training can help Create Personal Stress
you deal with things in a healthier manner. Management Plan

1. Identify and Then Address the Problem

Five Components of Stress
Management When we address a problem, we diminish the
source of stress. However, sometimes when we
 Good Nutrition. Changes in eating habits are feel overwhelmed by a challenge, we don‘t even
normal during a period of grief take the first step towards solving it. We gain
 Sleep. People frequently have difficulty hope and empowerment when we clarify what
sleeping during a period of bereavement the problem is, divide it into smaller pieces, and
 Physical Exercise. Moderate, regular commit to working on only one piece at a time.
exercise helps relieve tension and elevate Doing so decreases the crushing sense of being
one's mood. defeated and increases our control. This
 Be Kind to Yourself. ... strategy includes making lists and timelines
 Relaxation. followed by a plan to address each component
of the problem.
These options are relatively easy, quick, and
relevant to a student's life and types of stress. 2. Avoid stress when possible
Life is complicated enough without having to
 Get Enough Sleep deal with the stuff we can avoid. Its ok to bypass
 Practice Visualization rather than confront problems when it is safe to
 Exercise Regularly or Indulge in Physical do so. We gain power when we focus our
Activity energies. Avoiding trouble or things that trigger
 Take Calming Breaths our emotions can be an act of tremendous
 Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation strength.
(PMR)
 Listen to Music 3. Conserve Energy
 Get Organized People who waste time worrying about things
 Eat a Healthy Diet they can‘t change don‘t have enough energy left
 Avoid Caffeine, Alcohol, and Nicotine. Avoid, to address problems they can fix. Furthermore,
or at least reduce, your consumption of people who focus on things they can change
nicotine and any drinks containing caffeine gain a sense of control versus the
and alcohol. powerlessness, frustration, and anger that
 Try Relaxation Techniques. ... comes from trying to fix things they cannot.
 Talk to Someone. ...
 Keep a Stress Diary. ...
 Take Control. ...
 Manage Your Time.
4. The Power of Exercise
Surging stress hormones prepare us to run or
fight. They put us on survival-only mode which
prevents us from focusing, reflecting, and
problem-solving. When we are stressed and
don‘t exercise, our bodies are left feeling as if
we haven‘t run from danger. Exercise is tightly
linked to increased health, and contributes to
emotional well-being. It positively affects focus
and attention while lowering symptoms of stress,
anxiety, depression, and ADHD.

5. Active Relaxation strategies help us regain

focus and can be a first step to problem solving.
Relaxation, just for its own sake, also
contributes to mental, physical, and emotional
well-being.

6. Eat well
Proper nutrition is essential to a healthy body, a
clear mind, and to managing stress.

7. Sleep well
Exhausted people cannot solve problems well
and are prone to irritability. Proper sleep is key
to stress management. Some people do not
sleep well because of poor sleep habits and
others lose sleep because they are stressed.
Either way, we must find ways to break the cycle
of sleeplessness.

Other Helpful Techniques to

Reduce Stress
 A C T I V I T Y
1
APPLICATION

1. Apply in yourself any techniques in dealing with stress, and write below what you feel after you apply
some techniques.
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2. Look for a friend or a family member who experience excessive stress, suggest some techniques or
tips on how to deal with stress. Afterwards, conduct an interviews about how/ what he/she feel after
they apply the techniques or tips that you suggest. Write responses below.
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 A C T I V I T Y
2
REFLECTION

1. Share a very stressful event happened in your life and how did you handle that stress.
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2. If you follow a healthy routine to help you reduce stress, what would be your daily routine? Why?
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3. As a student how will you help the community in dealing with stress?
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 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus
Catubig, Northern Samar

MODULE 3

LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM

G E T T I N G S T A R T E D

Hello student! Let us fill this lesson 1 of module 3 with love. For sure, you will
enjoy this lesson because this is the part where we explore the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) must be within the area of concern as specified in RA
9163 and its implementing Rules and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various colleges and universities.

So, what are we waiting for let‘s begin!

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 1
URBAN
GARDENING
Hooray to a new academic year! MODULE CONTENTS
The journey in this pandemic has been
tough yet you made it. New normal has URBAN GARDENING
come, but the learning must continue.
This would be happy and exciting! As
• What is Urban Gardening
we start digging through this course
pack, we will focus on the topics • Key to attract indoor edible
dedicated to the National Service gardening.
Training Program (NSTP) must be
• Ways to grow indoor fruits,
within the area of concern as specified vegetables and herbs.
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules
and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various
colleges and universities.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 1 you should be able to:

• Discuss the importance of Urban Gardening;

• Knows on how to make an urban gardening;
• Discuss the basic ways on how to grow indoor fruits, vegetables and herbs;
• Value the significance of the urban gardening.
 A B S T R A C T I O N
INDOOR EDIBLE
GARDENING
The key to attractive indoor edible
gardening is to blend those pots and planters in
URBAN GARDENING with your current décor and use those edible
plants as accent points. For instance, instead of
Urban gardening is the practice of hanging a potted philodendron, plant a ―globe‖
growing plants in an urban environment. You of lettuce using a wire basket. Here are a few
may be surprised to know that urban gardening more innovative ways to grow indoor fruit,
has a positive impact on the economy, the vegetables, and herbs:
environment and food security. If you live in a
big city, you may not realize it, but urban
gardeners are doing their work all around you.
BASKET DISPLAY
From lush rooftop gardens to colorful window
hanging baskets, more city goers are practicing For more traditional ways to grow food
their green thumbs. Although there is not one indoors, use clay pots or up cycled glassware as
steadfast definition of urban gardening, it is soil-holding planters for herbs, leafy greens, and
usually grouped into two segments, container strawberries. Create write-on labels with
gardening and rooftop gardening. Container chalkboard paint and display the containers in a
gardening is very common for people with small decorative basket to recreate an old-fashioned
patios, yards, or balconies. They utilize all sorts country kitchen atmosphere
of containers such as buckets, raised beds,
window boxes or anything else that is conducive
to gardening. Rooftop gardening is when you
transform the roof of a building into a garden,
through adding soil and garden beds. Rooftop
gardening is traditionally used to grow
vegetables and larger plants.

More recently, urban gardening is used

for more than just food security. In some cases,
urban gardening is done in a communal place,
like a rooftop where every person gets a
designated area where they can sow their
plants. Even the simple act of planting a plant on
HANGING BASKET
a balcony or window sill is a great way to
become an active urban gardener.
Ditch the inedible foliage and flowers for
lettuce, tomatoes, or cucumbers. Then hang
your retro-style planter near a sunny window for
a new take on indoor edible gardening.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

WALL SHELF

Go crazy with wall shelving units to hold

a mixed or matched set of decorative pottery
planters. From vintage to modern, these 3-D
wall hangings can match any decorating style
and are perfect for growing produce indoors. DECORATIVE TINS

Not sure what to do with all those metal

popcorn, candy, cookie, and nut tins? Put them
to good use as plant holders for lightweight pots
of your favorite herbs or garden veggies. Simply
hot glue one or more magnets on the back and
stick the tins to any metal surface. An office
filing cabinet can be the perfect place for
growing produce indoors.

ITALIAN TEACUP
GARDEN
Hit the thrift shop for incomplete sets of
teacups and a teapot. After drilling a small
drainage hole in the bottom of each piece, use
the decorative teacup planters for Italian herbs
like basil, parsley, and oregano. Reserve the
teapot for a dwarf tomato. Display your teacup
garden on an Italian villa console table.

DECORATIVE TREE

Many types of fruit trees have lovely

foliage and a pleasing shape, making them
attractive accent pieces for entrances, landings,
and hallways. Choose a dwarf variety which
doesn‘t require a chill period. Many citrus trees,
such as Meyer lemons, are self-pollinating.
TIERED PLANTER

From a tabletop design to a floor model,

tiered planters can hold a variety of indoor fruits,
vegetables, and herbs. Add a trellis to the top
planter for vining plants like pole beans or
grapes. This space-saving design can sit in a
sunny corner and be hand painted to match any
décor.
 A C T I V I T Y
1
URBAN
GARDENING

Instructions:

Observe and follow the steps on how to make an urban gardening.

Three vital steps in urban gardening

• Soil preparation
• Seed germination and seedling propagation
• Care and maintenance

For beginners, direct seeding (planting seeds directly in the soil) is a good start
as it is the most known method, especially for sowing vegetable seeds. However,
some seeds grow better when sown in containers or seedbeds first and transferred
when seedlings sprout. Here is the step-by-step process to begin your seed
germination and seedling propagation:

STEP 1: Choose and prepare your container

You may be creative in using any reusable containers available at home, paper
boxes, old plastic containers or pots. The crucial part of using containers is to make
sure to drill holes at the bottom for drainage. Clean the containers that you will be
using to ensure that there are no fungal spores or pests that will hinder plants‘
growth.
 A C T I V I T Y
1
URBAN
GARDENING

Instructions:

Observe and follow the steps on how to make an urban gardening.

Three vital steps in urban gardening

• Soil preparation
• Seed germination and seedling propagation
• Care and maintenance

For beginners, direct seeding (planting seeds directly in the soil) is a good start
as it is the most known method, especially for sowing vegetable seeds. However,
some seeds grow better when sown in containers or seedbeds first and transferred
when seedlings sprout. Here is the step-by-step process to begin your seed
germination and seedling propagation:

STEP 1: Choose and prepare your STEP 2: Prepare Soil Medium

container
Healthy soil is the basis of healthy plants
You may be creative in using any reusable and a healthy environment. Choose organic
containers available at home, paper boxes, soil is rich in humus it holds moisture, but
old plastic containers or pots. The crucial drains well
part of using containers is to make sure to
drill holes at the bottom for drainage. Clean
the containers that you will be using to
ensure that there are no fungal spores or
pests that will hinder plants‘ growth.
STEP 3: Prepare Vegetable plants or seeds

Use recycled vegetables stalk like Alugbati,

kangkong, or Onion leaves etc. Air dry the seeds
before transfer to the container or pot.

STEP 4: Put in the prepared container/pot

The next steps is to replant the recycled

vegetables or seeds in the container or pot.

STEP 5: Care and Maintenance

Visit always your garden, put some water and

remove the unwanted plants

NOTE:
1. Apply urban gardening in your home. Take a picture in every steps of your urban
gardening.

2. Make a documentation of your urban gardening.

NOTE:
1. Apply urban gardening in your home. Take a picture in every steps of your urban
gardening.

2. Make a documentation of your urban gardening.

Paper - A4 Spacing - 1.5

Font size - 12 Font style - Arial
Title font size - 14 Margin - all 1 (Normal)

Title: (Title of your Urban Garden)

Introduction: (Intro about the urban gardening base on your experience)

Methods:

Documentation:

Recommendation:
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus
Catubig, Northern Samar

MODULE 4
S O C I A L S E R V IC E S

G E T T I N G S T A R T E D

Hello student! Let us fill this lesson 1 of module 3 with love. For sure, you will
enjoy this lesson because this is the part where we explore the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) must be within the area of concern as specified in RA
9163 and its implementing Rules and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
Memoranda and Thrusts of various colleges and universities.

So, what are we waiting for let‘s begin!

 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
PEDRO REBADULLA MEMORIAL CAMPUS - CATUBIG

LESSON 1

FIRST AID TO INJURED

Hooray to a new academic year! MODULE CONTENTS
The journey in this pandemic has been
tough yet you made it. New normal has
come, but the learning must continue. FIRST AID TO INJURED
This would be happy and exciting! As
we start digging through this course • What is First Aid
pack, we will focus on the topics • Guiding Principles and purpose
dedicated to the National Service of first aid.
• What are the symptoms and
Training Program (NSTP) must be signs of injuries.
within the area of concern as specified • First aid in the injured.
in RA 9163 and its implementing Rules • Types of Bleeding
• First Aid for Burn
and Regulations, CHED Issuances,
• First aid for shock
Memoranda and Thrusts of various
colleges and universities.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of lesson 1 you should be able to:

• Define first aid and discuss its relevance;

• Identify the situations where first aid is necessary;
• Discuss on how to apply appropriate first aid.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

LIMITATIONS

FIRST AID The nature of first aid means that most

people will only have a limited knowledge, and in
emergency situations, first aiders are advised to
First aid is the provision of immediate FIRST seek professional help. This is done by
care to a victim with an injury of illness, usually calling, or assigning an able bystander to call,
affected by a lay person, and performed within a an emergency number, which is 1-1-2 in Croatia
limited skill range. First aid is normally and all other member states of the European
performed until the injury or illness is Union.
satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of
small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until In emergency situations, it is important that the
the next level of care, such as an ambulance or responder seek help immediately, seeking
doctor, arrives. professional help by other means, if telephone
contact is unavailable. The risks of inadvertently
doing further injury to a victim, and/or the
responder sustaining injury themselves while
applying aid, can often outweigh the benefits of
applying immediate treatment.

IMPROVISATION

Many first aid situations take place

without a first aid kit readily to hand and it may
be the case that a first aider has to improvise
materials and equipment. As a general rule,
some help is better than no help, especially in
critical situations, so a key first aid skill is the
ability to adapt to the situation, and use
GUIDING PRINCIPLES available materials until more help arrives.

Some common improvisations include:

The key guiding principles and purpose
of first aid, is often given in the mnemonic "3 • Gloves- plastic bags, dish gloves,…
Ps".
• Gauze- clean clothing (but not paper
These three points govern all the actions products).
undertaken by a first aider.
• Splints- straight sections of wood, plastic,
• Prevent further injury cardboard or metal.

• Preserve life • Slings- the victim's shirt's bottom hem

pinned to the center of their chest will
• Promote recovery immobilize a forearm nicely.
 A B S T R A C T I O N – Thermal injury - injury caused by exposure to
excess heat and excess cold sufficient to cause
damage to the skin, and possibly deeper tissue.

– Electrical injury - injuries caused by exposure

FIRST AID IN THE INJURED to natural lightning or electricity in the home or
workplace, and injury produced by ionizing
WHAT IS TRAUMA? radiation.

The word ―trauma‖ is used to describe an What are the symptoms and signs of
injury to living tissue caused by an extrinsic injuries?
agent.
Injury symptoms and signs vary
An injury is defined as damage or harm depending on the parts of the body involved and
caused to the structure or function of the body the type and severity of the injury itself.
by an outside agent or force, which may be
physical, chemical, or even psychological. Table 1: The parts of the body, symptoms and
signs of injury
INCIDENCE OF INJURIES
BLEEDING
In developed countries, every year a FRACTURES
serious trauma experiences about 3% of the BRUISING
total population. Trauma affects significantly HEAD SWELLING
more males (more than 60%). Of the total TENDERNESS OR
number of injured 4% of them being PAIN
permanently disabled and 1.5% die. It is CEREBRAL SPINAL
important to note that death and disability due to FLUID (CSF) FORM
trauma affecting mostly young adult segment of EARS
the population, people age 1-45. The injuries are
a major source of health care costs. An annual BLEEDING
price of providing for injured gets to an amount FRACTURES
which is almost a double price of providing for BRUISING
cardiovascular and malignant diseases together. SWELLING
NECK DEFORMITY
TENDERNESS OR
WHAT CAUSE INJURIES AND HOW PAIN
THEY ARE DIVIDED BY CAUSE? NUMBNESS OR
TINGLING
Anything that can damage the body can SENSATION
cause an injury: blunt or sharp objects, impact at
high speed, falls, animal or insect bites, fire or BRUISING
extreme heat, and exposure to chemicals and SWELLING
toxins. GENTLY
TENDERNESS OR
According to the cause the injury can be divided SHOULDERS AND PAIN WHEN GENTLY
into: CHEST ‗SPRING‘ THE RIBS
UNEQUAL RISE OF
– Mechanical injury - injury to any portion of the THE CHEST WITH
body from a blow, crush, cut, or penetrating EACH BREATH
force (bullet).
 A B S T R A C T I O N Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can
begin additional treatments, as required.

FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS

3 KEY POINTS OF FIRST AID

A wound is any type of injury to the skin.

In general, wounds can be classified as closed
1. Preserve life: the overriding aim of all (where the skin stays intact) or open.
medical care, including first aid, is to save
lives and minimize the threat of death. Figure 1. Open and closed wound

2. Prevent further harm: also, sometimes

called prevent the condition from
worsening, or danger of further injury. This
covers both external factors, such as
moving a patient away from any cause of
harm, and applying first aid techniques to
prevent worsening of the condition, such
as applying pressure to stop a bleeding
which becomes serious.

3. Promote recovery: first aid also involves In open wounds, the skin is cracked
trying to start the recovery process from open, leaving the underlying tissue exposed to
the injury, and in some cases might involve the outside environment, which makes it more
completing a treatment, such as in the vulnerable to bleeding and infections.
case of applying a plaster to a small
wound. In closed wounds, the skin is intact and
the underlying tissue is not directly exposed to
the outside world. Even with the skin intact, the
damage can reach down to the underlying
KEY SKILLS OF FIRST AID
muscle, internal organs and bones. That is why
these kinds of wounds can be complicated by
severe bleeding, large bruises, nerve damage,
Certain skills are considered essential to
bone fractures and internal organ damage.
the provision of first aid to injured persons and
apply before all others if indicated. Particularly
Open wounds can be classified
the "ABC ―s of first aid, which focus on critical
according to the object that caused the wound.
lifesaving intervention, must be rendered before
The types of open wounds are:
treatment of less serious injuries.

ABC stands for

Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.

Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening

emergency. For these reasons, when we get to
the injured, care must first be brought to the his
or her airway (A) to ensure it is clear.
 • Contusions, more commonly known as
A B S T R A C T I O N bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that
damage tissue under the skin.

• Incisions or incised wounds, caused by a • Hematomas, also called a blood tumor,

clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, caused by damage to a blood vessel that in
razor, or glass splinter. turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

• Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds • Crush injury is an injury that occurs because
caused by some blunt trauma. of pressure from a heavy object onto a body
part or from squeezing of a body part
• Abrasions, superficial wounds in which the between two objects. Depending upon their
topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis) is severity, crush injuries can be complicated by
scraped off. Abrasions are often caused by bleeding, bruising, broken bones, open
a sliding fall onto a rough surface. wounds or so-called compartment syndrome.
Compartment syndrome usually results from
• Avulsions, injuries in which a body structure extreme swelling after an injury. The
is forcibly detached from its normal point of dangerously high pressure in the field of
insertion. injury impedes the flow of blood to the
affected tissues. Severe tissue damage can
• Puncture wounds, caused by an object result, with loss of body function or even
puncturing the skin, such as a splinter, nail death.
or needle.
AB C
• Penetrating wounds, caused by an object
such as a knife entering and coming out Figure 3. The types of closed wounds:
from the skin.
A. Contusion, B. Hematoma, C. Crush injury
• Gunshot wounds, caused by a bullet or
similar projectile driving into or through the The following measures need to be taken in
body. giving first aid to a victim of an open wound:
There may be two wounds, one at the
site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally
referred to as a "through-and-through."
AB CD EFG

Figure 2. The types of open wounds: A. incision,

B. laceration, C. abrasion, D. avulsion, E.
puncture wound, F. penetrating wound, G.
gunshot wound.

The types of closed wounds are:

1. Stop the bleeding

– Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on

their own.

– If they don't, apply gentle pressure with a clean

cloth or bandage. Hold the pressure continuously
for 20 to 30 minutes and if possible, elevate the
wound.
 A B S T R A C T I O N 1. Application of direct pressure, preferably with
ice wrapped in a cloth, for several. minutes,
in order to arrest the bleeding as well as to
2. Clean the wound reduce the swelling.
1. Elevation of the affected region will also
– Rinse out the wound with clear water. Soap can
support in reducing the pressure as well as
irritate the wound, so try to keep it out of the
the re-absorption process and it should be
actual wound.
practiced as and when appropriate.
– If dirt or debris remains in the wound after 2. Place ice pack on wound to slow down
washing, use tweezers cleaned with alcohol to bleeding and reduce the swelling.
remove the particles.
When to seek help from health professional:
– To clean the area around the wound, use soap
and a washcloth. • If the wound is in the head, chest or abdomen
(unless it is minor).
– There's no need to use hydrogen peroxide, • If there is blue, white or cold skin, numbness,
iodine or an iodine-containing cleanser tingling, loss of feeling, or the person is
. unable to move a limb below the wound.
3. Cover the wound
• If your tetanus shots are not up to date,
– If the bleeding slows, cover the wound with a especially if the object that caused the
clean dressing and bandage. puncture was dirty, such as a rusty nail or
farm implement.
– Dressings and bandages can help keep the
wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. • If a deep wound to the foot occurred through
a shoe.
A dressing is a sterile pad or compress
(usually made of gauze or cotton wrapped in • If an animal bite is severe and may need
gauze) used to cover wounds, to control bleeding stitches, or if it is on the hand or face.
and/or prevent further contamination. A dressing
should be large enough to totally cover the • If you are unable to remove an object from
wound, with a safety margin of about 2.5 cm on all the wound.
sides beyond the wound.
• If signs of infection develop – increased pain,
A bandage is used to secure a dressing in swelling, redness, tenderness – heat or red
place and to apply pressure to bleeding wounds. streaks extending from the wound –
The following measures need to be taken in giving discharge of pus – fever of 38 °C with no
first aid to a victim of a closed wound: other cause.

FIRST AID FOR BLEEDING

Bleeding is the loss of blood escaping from

the circulatory system. It arises due to traumatic
injury, underlying medical condition, or a
combination and can occur internally, where blood
leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or
externally, either through a natural opening such
as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus,
or through a break in the skin.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

External bleeding is generally described in terms

of the origin of the blood flow by vessel type. The
basic categories of external bleeding are:

• Blunt trauma - This kind of trauma happens

when a body part collides with something
• Arterial bleeding: As the name suggests, else, usually at high speed. Blood vessels
blood flow originating in an artery. With this inside the body are torn or crushed either by
type of bleeding, the blood is typically bright shear forces or a blunt object. Examples are
red to yellowish in color, due to the high car accidents, physical assaults, and most
degree of oxygenation. Blood typically exits falls.
the wound in spurts, rather than in a steady
flow. The amount of blood loss can be • Penetrating trauma - This happens when a
copious, and can occur very rapidly. foreign object penetrates the body, tearing a
hole in one or more blood vessels. Examples
• Venous bleeding: This blood is flowing from a are gunshot wounds, stabbings, or falling
damaged vein. As a result, it will be blackish onto a sharp object.
in color (due to the lack of oxygen being
transported) and will flow in a steady manner. Almost any organ or blood vessel can be
Caution is still indicated; while the blood loss damaged by trauma and cause internal bleeding.
may not be arterial, it can still be quite The most serious sources of internal bleeding due
substantial, and can occur with surprising to trauma are:
speed without intervention.
• Head trauma with internal bleeding
• Capillary bleeding: Capillary bleeding usually (intracranial hemorrhage).
occurs in superficial wounds, such as
abrasions. The color of the blood may vary • Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax).
somewhat (distal portion of circulation with
oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood • Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium
mixing), and will generally ooze in small and cardiac tamponade).
amounts, as opposed to flowing or spurting.
• Tears in the large blood vessels near the
Division of external bleeding in terms of the origin center of the body (aorta, superior and
of the blood flow by vessel type. inferior vena cava, and their major branches)

Internal Bleeding is one of the most serious • Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen
consequences of trauma. It may occur after any such as liver or spleen lacerations or
significant physical injury. There are two main perforation of other soft organs
types of trauma, and either may cause internal
bleeding:
 1. Wash your hands to avoid infection and put
A B S T R A C T I O N on gloves.

2. Lay on the injured person down and cover

Symptoms of bleeding are: the person to prevent loss of body heat.

• Blood coming from an open wound – If possible, position the person's head slightly
lower than the trunk or elevate the legs and
• Bruising elevate the site of bleeding (Figure 9.)

• Shock, which may cause any of the following 3. While wearing gloves, remove any obvious
symptoms: dirt or debris from the wound.

– Confusion or decreasing alertness – Don't remove any large or more deeply

– Clammy skin embedded objects.
– Dizziness or light-headedness after an injury
– Low blood pressure – Your principal concern is to stop the bleeding.
– Paleness (pallor)
– Rapid pulse, increased heart rate 4. Apply pressure directly on the wound until
– Shortness of breath the bleeding stops.
– Weakness
– Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and hold
If the injured has internal bleeding, the continuous pressure for at least 20 minutes
aforementioned symptoms are joined by the without looking to see if the bleeding has stopped
following symptoms: .
– Maintain pressure by binding the wound tight
• Abdominal pain and swelling adhesive tape.

• Chest pain – Use your hands if nothing else is available.

• External bleeding through a natural opening – If the bleeding continues and seeps through the
gauze or other material you are holding on the
– Blood in the stool (appears black, maroon, or wound, don't remove it. Instead, add more of it.
bright red)
5. Squeeze a main artery if necessary
– Blood in the urine (appears red, pink, or tea-
colored) – If the bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure,
apply pressure to the artery delivering blood to the
– Blood in the vomit (looks bright red, or brown area, pressure directly on the wound until the
like coffee-grounds) bleeding stops.

– Vaginal bleeding (heavier than usual or after Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and
menopause) hold continuous pressure for at least 20 minutes
without looking to see if the bleeding has stopped.
Any of these signs of internal bleeding after
a trauma should be treated as a medical Maintain pressure by binding the wound
emergency. The injured person needs to be tightly with a bandage or clean cloth and use your
evaluated in a hospital emergency room. hands if nothing else is available. If the bleeding
continues and seeps through the gauze or other
The following measures need to be taken material you are holding on the wound, don't
in giving first aid to a victim of a external bleeding: remove it. Instead, add more absorbent material
on top squeeze a main artery if necessary.
 A B S T R A C T I O N
The following measures need to be taken in giving
first aid to a victim of an internal bleeding:
If the bleeding doesn't stop with direct
pressure, apply pressure to the artery delivering 1. Call 112.
blood to the area.
2. If the victim has ABC complications, treat
Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and those first – CPR always has priority.
hold continuous pressure for at least 20 minutes
with a bandage or clean cloth and if the bleeding 3. Administer CPR if necessary.
continues and seeps through the gauze or other
material you are absorbent material on top if the 4. Treat for shock.
bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure, apply
pressure to the artery. 5. Assist the victim into the most comfortable
position.
– Squeeze the main artery in these areas against
the bone. Keep your fingers flat.
6. Check the victim‘s vital signs regularly (until
– With your other hand, continue to exert pressure the ambulance arrives).
on the wound itself.
First aid for bone and joint injuries
6. Immobilize the injured body part once the
bleeding has stopped. Injuries of bones and joints can be bone
fractures or dislocations and sprains of joints.
– Leave the bandages in place and get the injured
person to the emergency room as A fracture is the medical term for a broken
soon as possible. bone. There are many types of fractures, but the
main categories are open, and closed.
7. If continuous pressure hasn't stopped the
bleeding and bleeding is extremely severe, a NOTE:
tourniquet may be used until medical help
arrives or bleeding is controllable. • DO NOT apply a tourniquet to control
bleeding, except as a last resort. Doing so
– It should be applied to the limb between the may cause more harm than good.
bleeding site and the heart and
tightened so bleeding can be controlled by • A tourniquet should be used only in a life-
applying direct pressure over the threatening situation and should be applied
wound. by. An experienced person.
– To make a tourniquet, use bandages 5 -10 cm • A closed fracture is when the bone breaks but
(2 to 4 inches) wide and wrap them around the there is no puncture or open wound in the
limb several times. Tie a knot, leaving loose ends skin.
long enough to tie another knot. A stick should be
placed between the two knots. Twist the stick until • An open fracture is one in which the bone
the bandage is tight enough to stop the bleeding breaks through the skin. This is an important
and then secure it in place. difference from a closed fracture because
with an open fracture there is a risk of a deep
– Check the tourniquet every 10 to 15 minutes. If bone infection.
the bleeding becomes controllable, (manageable
by applying direct pressure), release the
tourniquet.
 A B S T R A C T I O N In an emergency, almost any firm object or
material can serve as a splint such as sticks,
boards, or even rolled up newspapers. If none can
be found, use a rolled blanket or clothing. An
injured body part can also be taped to an
Figure 15. Closed and open fracture
uninjured body part in order to prevent it from
moving. For example, you can tape an injured
The severity of a fracture depends upon its
finger to the finger next to it, or fractured leg to
location and the damage done to the bone and
uninjured leg to keep it immobile (self-splint or
tissue near it. Serious fractures can lead to
anatomic splint).
serious complications if not treated promptly.
Figure 17. Improvise materials and techniques
Possible complications include damage to
for splinting.
blood vessels or nerves and infection of the bone
(osteomyelitis) or surrounding tissue.

Fractures can be identified by symptoms

that can be represented by the acronym DOTS: D
for deformity, O for open wounds, T for
tenderness and S for swelling.

Figure 16. Symtoms of a broken arm

The following measures need to be taken in giving

first aid to a victim with bone injury:

1. Don't move the person except if necessary,

to avoid further injury. Take these actions
immediately while waiting for medical help.

2. Stop any bleeding.

– Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile Splint must be well padded on the sides
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece touching the body; if they are not properly padded,
of clothing. they will not fit well and will not adequately
immobilize the injured part.
3. Immobilize the injured area.
Before applying splint, open wounds must
– Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone be covered. We have to immobilize in position
that's sticking out back in. found.

– If you've been trained in how to splint and A basic rule of splinting is that the joint
professional help isn't readily available, apply a above and below the broken bone should be
splint to the area above and below the fracture immobilized to protect the fracture site. For
sites. example, if the lower leg is broken, the splint
should immobilize both the ankle and the knee.
-Splinting reduces pain, prevents further damage Splinting of the lover leg.
to muscles, nerves and blood vessels, prevents
closed fracture from becoming open fracture and Fasten splints in place with bandages,
reduces bleeding and swelling. strips of adhesive tape, clothing, or other suitable
materials.
 4. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help
A B S T R A C T I O N
relieve pain until emergency personnel
arrive.
– Use opposite arm to measure length of splint.
– Don't apply ice directly to the skin — wrap the
ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other
– If possible, one person should hold the splints in
material.
position while another person fastens them.
5. Treat for shock.
Figure 19.
– If the person feels faint or is breathing in short,
rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head
slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible,
elevate the legs.

Injuries of joints can be dislocations or

sprains of joints.

A dislocation is an injury in which the ends

of bones are forced from their normal positions.

The cause is usually trauma resulting from

a fall, an auto accident or a collision during
contact or high-speed sports.

Figure 22. Normal and dislocated shoulder.

Although splints should be applied snugly,

they should never be tight enough to interfere with
the circulation of the blood.

– When you are applying splints to an arm or a

leg, try to leave the fingers or toes exposed.

– If the tips of the fingers or toes become blue or

A dislocation is likely to bruise or tear the
cold, you will know that the splints or bandages
muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, tendons, and
are too tight.
nerves near a joint.
You should examine a splinted part
Rapid swelling and discoloration, loss of
approximately every half hour and loosen the
ability to use the joint, severe pain and muscle
fastenings if the circulation appears to be
spasms, possible numbness and loss of pulse
impaired. Remember that any injured part is likely
below the joint, and shock are characteristic
to swell, and splints or bandages that are
symptoms of dislocations.
otherwise applied correctly may later become too
tight.
 A B S T R A C T I O N

The fact that the injured part is usually stiff

and immobile, with marked deformation at the
joint, will help you distinguish a dislocation from a
fracture. In a fracture, there is deformity between
joints rather than at joints, and there is generally a
wobbly motion of the broken bone at the point of
fracture.

A sprain is a stretching or tearing of

ligaments — the tough bands of fibrous tissue that
connect one bone to another in your joints. The
most common location for a sprain is in ankle.

Any severe blow, fall, or other accident

may result in injury to the neck, back, or spinal
cord. Spinal cord injuries can cause long-term,
irreversible damage and death. Symptoms can be
loss of sensation, loss of motor functions
(paralysis), loss of bowel/bladder functions, loss of
Signs and symptoms will vary, depending involuntary functions like breathing, inability to
on the severity of the injury but pain and swelling control rate of heart beat, inability to sweat.
are the main symptoms. The following measures need to be taken in giving
first aid to a victim with suspected spinal cord
The following measures need to be taken in giving injury:
first aid to a victim with joint injury:
1. Seek medical assistance immediately. Call
1. For dislocations, splint and provide care as for EMS (112).
you would for fracture.
2. Until EMS arrives:
2. For sprains, use RICE procedure - R=rest,
I=Ice, S=compression and E=elevation. – DO NOT move victim unless absolutely
necessary to save victim's life.
3. In both cases seek medical care (Referral).
– DO NOT bend or twist victim's neck or body.
Examples of splinting: A - Forearm Careful handling is extremely important.
fracture, B - Upper arm fracture, C – Lower leg
fracture (board and anatomic splint), D - Upper leg – Maintain position in which victim was found and
fracture immobilize head, neck, shoulders, and torso - roll
up towels, blankets, jackets, or clothing, and place
First aid for back and neck injury (spinal cord around head, neck, shoulders, and torso.
injury)
 A B S T R A C T I O N Symptoms and sign of various types of
burns thermal injury caused by exposure to
excess heat. According to the depth of injury tree
– If the person is not breathing or showing signs (or four) types of burns: Burns that affect only the
of circulation, begin CPR but do superficial skin are known as superficial or first.
not lift the chin to open an airway. Instead, you When damage penetrates into some of the
should gently pull the jaw forward. underlying layers, it is a partial thickness or third-
degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the
– If victim must be moved to perform rescue skin. a fourth-degree burns when the injury
breathing, to clean mouth of vomit or in danger of affects.
further injury, enlist help at least one other person
to keep victim's head, torso, and legs in straight Figure 28. Three types of burns.
line as you turn victim.
Symptoms and sign of various types of
First aid for burns burns according to the depth of injury superficial
or first-degree burns. partial-thickness or, the
injury extends to all layers of the skin, affects
deeper tissues.

To distinguish a minor burn from a serious

burn, the first step is to determine the extent of
damage to body tissues. In order to determine the
need for referral to a specialized burn unit, the
American Burn Association devised a
classification system. Under this system, burns
can be classified as major, moderate and minor.
This is assessed based on a number of factors,
including total body surface area affected, the
involvement of specific anatomical zones, the age
of the person, and associated injuries. Minor
burns can typically be managed at home,
moderate burns are often managed in hospital,
and major burns are managed by a burn center!

Table 3. American Burn Association severity

classification

American Burn Association severity classification

Burns are thermal injury caused to the skin, we

distinguish tree or
1. Burns that affect only the superficial skin are
known as

2. When damage penetrates into some of the

un second-degree burn.

3. In a full-thickness or third

4. Sometimes we talk about such as muscle or

bone.
 A B S T R A C T I O N 3. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever.

– These include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or

MINOR, MODERATE, MAJOR acetaminophen.

– Use caution when giving aspirin to children or

teenagers.
Adult <10% TBSA Adult 10-20% TBSA Adult
>20% TBSA. – Talk to your doctor if you have concerns.

Young or old < 5% TBSA Young or old 5-10% For major burns, call 112 or emergency
TBSA Young or old >10% TBSA. medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives.

<2% full thickness burns 2-5% full thickness burn follow these steps:
>5% full thickness burn.
1. Don't remove burned clothing.
High voltage injury High voltage burn
– However, do make sure the victim is no longer
Possible inhalation injury Known inhalation injury. in contact with smoldering.

Circumferential burn Significant burn to face, – materials or exposed to smoke or heat.

joints hands or feet.
2. Don't immerse large severe burns in cold
Other health problems Associated injuries. water.

For minor burns, including first-degree – Doing so could cause a drop in body
burns and second-degree burns limited to an area temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration
no larger than 8 centimeters in diameter, take the of blood pressure and circulation (shock).
following action:
3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing,
1. Cool the burn. coughing or movement).

– Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) – If there is no breathing or other sign of
running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the circulation, begin CPR.
pain subsides.
4. Elevate the burned body part or parts.
– If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cool
water or cool it with cold compresses. –Raise above heart level, when possible.

– Don't put ice on the burn. 5. Cover the area of the burn.

2. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. – Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage, clean, moist
cloth or moist cloth towels.
– Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting
pressure on burned skin. First aid for cold related injuries Cold-
related injuries, such as hypothermia and
– Bandaging keeps air off the burn, reduces pain frostbite, occurs when low temperatures damage
and protects blistered skin. the body.
 A B S T R A C T I O N
1. Quickly transport the victim to an emergency
care facility.

DO NOT attempt to rewarm the affected

MINOR, MODERATE, MAJOR area on site (but do try to stop the area from
becoming any colder) - without the proper facilities
Frostbite is a common injury caused by tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and
exposure to extreme cold or by contact with cause more damage.DO NOT rub area or apply
extremely cold objects (especially those made of dry heat.
metal). It occurs when tissue temperature falls
below the freezing point (0°C/32°F), or when DO NOT allow the victim to drink alcohol or
blood flow is obstructed. smoke.

In mild cases, the symptoms include Hypothermia is condition in which body

inflammation of the skin in patches accompanied temperature falls below 33°C.
by slight pain. In severe cases, there could be
tissue damage without pain, or there could be People at greatest risk are those who are
burning or prickling sensations resulting in blisters. lying immobile in a cold environment, such as
Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk people who have had a stroke or a seizure or who
because these areas do not have major muscles are unconscious due to intoxication, those with a
to produce heat. low blood sugar level, or those with an injury.
Because they are not moving, these people
Figure 29. Frostbite generate less heat and also are unable to leave
the cold environment.

The very young and the very old are at particular

risk.

FIRST AID FOR FROSTIBLE

Table 4. Symptoms and signs of hypothermia
INCLUDES depend on body temperature Stage Core
1. If possible, move the victim to a warm area. Temperature Signs and Symptoms:

2. Gently loosen or remove constricting clothing Mild Hypothermia

or jewelry that may restrict circulation. 37.2-36.1ºC
(99 - 97ºF)
3. Loosely cover the affected area with a sterile
dressing. Place some gauze between fingers Normal, shivering may begin.
and toes to absorb moisture and prevent 36.1-35ºC
them from sticking together. (97 - 95ºF)
 Table 4. Symptoms and signs of hypothermia
A B S T R A C T I O N depend on body temperature Stage Core
Temperature Signs and Symptoms:

Cold sensation, goose bumps, unable to Mild Hypothermia

perform complex tasks with hands, shivering can 37.2-36.1ºC
be mild to severe, hands numb. (99 - 97ºF)

Moderate Normal, shivering may begin.

36.1-35ºC
Hypothermia (97 - 95ºF)
35-33.9ºC
(95 - 93ºF) 25.6-23.9ºC
(78 - 75ºF)
Shivering, intense, muscles incoordination
becomes apparent, movements slow and labored, Pulmonary edema, cardiac and respiratory failure,
stumbling pace, mild confusion, may appear alert. death.
Use sobriety test, if unable to walk a 9 meter (30
foot) straight line, the person is hypothermic. Death may occur before this temperature is
reached.
33.9-32.2ºC
(93 - 90ºF) First aid for hypothermia includes the following
steps:
Violent shivering persists, difficulty
speaking, sluggish thinking, amnesia starts to 1. Seek medical help immediately. Hypothermia
appear, gross muscle movements sluggish, is a medical emergency.
unable to use hands, stumbles frequently, difficulty
speaking, signs of depression, withdrawn. 2. Ensure that wet clothing is removed.

Severe Hypothermia 3. Place the victim between blankets (or towels,

32.2-30ºC newspaper, etc.) so the body temperature
(90 - 86ºF) can rise gradually. Body-to-body contact can
help warm the victim's temperature slowly.
Shivering stops, exposed skin blue of puffy,
muscle coordination very poor, inability to walk, Be sure to cover the person's head.
confusion, incoherent/irrational behavior, but may
be able to maintain posture and appearance of 4. Give warm, sweet (caffeine-free,
awareness. nonalcoholic) drinks unless the victim is
rapidly losing consciousness, unconscious,
30-27.8ºC or convulsing.
(86 - 82ºF)
5. Quickly transport the victim to an emergency
Muscle rigidity, semiconscious, stupor, loss of medical facility.
awareness of others, pulse and respiration rate
decrease, possible heart fibrillation. 6. Do not attempt to rewarm the victim on a site
(e.g., do not use hot water bottles or electric
27.8-25.6ºC blankets).
(82 - 78ºF)
7. Perform CPR (cardiopulmonary
Unconscious, a heartbeat and respiration erratic, resuscitation) if the victim stops breathing.
a pulse may not be obvious. Continue to provide CPR until medical aid is
available.
 A B S T R A C T I O N – Excessive thirst

– Person may seem confused

First aid for shocked
– Look tired and fatigue
Shock may result from trauma, blood loss,
an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning, If you suspect shock, even if the person seems
severe burns or other causes. normal after an injury:

Figure 30. Three basic mechanism of shock. 1. Call 112 or your local emergency number.

2. Have the person lie down on his or her back

with feet higher than the head. If raising the
legs will cause pain or further injury, keep
him or her flat.

3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing,

coughing or movement) and if absent, begin
CPR.

4. Keep the person warm and comfortable by

loosening any belts or tight clothing and
covering the person with a blanket. Even if
the person complains of thirst, give nothing
by mouth.

5. Turn the person on his or her side to prevent

When a person is in shock, his or her
choking if the person vomits or bleeds from
organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen. If
the mouth.
untreated, this can lead to permanent organ
damage or death. Shock can be a life-threatening
6. Seek treatment for injuries, such as bleeding
problem. The best way to protect people from the
or broken bones.
serious damages that shock can have on the
system is to recognize the symptoms before the
person gets into serious trouble.

In most cases, only a few of the symptoms

will be present, and many do not appear for some
time. Common symptoms are:

– Pale, cold, clammy and moist skin

– Vacant or dull eyes, dilated pupils

– Anxiety, restlessness, and fainting

– Weak, rapid, or absent pulse

– Nausea and vomiting

– Shallow, rapid, and irregular breathing

 A C T I V I T Y
1
ESSAY

Note: Please write at least 85 words per question in a long

bond paper.

1. What are the four steps in first aid?

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2. What are the basic techniques in first aid?

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3. Why is first aid important in school?

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 A C T I V I T Y
2
CREATE A
VIDEO

Create a video containing at least one first aid response from the
lesson given.