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Fat Notes

Fat has multiple functions in the body including energy storage, structural components, and carrying fat-soluble vitamins. It is stored efficiently in adipose and muscle tissue. During exercise, fat is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol which are transported to cells for energy or converted to glucose. Training increases the body's ability to use fat as a fuel through enhancing fat breakdown and transport pathways. Diet can also influence the relative contribution of fat versus carbohydrates as an exercise fuel source.

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32 views3 pages

Fat Notes

Fat has multiple functions in the body including energy storage, structural components, and carrying fat-soluble vitamins. It is stored efficiently in adipose and muscle tissue. During exercise, fat is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol which are transported to cells for energy or converted to glucose. Training increases the body's ability to use fat as a fuel through enhancing fat breakdown and transport pathways. Diet can also influence the relative contribution of fat versus carbohydrates as an exercise fuel source.

Uploaded by

drew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fat Notes

Fat has multiple functions:


● Energy
● Structural components of membrane
● EFA’s
● Fat soluble vitamins
● Satiety
Fat Storage
● Storage is dynamic
● New fat cells are made once cells reach a “finite” size
● Conversion of dietary fat to stored is relatively energy efficient ~3%
● Exercise training increases LPL making storage of fat very rapid, especially in muscle
Fat Storage Locations
● Adipose Tissue
○ ~85% fat. This allows for ~8 kcal energy to be stored/ g tissue
○ 1 lb of adipose tissue= 448 g fat x 8 kcal/g= 3584 kcal/ lb of body fat
○ Muscle fat storage ~300g (7-40 mol/kg) or 2400 kcal
● Muscle Tissue
○ 70-75% water
○ 1 lb muscle contains ~454g muscle tissue or ~ 113.5~ 126.3 g protein

Fat Metabolism During Exercise


● At rest 90-95% of fat is esterified within
lipoprotein or in cell to either
○ Triglycerides (TG)
○ Phospholipids (PL)
○ Cholesterol Esters (CE)
● First step in fat mobilization is to
release fatty acids (FA) from TG
● Activity, stress, or fasting and starvation
increase FFAs in the blood
● Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is
activated and TGs breakdown
○ 3 FFA + 1 glycerol
● FFA + albumin -> transported to cells
for energy
● Glycerol to liver for gluconeogenesis

Intramuscular TG
● Fat is stored in lipid droplets adjacent to the mitochondria
● Muscles contain HSL activated by SNS and EP and inhibited by insulin
● FFA released by muscle TG can be oxidized in the muscle or released into the blood
● Exercise training increases the use of muscle TG as an energy source during exercise.
Limitations to Fat Oxidation
● All of these steps are also limitations
○ Lipolysis
○ Removal of FAs from fat cells
○ Transport of fat by blood
○ Transport of FAs into the muscle cell
○ Transport of FAs into the mitochondria
○ Oxidation of FAs in the beta oxidation pathway and TCA cycle
Enhancement of Fat Oxidation
● What factors regulate the amount of fat we burn during exercise?
● How can we increase fat oxidation
○ For improved exercise performance
○ For reduction of body fat
Fat as a Fuel Source for Exercise
● CHO and fat are oxidized simultaneously. The relative contribution of fat and CHO to
energy expenditure depends on:
○ Exercise intensity and duration
○ Level of exercise
○ Sex
○ Typical diet and level of fat/CHO
○ Diet before/during exercise
Enhancement of Fat Oxidation Training
● Increased mitochondrial density
● Increase in number of oxidative enzymes
● Increased capillary density
● Increased FABP concentrations
● Increased CPT concentration
● Exercise training:
○ Increase mitochondria content & # of enzymes
■ Enzymes for CAC, b oxidation and ETC
○ Increase LPL, lipase, fatty acid acyl-CoA synthase and reduction carnitine,
carnitine transfer
○ Increase muscle TG storage and oxidation
○ Increase FFA uptake by the muscle
○ Alteration in the mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue
○ Increase O2 delivery to the muscle for fat oxidation
Enhancement of Fat Oxidation Diet
● Most people have 2 hours worth of glycogen they can use when competing. Once
glycogen stores are depleted, or severely reduced, fatigue and discomfort sets in and
pace must slow down
● High fat diets/fat infusion
○ Hypothesized that high fat diets would increase the availability of fat oxidation
and the ability to burn fat during exercise, thus less reliant on CHO
Ketones

Acetone
● Levels of acetone are much lower than those of the other two types of ketone bodies
● Produced in small quantities; high volatile. Hence it is not used by the body
● Cannot be coveted back to acetyl-CoA, excreted in the urine and exhaled
● The exhalation of acetone is responsible
for the characteristic “fruity”odor of the
breath of persons in ketonic states

Ketone Levels
● Normal KB in plasma: 9.2mmol/L
● Starvation: 3-5 mmol/L
● Diabetic ketoacidosis: >12mmol/L
● KB of >12mmol/L, saturates all oxidative
pathways
● Normal KB in urine <1mg/day

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