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Group Theory 11

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23 views16 pages

Group Theory 11

Uploaded by

Nadeem Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture#11 Group theory i: [> Centre of a group Some important results about Center |> Examples of center |> Order of center }> Conjugate elements > Conjugacy class > Results on Conjugacy classes Center of a Group The set of those elements of a group G which commute with every element of G is called center of G and is denoted by Z(G). Z(G) = {a € G:ag = ga for all g € G} We can say that the centralizer of the whole group G is the center of G. Note: > As ex=xe for all x € G thus always e € Z(G) , which shows that center is Always non empty i.e. Z(G) # 0. >The notation Z(G) comes from the fact that the German word for center is zentrum. Z(G) is abelian part of G. Some important results about Center Theorem1: If G is an abelian group then Z(G)=G. Theorem2: The Center Z(G) of a group G is a subgroup of G. Theorem3: Let G be a group then Z(G) = Naeg Cg (a). Theorem4: Let HG then Z(G) S Ng(H). TheoremS: Cg (Z(G)) = Gand Ng(Z(G)) = G. Theorem6: Let A and B are subsets of a group G such that A CB then Cg (B) < Cg (A) Theorem7: Let H be a subgroup of order 2 in G. Then Ng(H) = Cg (H). Examples of center () ifnisodd Y)20,) = f. at if nis even ie. Z(D3) = {1} and Z(D,) = {1,a?} 2)Z(Qg) = {-1,1} 3) Z(S,) = {1}; for n= 3. 4) Z(Sp) = Sp forn = 1,2 5) Z(Ay) = Ay = (1) 6) Z(42) = Sp 7) Z(A3) = Az 8) Z(A,) = {1}; for n> 4 9) Z(GLy(R)) = set of all scalar matrices of order n-by-n. forn> 3. Order of center 1) Let Gis non abelian group of order p? then |Z(G)|=p. Or (Z(G)= Cp) Example: |Qg|=8= 2° so 1Z(Qs)I= 2. 2) [2(GLy(Fq)) |= 9-2; 01 3) [2(SLa(Fq)) I= ged(n.q-t), n>1 sf nis odd sif nis even 4) 12SLy(R)NI= 5 5) Iffism-cycle in Sy then |Cs,,(f)|=m(n-m)! Example: Find |Cs, ((12))|- Solution: |Cs,((12)) |= 2(4-2)!=4 Exercises Q; ----—~ is the set of all those elements of a group G which commutes with all other elements of G. (PPSc 2011) a)Commutative subgroup _b)eenter of group _—c) Automorphism _—_d) None of these Q: Center of the group of Quaternian Qg is of order (PPsc 2011) a)i b)2 Qs d)4 Solution: 2(Qx )={1, -1} Q: Let G= then Z(G): (ppsc2015) a) fe} b) {ea} c)fe, a, a2, a3} dG (} — ifnisodd : Solution: ) Z(Dp) = { : @} ifniseven "0M. Asm=4so.center= {1,a3}= {e,a2} Conjugate Element Two elements a, b € G are said to be conjugate if and only if there exists an element g € G Such that b = gag™?. bab=a"bb = a? so, a and a*are conjugate inD3. i so, i andi are conjugate in Qe. Example: i) bab~ ii) kike“*= ki(-k)=j( Theorem1: conjugate elements in a group are of same order. i.e. If b= gag~! then |a Theorem2: If two elements a and b are conjugate so does their powers. i.e. ifb = gag~* then bk = gakg-? Theorem3: The relation of conjugacy between elements of a group G is an equivalence relation. i.e. Reflexive: a is conjugate to itself ie.eae"! = a Symmetric: if a is conjugate to b then b is conjugate to a. Transitive: if a is conjugate to b and b is conjugate to c then a is conjugate toc. Conjugacy Class Ina group G, the relation of conjugacy between elements of G partitions G into Equivalence classes. Each equivalence class consists of elements which are conjugate To one another , these are known as conjugacy classes. > A conjugacy class consisting of elements conjugate to an element a of G will be denoted by cl(a) or Ca. So, C,={x€G:x=gag”+, for g € G} Note: If G is abelian then Cq={a} i.e. InCy = {1,-1, 4 5G, = (1},C4 =(-1, 6 = (0,04 = (-3 Examples: Q: Find conjugacy classes of all elements of S3. Bea S3 = {0,2,4?,b,ab,a°b} t we write Cayley table of S; which we have discussed in chapter 4. This table will be very useful in performing operations among the elements of Ss. ab | ab | lw lo + is Jo |] Bll Sao Jo |B feo > So fo fafa Ble (%e /afe lo J ao |> S48 || ole Examples: To find C(e), we have to find those elements of S, which are Conjugate of e. For this we check all the elements of S, turn by turn as follows: © a-eatsaa'=e (a*)-- (a?) =(a”)-(a#)4 =e b-e-b"=b-b"=6 ab-e-(ab)" =ab-(ab)" =e (a?b)-0-(a2b)" = (a*b)- (ab) This shows that only e is conjugate of e, so C(e) = {e}. Examples: To find C(a), we have to find those elements of S, which are conjugate of a. For this we check all the elements of S, turn by turn. o-a-e" aaat=ae=a (a?)-a-(a?)" =a? -acaza b-a-b" =ba-b=a*b-b=a? ab-a-(ab)" =ab-a-ab =b-ab =a? (a*b)-a-(a2b)" = a*b- a-a*b = ab-a*b =a? This shows that only a and a? are conjugate of a, so (a) = {2,27} Examples: (lil) To find C(a?), we have’ to find those elements of S, which are conjugate of a?. For this we check all the elements of S; turn by turn, (a?).a? (a2) =a? -a? -a=a? b-a?-b4 =ba?-b=ab-b=a ab-a? -(ab)"' =ab-a? -ab=a*b-ab=a (a?b)-a? -(a*b)" =a*b-a? -a?b=b-a’b=a This shows that only a and a? are conjugate of a”, so Cla?) = {a,a7} , Examples: (iv) To find C(b), we have to find those elements of S, which are conjugate of b. For this we check all the elements of S, turn by tum. e-bet=b a-b-a =ab-a* =a’b (a?)-b-(a?)" =a? -b-a=a*ba=ab b-b- =b ab-b-(ab)" = ab-b-ab=a-ab=a*b (ab): b-(a2b)" = a2b-b-a%b =a? -a%b = ab This shows that only b, ab and ab are conjugate of b, so C(b) = {b,ab,a"b} Examples: To find C(ab), we have’ to find those elements of S; which are Conjugate of ab. For this we check all the elements of Ss tum by tum, @-ab-e =ab a-ab-a =a*b.a?=b (a?)-ab-(a?)" =a? -ab-a=ba=a"b b-ab-b" =bae=a"b ab-ab.(ab)" = ab-ab-ab =e-ab = ab (ab)-ab-(a2b)" = a?b-ab-a*b=a-a"b=b This shows that only b, ab and a%b are conjugate of ab, so (ab) = {b,ab,a*b} - Examples: For this we check all the elements of S, turn by turn. e-a*b-e =a"b a-a’b-a" =b-a? =ab (a?)-a*b-(a?)" =a? -ab-a=ba=ab b-a’b-b" =ba’.e=ab ab-a*b-(ab)"' = ab-a®b-ab=a?-ab=b (a?b)-a?b-(a?b)"' =a2b-a2b-ab =6-a2b = ab This shows that only h, ab and a’b are. conjugate of ab, so C(ab) = {b,ab,a?b} Some important results on Conjugacy Classes Theorem1: In an abelian group number of conjugacy classes is equal to order of group. Theorem2: C,=(a} if and only if a€ Z(G). Example: In D4={ 1, a, a2, a3, b, ab, a*b, a°b}, 2(G)=(1, a*} a? € Z(G) so C,2=(a?} Theorem he number of elements in a conjugacy class C, of an element a in a group G is equal to 1Ca|=[6:Ne(a)} The index of its Normalizer in G. Theorem4: |Ca| | |G]

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