TOPICS on CDI 1, Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

with Investigation

TOPIC 1:
Nature and Concept of Criminal Investigation
(Duration: 2 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 

● Define the key terms in relation to criminal investigation; 
● Distinguish criminal investigation as an art, a science and a process. 

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

A. Etymology of Investigation 
1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some
books) which means “to track or to look into for traces”.  
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM, another
Latin word which means footprint. (MS Encarta Reference Library,
2009) 
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigat, which
means “to inquire or to discover” during the 5th century (Microsoft®
Encarta® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation). 

B. Definition of Terms  
1. Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed
examination or inquiry usually in official manner, to discover
something or somebody. 
2. Criminal Investigation is a logical process of collection and analysis
of facts about persons, things and places relative to a crime. It
includes: 
a. Identification of the guilty party 
b. The location of the whereabouts of the guilty party, and  
c. Providing admissible evidence to establish the guilt of the parties
involved in the crime.  
3. Criminal investigation is an undertaking that seeks, collects, and
gathers evidence of a crime for a case or specific purpose
(http://www.pinow.com/investigations/criminal-invesrigations)  

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C. Criminal Investigation as; 
1. an art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.  
2. a science because it involves the application of knowledge of
forensic sciences.
  3. a process because it involves systematic procedure.

REFERENCES:

PINOW (2020). Criminal Investigation: Retrieved online on June 3, 2020

at http://www.plnow.com/investigations/criminal-invesrigations)   
BERMAS, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the
Philippines:  fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book
Store   
SORIANO, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles
and procedures. QC: Great Books Publication   
TRADIO, C.M. (2003). Handbook of Criminal Investigation with Criminal
Evidence.  Manila: Central Professional Books. 

TOPIC 2:
History of Criminal Investigation and Relevant Laws
(Duration: 2 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: 
1. Trace the history of criminal investigation; and 
2. State the relevant laws applicable in criminal investigation; and 
3. Identify the proponents or significant personalities in criminal
investigation.

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

● Timeline and Personalities in Criminal Investigation (Please refer to the
Lecture  Notes on the History of Criminal Investigation) 
● Relevant Laws/Applicable Provisions in Criminal Investigation (Please refer
to the Lecture Notes on the Legal Bases of Criminal Investigation) 

REFERENCES
Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the
Philippines:  fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store   
Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles
and procedures. QC: Great Books Publication   
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal
evidence.  Manila: Central Professional Books. 

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TOPIC 3
The Criminal Investigator
(Duration: 3 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: 
1. State the functions of a criminal investigator 
2. Describe the different qualities of a criminal investigator; 

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR 

● Criminal investigator is the superstar in the process of investigation. He
must be capable of observation and a rational thinker. Many times, a police
investigator is being tested with his discretion.

Roles of Investigator 
1. Determine whether a crime has been committed 
2. Identify the victim/s and the offender 
3. Locate and apprehend the accused 
4. Present evidence of guilt for the suspect/s 
5. Assist in case follow-up 

Qualities of a Criminal Investigator 

1. Perseverance - bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles. 
2. Endurance is the ability to last physically and mentally. 
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity.  
4. The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon.
Investigator could easily decipher falsehood from truth and separate the
gain from the chaff. 
5. Acting Ability is the ability to go down to the level of different types of
individuals. 
6. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication  
7. The Keen Power of Observation and Description 
8. Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be
hurt. 
9. Working Knowledge of laws 
10. The power to “read between the lines.” This is the ability of the
investigator to interpret the words or phrases encountered in the process of
investigation. 
11. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency 

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Desirable Traits of the Investigator 
1. Superior Reasoning Ability is the ability to analyze logically a multitude of
facts and determine how they interrelate is basic to the investigative
process. 
Elements from the foundation of the critical thinking process: 
a. Differentiating between fact and opinion. 
b. Determining cause-and-effect relationships 
c. Determining the accuracy and completeness of information presented. 
d. Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty reasoning. 
e. Developing inferential skills through deductive or inductive reasoning 

2. Imagination and Curiosity 

a. Imagination means forming mental images of what is not present.  
b. Curiosity is the desire to learn by being inquisitive. 

3. Intuition 
● This is the immediate apprehension or cognition – quick and ready insight
without the conscious use of reasoning.  

4. Observational Ability 
● Under most circumstances, the investigator will use the sense of seeing
and hearing, the former being the more significant.  

5. Organizational Ability 
● The police investigator is continually processing various types of
information.  

6. Legal Knowledge 
● Today’s investigator must possess a solid grounding in criminal and to a
lesser degree, in civil law.  

7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide Range of Interest 

● An awareness and understanding of cultures different from the
investigator’s own can be of great advantage.  

8. Persistence 
● Continuing in the face of opposition, or refusing to give up when faced
with an adverse situation.  

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REFERENCES

Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the

Philippines:  fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store 
 
Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles
and  procedures. QC: Great Books Publication 

Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal

evidence.  Manila: Central Professional Books. 

TOPIC 4
Criminal Investigation: Phases, Kinds, Goals, Forms and Categories
(Duration: 3 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 
1. Identify the different phases, kinds, forms and categories of criminal
investigation; 
2. State the importance of the six (6) cardinal points of criminal
investigation. 

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION   

A. Goals of Criminal Investigation 

Generally, the goals of criminal investigation are the following: 
1. To determine whether a crime has been committed; 
2. To legally obtain information or evidence; 
3. To identify persons involved in the crime; 
4. To arrest suspects; 
5. To recover stolen properties; 
6. To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.   

B. Kinds of Criminal Investigation 

Generally speaking, there are only two kinds of criminal investigation: 
1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and 
2. Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the suspect is
not under arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive from justice.   

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C. The Four Phases of Criminal Investigation 
1. The identification of criminal. 
2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested. 
3. The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered.  
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in court. 
 
D. Components of Criminal Investigation 

1. PATTERN
Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicates
that the same person is committing a series of crimes. 

2. LEADS
These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an
investigation.  

3. TIPS
Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of
an investigation. 

4. THEORIES
Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and other
information developed and uncover in the case.    

E. Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation 

1. Training
Being a critical factor in developing good and competent   investigator, is the
key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.  
2. Tools
To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use
these tools-information, interview, interrogation, and instrumentation. 
3. Technique
Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.   

F. Importance of Criminal Investigation 

1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and
provided with solutions.  
2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and
identifying criminal and provides clues or information in promoting social
justice. 
3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties. 
 

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G. Forms of Investigation 

1. Formal Investigation 
● It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort
to uncover facts and determine the truth. 
● It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal
activity. 
2. Inquest 
● It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the
commission of a crime. 
3. Inquisition 
● A more historical description than a current usage to describe any
penetrating investigation concerning a religious issue. 
4. Probe 
● Similar to formal investigation, this is an extensive, searching inquiry
conducted by a government agency. 
5. Research 
● It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient
investigation done by scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify original
sources of data or causes of problem. 
6. Investigative Reporting 
● Relatively speaking, this is a recent type of investigation pursued by the
members of the press on their own initiative. It is designed to satisfy two
purposes. 
✔ To attract readers/viewers 
✔ To get to the roots of the problem 

H. Categories of Criminal Investigation according to John Dempsey 

1. Criminal Investigation vs. Non-Criminal Investigation 

● Criminal Investigation - carried out by the police. 
● Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on non-criminal incidents or events.

2. Reactive Investigation vs. Proactive Investigation 

Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.   
Categories of Reactive Investigation 
a. Walk-through 
● Suspect is easily determined and located. 
b. Where-are-they 
● Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.  
c. Whodunit 
● This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.    

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Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act
of committing a crime. 
 
a. Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch criminals
in flagrante delicto. 
b. Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment. 
● Buy-bust operation  
● Entrapment    
3. Overt Investigation vs. Covert Investigation 
a. Overt Investigation - openly. 
b. Covert Investigation - in secret. 
I. Basic Steps in Crime Scene Investigation 

1. Recognition- involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical

things that may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case
being investigated. 
2. Collection- refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or
physical things that are significant to the case under investigation.  
3. Preservation- includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true
and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive
value.  
4. Evaluation- the process of determining the probative value of the
evidence. 
5. Presentation- it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the
courtroom.   

J. STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 

1. State the problem  

2. Form hypotheses 
3. Observe and experiment 
4. Interpret data  
5. Draw conclusions 

K. THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION 

1. WHO QUESTIONS:
These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims or offended
party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the
crime. 

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2. WHAT QUESTIONS:
The purpose of these types of questions is to find out what happened or
what took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the
offense. 

3. WHERE QUESTIONS:
These are questions that localize the place of the incident- the city or town,
the district or barangay, the street or road, the number of the house or
building. Where questions are necessary in specifically pinpointing the
particular location of the crime scene.
 
4. WHEN QUESTIONS:
These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day, month and
year when the crime was committed. When questions should be specified
and as accurate as possible. 

5. WHY QUESTIONS:
These are questions that endeavour to ascertain the motives, causes,
antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that
might help explain the commission of the offense. 

6. HOW QUESTIONS:
These are designed to help the investigator determine how the crime was
committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime was discovered, and
the culprit enters the building/room.   

L. The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation 

The golden rule states “Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at
the crime scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or 
photographed .”  The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation,
alteration and contamination (MAC) of the physical pieces of evidence found
at the crime scene. 

REFERENCES

Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the

Philippines:  fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store   

Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigations. Belmont, CA:

Warsdworth /Thomson  Learning   

Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles

and  procedures. QC: Great Books Publication   
9
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal
evidence.  Manila: Central Professional Books.

TOPIC 5
Tools of Criminal Investigation: INFORMATION
(Duration: 2 meetings, 7 hours)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 
1. Explain the relevance information as a tool in criminal investigation; 
2. Demonstrate the different approaches or techniques used in gathering
information; 

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

INFORMATION 
It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired
from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the
commission of the crime or criminal activities.    

A. CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO ITS SOURCES 

1. Regular Sources  
2. Cultivated Sources  
3. Grapevines sources    

B. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION 

1. ELICITATION  
● Obtain information through the process of direct communication. 
● One or more of the parties to the communication is/are unaware of the
specific purpose of the conversation.   

● Phases: 
a. Determination of the mission. 
b. Selection of the subject. 
c. Accomplishment of the mission. 
 
● Devices in the conduct of elicitation   
a. Approach is the process of setting people to start talking. 
 

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Types: 

i. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise.   

Variants:   
● Teacher-pupil approach – subject is treated as an authority.  
● Kindred Soul approach – subject is placed in a pedestal having some
specialized quality  
● Good Samaritan approach – sincere and valid offers of help and
assistance are made to the subject. 
● Partial disagreement approach – produce talking by the word “I’m sure”
if I fully agree.   

ii. Provocative approach – utilization of conversational gambits.   

Variants:   

● Teaser Bait Approach – elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge

about a particular subject. 
● Manhattan from Missouri Approach – elicitor adapts an unbelievable
attitude above anything.  
● Joe Blow Approach – it is “I know the answer to everything” approach.  
● National Pride Approach – defend their country and its policies. 
 
b. Probe is the process to keep the person or subject talking
incessantly.   
Types:   
i. Competition Probe – used in connection with the teacher-pupil
approach. 
ii. Clarity probe – used to elicit information in an area which the response
is not clear. 
iii. High Pressure probe – it serves to pin down a subject in a specific area  
iv. Hypothetical probe – it presents hypothetical situation    

2. CASING 
● It literally means putting a thing or place in a case   

● Methods:   
a. Personal reconnaissance  
b. Map reconnaissance  
c. Research  
d. Prior information  
e. Hearsay    

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● Information desired in Casing 
a. Area condition and habit 
b. Active opposition 
c. Disposal plan – in case of possible compromise 
d. Escape and evasion   

3. SURVEILLANCE 
● consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical
observation 
  
● Definitions of Terms 
a. Pre-surveillance Conference, it’s a conference held before a surveillance is
conducted. 
b. Stake- out is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point. 
c. Tailing or Shadowing is the observation of a person’s movement. 
d. Undercover man is a person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities  
e. Liaison Programis the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies in order to obtain information  
f. Safe house is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where
police undercover men meet his action agent. 
g. Drop is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents can
leave notes, small package or envelope. 
h. Convoyis an accomplice or associate of the subject. 
i. Decoy any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude
surveillance. 
j. Contact refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with while
he is under surveillance. 
k. Made occurs the operation was compromised.  
l. Lost happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their
subject. 
m. Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing. 
n. Test for tailing is the common trick of the subject when he becomes
conscious that he is being tailed. 
 
● Types of Surveillance 
 
a. According to Intensity and Sensitivity 
● Discreet  
● Close  
● Loose    

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b. According to Methods 
● Stationary  
● Moving  
● Technical  

● Shadowing, Tailing or Roping 

 Shadowing or tailing - act of the surveillant of following his subject to
detect criminal activities. 
 Roping - surveillant assumes different roles and identity in order to
obtain information.   

● Procedures in Fixed Surveillance 

a. Using a room in a nearby house or building  
b. The use of listening devices and to record them. 
c. Other surveillant may remain outdoor   

● Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance 

a. Binocular or telescopes 
b. Movie Cameras with telephoto lens 
c. Wire tapping device with tape recording apparatus. 
d. Other listening devices 
e. In case there is difficulty in wiretapping device, an expert in lip reading
must be employed.   

● The Methods of Foot Surveillance 

a. One Man Shadow  
b. Two-Man Shadow 
c. Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow    

4. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTIONS 

● Observation is the complete and accurate awareness by an individual of
his surroundings.  
● Description is the factual reporting of what is observed.    
● Psychological Processes for Accurate Observation 
a. Attention  
b. Perception  
c. Reporting    

● Types of Attention 
a. Involuntary  
b. Voluntary  
c. Habitual    

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● Factors Governing Report 
a. Vocabulary  
b. Time log  
c. Recurrence of similar incidents   

5. CLANDESTINE OPERATION – COVERT/DISCREET 

● A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other  friendly
forces. 

Basic Organizational Elements 

a. Sponsor  
b. Target or rabbit 
c. Agent or asset   

Classification of Clandestine Agent 

a. Principal Agent 
b. Action Agent 
● Spy is the primary and the most important human collector 
● Propagandist mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an  individual
group  
● Saboteur undertake positive actions against unfriendly power  resulting in
the loss of an article, material or facility. 
● Guerilla is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass the  enemy. 
● Strongman is an agent available to provide special protection. 
● Provocateur induces an opponent to act to his own detriment. 
● Cover Action - exert influence from foreign government upon  discretion of
the sponsor.   
c. Support Agent    

6. COVER AND UNDERCOVER 

a. Cover – any device utilized conceals the true nature of its acts  and/or
existence from the observer.   
Essential Types of Cover 
● Natural cover  
● Artificial  
● Cover within a cover  
● Multiple cover    

Hazards to Cover 
● Static or document opposition (ordinary citizen) 
● Unhostile active opposition (police, security agencies) 
● Hostile active opposition (enemy intelligence operatives)   

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b. Cover Story – a biographical data which will portray the personality  of
the agent he assumed.    
c. Cover Support –assigned in target areas with the primary mission of 
supporting the cover story.   
d. Organizational Cover – any account consisting of biographical data  which
when adopted by an individual will assume the personality he  wants to
adopt.   

7. UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT 
● An investigation technique in which an agent conceals his official  identity
to obtain information.    

Uses of Undercover 
● Used independently to get first-hand information about the  subject of
investigation. 
● Supplement other investigative techniques like:   
Types of Undercover Assignment 
● Dwelling 
● Work 
● Social 
● Jurisdictional Assignment 
● Combination assignment 
● Rope job – striking up friendship with the subject.   

Undercover agent    Special Qualification 

● Knowledge of the language 
● Background regarding events 
● Knowledge about the customs and habits 
● Physical appearance 
● An artist or an actor   

Factors to consider in the Selection of Action (Undercover) Agents 

● Placement  
● Access  
- Primary Access  
- Secondary Access  
- Outside Access    

General Nature of Agent Handling 

● Sharing secret purpose. 
● Agent controls the agent operationally and administratively. 
● Rapport with each other. 
● Respect with each other.   

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Basic Agent Management 
● Agent handler must be in charge of the operation. 
● The act insure the agent adherence. 
● Good rapport must be established between the agent handler and the
agent. 
● The agent handler must constantly reinforce the agent motivation.   

Key Element of Agent Management 

● Direction and control 
a. Leadership
b. Action
c. Personal example 
● Natural Weaknesses 
● Agent training 
● Agent testing 
● Agent examination   

Control  
● Authority to direct agent to carry out task or the requirements in behalf of
the clandestine organization in acceptable manner  and security.   

Two Categories of Control 

● Positive control  
● Negative control    

Termination Problem 
● Amount of knowledge the agent has  
● Inclination to use knowledge to the disadvantage of the  intelligence
service. 
● Moral obligation to the agent    

Provocation  
● Action taken in order to incite reaction from a known adversary  or to
observe adversary.   

Purposes 
● Reveal the true status of an assumed adversary. 
● Make a known adversary take seldom demanding action.   

Provocateur  

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● An individual from the enemy forces who is deliberately introduced  in our
custody with a specific mission of causing some unfavourable  action or
reaction on our part. 

8. INFORMANT AND INFORMER 

a. Informant - any person who gives information to the police authorities
relative to a crime.  

The Types of Informants 

● Anonymous Informant  
● Rival-Elimination Informant  
● False Informant  
● Frightened Informant  
● Self-Aggrandizing Informant  
● Confidential Informant  
● Mercenary Informant  
● Double-Crosser Informant  
● Women Informant    
Motives of Informants 
● Vanity  
● Civic Mindedness  
● Fear  
● Repentance  
 
Steps of Informants Recruitments (SIAT) 
● Selection  
● Investigation  
● Approach  
● Testing    

Factors to consider in Informant Recruitment 

● Sex 
● Health 
● Ability 
● Age 
● Education 
● Personality    

Dismissal of Informants  
● The handler should avoid antagonizing the informant. 
● Explain properly and humanely the reasons of dismissal. 
● If file of the informant exists, dismissal must be in writing for future
references. 

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b. The Informer is a person who provides information to the police on a
regular basis. They are either paid regularly or in a case-to-case basis, or
none at all.    

REFERENCES
Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the
Philippines: fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store 
 
Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigations. Belmont, CA:
Warsdworth /Thomson Learning   

Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles

and procedures. QC: Great Books Publication 
 
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal
evidence. Manila: Central Professional Books.

TOPIC 6
Tools of Criminal Investigation: Interview 
(Duration: 3 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 
1. Understand the importance of interview in criminal investigation; and 
2. Demonstrate the proper way of conducting interview of different types
of witnesses.

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

INTERVIEW   
A. Interview is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with
the investigator.  
B. Cognitive Interview - conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, to narrate their accounts without interruption.  
C. Question and Answer interview style whereby after each question by the
investigator, the interviewee is required to answer.   
D. The Golden Rule in Interview “Never conduct or let anyone conduct an
interview if the interviewer has not gone to the crime scene.”  

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E. Qualities of a Good Interviewer 
1. Rapport  
2. Forceful Personality  
3. Knowledge of Human Behaviour  
4. Conversational Tone of Voice  
5. Acting Qualities  
6. Humility 
 
A. Interview Format (IRONIC) 
1. Identity  
a. The investigator should identify himself to the witness by name, rank and
agency. 
2. Rapport  
3. Opening Statement  
4. Narration  
Allowing the witness to present in a narrative form without injecting
questions.  
5. Inquiry    
After the witness has told the story, the investigator can make clarifying
inquiries. 
6. Conclusion 
The interview should be concluded when the witness has nothing pertinent
to offer.    

F. Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to Talk or Testify 

1. Fear of Reprisal  
2. Great Inconvenience 
3. Hatred Against the Police  
4. Bias of the Witness  
5. Avoidance of Publicity  
6. Family Restriction   

G. Stages of Handling the Interview 

● Preparation – investigator should review the facts inorder that he would be
ready for the questioning. 
● Approach – investigator must carefully select his kind of approach.  
● Warming Up – clear the atmosphere, promote a conducive ground for
cordiality, respect and trust for each other. 
● Cognitive Interview    

H. Rules in Questioning a Person Involved in a Crime 

1. Ask Question at a Time  
2. Avoid Implied Answers  

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3. Questions should be clearly stated  
4. Saving Faces 
5. Yes and No Answers are not Allowed   

I. Types of Witnesses According To Their Attitude 

1. Know-nothing Type  
2. Disinterested Type  
3. The Drunken Type  
4. Talkative Type  
5. Honest Witnesses  
6. Timid Witnesses  
7. Witnesses who refuse to answer

REFERENCES

Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the

Philippines: fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store   

Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigations. Belmont, CA:

Warsdworth /Thomson Learning   

Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles

and procedures. QC: Great Books Publication   

Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal

evidence. Manila: Central Professional Books. 

TOPIC 7
Tools of Criminal Investigation: Interrogation
(Duration: 3 hours and 30 minutes)

OBJECTIVE 
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: 
1. Demonstrate the different techniques in conducting interrogation.
 
LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

INTERROGATION   
A. Definition of Terms 

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1. Interrogation is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a
reluctant suspect about his participation in a crime.  
2. Custodial Interrogation or Investigation is the investigation conducted by
the investigator on the suspect who is under police custody.  
3. Debriefing is the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has
information at the direction of or under the control of friendly unintelligence
service. 
4. Interrogation Report is an oral or written statement of information by the
questioning of an interrogee. 
5. Interrogator is a person who does the questioning. 
6. Interrogee refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process. 
7. Screening is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the
extent of his knowledge.  
8. Source refers to any person who for any reason submits information of
intelligence interest usually on a voluntary basis. 
9. Suspect refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited
activity. 
10. Witness refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts
concerning an event or activity.   

B. Forms of Interrogation 
1. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of
the interrogation 
2. Indirect – the subject is aware.    

C. Types of Interrogation 
1. Screening.
This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain background
information about the interrogee (subject).  
2. Formal interrogation (detailed).
This is the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate depth those areas
of the interrogee’s knowledge. 
3. Debriefing.
It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the interrogation is
known. 
4. Interview.
Similar to debriefing although it is less formal.  
5. Interrogation of lay personnel (special type).
In this type, the techniques are similar to interrogation but special effort
must be made.  

6. Tactical interrogation.

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The level of interrogation where the source has specific and detailed
information that requires a trained expert in the subject matter to be
explored.    

D. Phases of Interrogation 
1. Planning of Interrogation 
2. Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The first meeting in which it is
extremely critical because the outcome may depend on the initial impression
created by the interrogator.  
3. Questioning.
This is the heart of the interrogation. 
4. Termination.
The termination of the interrogation will depend on various factors such as
the physical condition of the subject. 
5. Recording.
The interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible. 
6. Reporting.
The end product of an interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Report
containing the information gained. Report must be made orally or in written
form.    

E. The Techniques of Interrogation 

1. Emotional Appeal  
2. Sympathetic Approach  
3. Friendliness  
4. Tricks And Bluff Techniques: 

a. The Pretense Of Solid Evidence Against The Accused  

b. The Weakest Link  
c. Drama  
d. Feigning Contact with Family Members  
e. The Line Up  
f. Reverse Line Up  

5. Stern Approach – The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate

response) personality towards the suspect by using the following methods: 
a. Jolting –investigator selects the right moment to shout to the subject
with a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage.  
b. Opportunity to Lie – the suspect is given all the opportunities to lie. 
 
6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method  
7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier  
8. Searching for the Soft Spot    

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F. Additional Modern Techniques of Interrogation 
1. Rationalization –use of reasons  
2. Projection – putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the
suspect.  
3. Minimization – It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.    

G. Physical Signs of Deceptions 

1. Excessive Sweating  
2. Face Colour Change  
3. Dry Mouth  
4. Excessive Breathing  
5. Increase of Pulse Beat 
6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact  

REFERENCES

Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the

Philippines: fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store   

Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigations. Belmont, CA:

Warsdworth/Thomson Learning 
 
Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles
and procedures. QC: Great Books Publication 
 
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal
evidence. Manila: Central Professional Books. 

TOPIC 8
Tools in Criminal Investigation: Instrumentation
(Duration: 3 hours and 30 minutes)

LESSON PROPER (Make a research, Discuss and Explain)

INSTRUMENTATION 
● It is sometimes called Criminalistics.  
● It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences
in criminal investigation and detection.  
● This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the examination of
physical evidences.    
The different divisions of forensic science include:   

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1. POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION TEST – focused in detecting
deception.  
2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY – division of forensic science focused in
providing pictorial record of the crime scene. 
3. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY.
It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the examination of fibers,
hairs, powder burns, blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances and other
matters in their relevance to the investigation.  
4. FORENSIC MEDICINE – used to determine the cause of death as one of
the elements of corpus delicti and it could also approximate the time of
death and other pertinent and relevant matters in the investigation.  
5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION.
This is the science of firearms identification.  
6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION.
This is otherwise known as the science of fingerprint identification.  
7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION - establish if there is
alteration, superimposition, or erasures, either mutually or chemically of a
document. 
8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY.
The remove of dentures are of paramount importance in the identification of
unknown bodies especially when other means of identification is lost. 
9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY.
This is a very recent science in the field of criminal investigation and
detection.  
10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY.
This is the age of advanced information technology. Modern discoveries of
instrumentation 

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) = DNA Fingerprinting is considered to be

the ultimate identification test in the conduct of criminal investigation. It
provides 100 percent positive identification of a suspect whose blood, semen
and/or other DNA-bearing body tissues of fluids were found at the crime
scene or with the victim.  

2. Hair Examination
The roots of the hair when examined under this new technology will
determine the presence of drugs taken by the person two years prior to the
said examination. 

3. Automated fingerprint identification system.

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A questioned fingerprint is feed into the AFIS machine which will
automatically search the files of fingerprints and renders report in matters
of seconds. 

4. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

This is for the effective identification on the location of criminals and objects
thru modern and special gadgets. It points out the exact location of the
subject or the person who committed the crime. 

REFERENCES

Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the

Philippines:  fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store   

Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigations. Belmont, CA:

Warsdworth /Thomson  Learning   

Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles

and  procedures. QC: Great Books Publication   

Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal

evidence.  Manila: Central Professional Books. 

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