GE2207 Engineering Drawing

Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions

Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla

Mashreq University
[email protected]
Second Semester 2020-2021

September 10, 2022

Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 1/8
 Graphic constructions
• EXAMPLES: Making use of the drawing tools only, draw:

– Line perpendicular to a segment passing through the

middle point

– Bisection line of an angle

– Tri-section lines of a 90° angle

– A hexagon inscribed into a given circle

– A point on a segment that divides the line in a given

ratio
 Given the segment AB, draw a
line perpendicular to the direction
Example-Graphic construction
AB passing through the middle
of the segment AB
• Given the segment AB, Draw
line perpendicular to the
direction AB passing through
the centre of the segment AB

A B
Example-GraphicGivenconstruction
the segment AB, draw a
line perpendicular to the direction
• AB the
Given passing through the
segment AB,middle
Draw line
of the segment AB
perpendicular to the direction AB
With the compasses in the point
passing
A and through theand
B respectively centre
openedof the
segment ABhalf the segment,
larger than
draw two arcs, one above, one
• Withbelow
compass in the point A and B
the segment.
opened larger than
OBS. Maintain half of
the opening of the
the
compasses while moving the
A B segment draw two arcs above and
center from one point to the other
below the segment
• Maintain the opening of the compass
do not change it while moving
Example-Graphic construction
• Given thethesegment
Given AB,draw
segment AB, Draw
a line
line perpendicular to the direction
perpendicular to the direction AB
AB passing through the middle
of the through
passing segment AB
the centre of the
M With the compasses in the point
segment AB
A and B respectively and opened
larger than half the segment,
• Withdraw
compass in the point A and B
two arcs, one above, one
belowlarger
opened the segment.
than half of the
OBS. Maintain the opening of the
A B segment draw
compasses two
while arcsthe
moving above and
center from one point to the other
below the segment
The segment MN is the searched
line
• Maintain the opening of the compass
N do not change it while moving
• Line MN is the line that is asked for
 Example-GraphicGiven
construction
the segment AB, draw a
• linethe
Given perpendicular
segmenttoAB,
the Draw
direction
line
AB passing through the middle
perpendicular toAB
of the segment the direction AB
M passing
With through the centre
the compasses of the
in the point
A and B respectively and opened
90° segment AB half the segment,
larger than
draw two arcs, one above, one
• Withbelow
compass in the point A and B
the segment.
OBS.larger
opened Maintain the opening
than of the
half of the
compasses while moving the
A B segment
center draw two
from one arcs
point above
to the otherand
The
below segment
the MN is the searched
segment
line
• Maintain the opening of the compass
N
do not change it while moving
2.2500 2.2500 • Line MN is the line that is asked for
 Example 2 -Graphic construction
Given an angle, find the line that
• Given an angle, find the line that
passes through point O and
divides the anglethrough
passes in two equal
point O and divides
parts
A
the angle in two equal parts

O
B
 Example 2 -Graphic construction
•Given an angle, find the line that
Given an angle, find the line that
passes through point O and
divides the angle in two equal
passes through point
parts
O and divides the
A
Withangle in two
a conveninet equal
opening in theparts
compass, draw an arc with the
•centre
With a convenient
in O and that intersects opening in the
both OA and OB
compass draw and arc with centre in O
and that intersects OA and OB

O
B
 Example 2 -Graphic construction
Given• an Given
angle, findan
theangle,
line that find the line that
passes through point O and
passes
divides the through
angle in two equal point O and divides
parts
A the angle in two equal parts
With a conveninet opening in the
compass, draw an arc with the
• With a convenient
centre in O and that intersects
opening in the
both OA and OB
compass draw and arc with centre in
With same or another
O and
convenient thatinintersects
opening the OA and OB
compasses, larger than half of
• corWith
the of thesame
arc, drawor
twoanother convenient
arcs with the centres located
in theopening
previous point
in sof
compass, larger than half
interersection
O of the arc size, draw two arcs with
B
centers located in the previous points
of intersection
 Example 2 -Graphic construction
• Given an angle, find the line that • With a convenient opening in the
passes through point O and Given an angle, find the line
compass that a continuous arc
draw
passes through point O and
divides the angle in two equaldivides the angle
withincentre
two equalin O and that
parts
parts A intersects both OA and OB
With a conveninet opening in the
through
compass, draw an arc withshortest
the distance
centre in O and that intersects
both OA• andWith
OB same or another convenient
With sameopening
or anotherin compass, larger than
convenient opening in the
halflarger
compasses, of the arcofsize, draw two arcs
than half
the cor of the arc, draw two
with centers
arcs with the centres located
located in the
in the previous point sof
previous points of intersection
interersection
O
B The• lineThe line that connects the point O
that connects the
point Owith the
with the lastlast intersection point, as
interection point, as shown
in figureshown in figure
is the bisectory line is the bisectory
of the angle
line of the angle
 Example 3 -Graphic construction
• Given the 90° angle, find two lines that
pass through point O and divides the
wo A
point angle in three equal parts (30° each)
hree

O B
 Example 3 -Graphic construction
• Given the 90° angle, find two lines that
pass through point O and divides the
wo A
point angle in three equal parts (30° each)
hree
• With a convenient opening in the
of
compass draw a continuous arc with
nO
A and centre in O and that intersects both OA
and OB through shortest distance

O B
 Example 3 -Graphic construction
• Given the 90° angle, find two lines that
wo A pass through point O and divides the
point
ree angle in three equal parts (30° each)

of
• With a convenient opening in the
O
compass draw a continuous arc with
and centre in O and that intersects both OA
ing of
and OB through shortest distance
o cut
ith the • Maintaining the same opening of the
f the
ively. compass, draw arcs to cut the previously
O
drawn arc with centre at the intersections
B
of the arc with OA and OB respectively
 Example 3 -Graphic construction
• Given the 90° angle, find two lines that
The two segments
pass through point O and divides the
o A divideThethe 90° angle
two segments
int divide the 90° angle
angle in three equal parts (30° each)
ee in three equal
in three parts
equal parts
• With a convenient opening in the
f compass draw a continuous arc with
O centre in O and that intersects both
nd
OA and OB through shortest distance
g of • Maintaining the same opening of the
cut
h the compass, draw arcs to cut the
the previously drawn arc with centre at the
vely.
intersections of the arc with OA and
O B
OB respectively
• The two segments divide the 90°
angle in three equal parts
Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 2/8
Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 3/8
Example 4 -Graphic construction
• Given the circle of radius R, inscribe
a hexagon
Given inside
a circle of radius thea circle
R, inscribe
hexagon inside the circle
Example 4 -Graphic construction
• Given the circle of radius R, inscribe a
hexagon inside the circle
Given a circle of radius R, inscribe a
• Draw inside
hexagon two the
perpendicular
circle diameters that
Draw two perpendicular diameters
pass through the centre
that pass through the centre of the of the circle.
circle. Select one of the diameters
Select one of the diameters as the as
the reference. Two of the sides of the
reference.
hexagon Two of the
will be peroendicular sides of the
to the
other diameter.
hexagon will be perpendicular to the
other diameter
Example 4 -Graphic construction
• Given the circle of radius R, inscribe
a hexagon
Given inside
a circle of radius thea circle
R, inscribe
hexagon inside the circle
• Draw
Draw two perpendicular
two perpendicular diameters diameters
that pass through the centre of the
that
circle. pass
Select through
one of the
the diameters as centre of the
the reference. Two of the sides of the
circle. Select one
hexagon will be peroendicular to theof the diameters
other diameter.
as the reference. Two of the sides of
From the intersection of the reference
the hexagon
diameter with the circle,will
drawbetwo perpendicular to
arcs of same openeing as the circle to
the other
intersect the givendiameter
circle in 4 points

• From the intersection of the

reference diameter with the circle,
draw two arcs of same opening as
the circle to intersect the given circle
in 4 points
 Example 4 -Graphic construction
• Given the circle of radius R, • Draw two perpendicular diameters
inscribe a hexagon inside the that pass through the centre of the
circle circle. Select one of the diameters
as the reference. Two of the sixes of
Given a circle of radius R, inscribe a
the hexagon
hexagon will be perpendicular to
inside the circle
Draw
thetwo perpendicular
other diameter diameters
that pass through the centre of the
• circle.
From Select oneintersection
the of the diameters asof the
the reference. Two of the sides of the
reference
hexagon diametertowith
will be peroendicular the the circle,
other diameter.
draw
From two arcsof of
the intersection the same
reference opening as
diameter with the circle, draw two
the circle to intersect
arcs of same openeing as the circle to
the given circle
intersect the
in 4 points given circle in 4 points
The four points of intersection and
• The
the fourofpoints
two centre of intersection
the arcs will form and
the hexagon when connected in order
two centre of the arcs will form the
hexagon when connected in order
To draw a hexagon, given the distance across the corners

Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 4/8
To draw a regular polygon, given the length of the sides

Note that a regular polygon is defined as a plane figure which is bounded

by straight lines of equal length and which contains angles of equal size.
Assume the number of sides is seven in this example.

Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 5/8
Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 6/8
Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 7/8
 Example 5 -Graphic construction
Given the segment AB, find the point D
such that the ratio AD/BD to be 5/6.
• Given the segment AB, find the point
A B D such that the ratio of AD/BD is 5/6
 Example 5 -Graphic construction
Given the segment AB, find the point D
such that the ratio AD/BD to be 5/6.
• ofGiven
A ratio 5
8 requiresthe segment
a number of 5 + 6 AB, find the point D
= 11 equal segments to be built.
A B such
Draw a line that thedirection
of a convenient ratio of AD/BD is 5/6
that passes through either point A or B,
as is• more
Ratio of 5/6
convenient. The requires
line should 11 equal
be long enough to accomodate 11 equal
segmentssegments
of a appropriatetolength.
be built. Draw a line of
convenient direction passing though
either A or B. the line should be long
enough to accommodate 11 equal
segments of appropriate length
 Example 5 -Graphic construction
• the
Given GivensegmenttheAB,segment
find the pointAB,
such that the ratio AD/BD to be 5/6.
D find the point

A ratioD of 8such
5
requiresthat the ofratio
a number 5 + 6 of AD/BD is 5/6
= 11 equal segments to be built.
A B • aRatio
Draw line of aof 5/6 requires
convenient direction 11 equal
that passes through either point A or B,
segments
as is more convenient. toThebelinebuilt.
should Draw a line of
be long enough to accomodate 11 equal
convenient direction
segments of a appropriate length. passing though
Connect the end of the last drawn
either A or B. the line should be long
segment of the auxiliary line to the
enough
other end toDraw
of the line. accommodate
parallel 11 equal
lines to the previously described line.
segments
The parallel of appropriate
lines will divide the length
segment AB is 11 equal segments.
• Connect the end of the last drawn
segment of the auxiliary line to the
other end of the line. Draw parallel
lines to the previously described line.
The parallel lines divide the segment
AB into 11 equal segments
 Example 5 -Graphic construction
• Ratio of 5/6 requires 11 equal
• Given the segment AB, find the
segments to be built. Draw a line of
point D such that the ratio of Given the segment AB, find the point D
convenient
such that the ratio AD/BD direction
to be 5/6. passing though
AD/BD is 5/6 A ratio of 85 requires a number of 5 + 6
either A or B. the line should be long
= 11 equal segments to be built.
A B Draw aenough to accommodate
line of a convenient direction 11 equal
D
that passes through either point A or B,
segments
as is more convenient.of Theappropriate
line should length
be long enough to accomodate 11 equal
• Connect
segments the end
of a appropriate length.of the last drawn
Connect segment of last
the end of the thedrawn
auxiliary line to the
segment of the auxiliary line to the
other end of the line. Draw parallel
other end of the line. Draw parallel
lines to the previously described line.
lines to the previously described line.
The parallel lines will divide the
segment The
AB isparallel
11 equal lines divide the segment
segments.
Locate point D on the line AB such
AB into 11 equal
that AD = 5 segments while BD = 6
segments
segments.
• Locate point D on the line AB such
that AD = 5 segments while BD = 6
segments
 The End

Dr. Amin A. M. Fadlalla (MU) ME2203, Lecture 03: Geometrical Constructions September 10, 2022 8/8