CE 26 Lesson 8: Transportation

Level of Service

Dr. Anabel A. Abuzo, Associate Professor

Civil Engineering Department- Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan
 Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g F a c t o r s
Transportation Demand Transportation Supply

P R I VAT E INFRASTRUCTURES
Micro Business Pedestrian Structure & Facility
Industry, Logistics, Vehicle Structure & Facility
Operators, Suppliers, Parking Structure & Facility
Service Providers Station & Terminal, etc.
Cannon County Regional Planning Commission www.cannoncountytn.gov

PUBLIC SYSTEMS
Community Planners Technology & Communication
Drivers & Operators Engineers, Government, ICT, IEC & IoT
Riders & Users Processors, Enforcers & Access & Control, etc.
Professionals

The Transportation planning process has many factors to consider Supply, Demand & Planners
Traffic Volume
http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/traffichandbook/3trafficcounts.pdf
file:///C:/Users/ABSO/Desktop/12_Volume%20study_print6.pdf
Transportation
Spot Speed
http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/PUBS/traffichandbook/2SpotSpeed.pdf
Studies & Surveys
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/cfc/CE452/Spot%20Speed%20Study.pdf
Travel Time and Delay
file:///C:/Users/ABSO/Downloads/Chapter%2013%20Updated%20MUTS%208-18-14%20(6).pdf
Pedestrian and Bicycle Study
file:///C:/Users/ABSO/Downloads/Chapter%209%20Updated%20MUTS%208-18-14.pdf
https://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/8/docs/designGuide/CH_6_a.pdf
Level of Service
https://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/8/docs/designGuide/CH_6_a.pdf
Parking
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105101008/downloads/cete_41.pdf
http://files.cityofportsmouth.com/transportation/reportdowntownparkingfinalreport.pdf
Intersection
https://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/8/docs/designGuide/CH_6_a.pdf
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105101087/downloads/Lec-39.pdf
Traffic Signs and Signals
https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/services/publications/fhwaop02084/
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/519129/know-your-traffic-signs.pdf
 Level of Service (LOS)

https://citymonitor.ai/transport/its-time-for-transportation-planners-to-move-beyond-level-of-service https://www.wiaces.org/could-greenhouse-gas-emissions-be-added-to-covid-19s-casualty-list/
 Level of Service (LOS)
LOS serves as chief measure of road
“quality of service”
• describes operational conditions within
a traffic stream.
• does not include safety
• different measures for different facilities
Six measures: LOS A to LOS F
Freeway- LOS A
Based on traffic density (mass/volume)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frontage_road.svg
Freeway LOS
LOS A LOS B
Reasonably free flow
Free-flow operation Ability to maneuver is only slightly restricted
Effects of minor incidents still easily absorbed

From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

LOS C LOS D
Speeds at or near FFS Speeds decline slightly with increasing flows
Density increases more quickly
Freedom to maneuver is noticeably restricted
Freedom to maneuver is more noticeably limited
Queues may form behind any significant blockage Minor incidents create queuing

From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

LOS E LOS F
Operation near or at capacity Breakdown in flow
No usable gaps in the traffic stream Queues form behind breakdown points
Operations extremely volatile Demand > capacity
Any disruption causes queuing

From Highway Capacity Manual, 2000

 Level of Service (LOS)

Source: Transportation Research Board (1994) Highway Capacity Manual, 3rd Edition. sf = free flow speed, v = volume, c = capacity, a = 0.15 and b=4.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frontage_road.svg
Level of Service (LOS)

Source: Qi, et al https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Evaluation-on-level-of-service-for-road-traffic_fig1_285364028

Unsignalized Intersection Level of Service (LOS)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Level-of-Service-for-Un-Signalized-Intersection_tbl3_342764044
Signalized Intersection Level of Service (LOS)

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Traffic-Conflicts-and-Level-of-Service-at-in-Shafizadeh/b90d5403951887b7861bbbe94b76c0d244214d7c/figure/1
Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)
Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)
Pedestrian Crosswalk Setting https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/intersection-design-
elements/crosswalks-and-crossings/conventional-crosswalks/

INTERSECTION PEDESTRIAN CROSSWALK MIDBLOCK PEDESTRIAN CROSSWALK

 Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)

https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/6255/should-i-call-it-a-pedestrian-overpass-or-pedestrian-footbridge https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/intersection-design-elements/corner-radii/

https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/01/07/breaking-news/raised-crosswalks-to- https://www.collingwoodtoday.ca/local-news/council-pushes-for-double-tree- https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/01/arts/art-takes-seaport-stairway-another-level/

be-installed-on-farrington-highway-in-nanakuli-speed-limit-reduced-to-30-mph/ planting-to-replace-50-trees-being-removed-for-sidewalk-1883136
http://academicstar.us/UploadFile/Picture/2019-9/2019927192950526.pdf
Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)

http://streetsillustrated.seattle.gov/design-standards/transit/
 The level of service criteria
(Fruin, 1971) defined a range
of values to standardly
describe the impact of
contextual situations of
density on pedestrian flows:
LOS A corresponds to free
flows, while LOS F
corresponds to critical
situations of high density
with extremely difficulty in
walking movements.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-level-of-service-criteria-Fruin-1971-defined-a-range-of-values-to-standardly_fig5_266384664
Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)
LOS by Mode https://ontario-traffic-council.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2020/02/MMLOS-Literature-Review_Final_Jan-2020.pdf
Stairway PLOS https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Calculations-of-stairway-widths-for-LOS-D-given-different-flow-rates_tbl2_287296654

https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/6255/should-i-call-it-a-pedestrian-overpass-or-pedestrian-footbridge
file:///C:/Users/aaabo/Downloads/land-10-00340-v2%20(4).pdf
 https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1971/355/355-001.pdf

STAIRWAY PLOS

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Study-set-up-at-stairway-and-movement-of-pedestrian_fig7_309446798