MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Public Health Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17503
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme
1. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following 12Marks
(a) State any four types of demand of water. State the four factor affecting rate of demand.
Ans. Following are the demands of water.
(02
1) Domestic demand. Marks)
2) Public and industrial demand. Any four
3) Losses and wastages. 1/2
4) Fire demand. Marks
5) Commercial and Institutional demand. each

Following are the factors affecting rate of demand.

i) Size of city
ii) Habits of people
iii) Climatic conditions (02
iv) Cost of water Marks)
v) Commerce and industry Any four
vi) Quality of water 1/2
vii) Efficiency of water supply system Marks
viii) System of sanitation. each
ix) System of supply
x) Metering of supply

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1. (b) State desirable limit as per IS for thr following parameters of drinking water
(A) Ans. Following are the desirable limit as per IS
Characteristics Desirable
(i) Color 10 (04
Marks)
(ii) Turbidity 5 NTU 1/2
(iii) Total dissolved solids 500 mg/lit Marks
(iv)Total hardness 300 mg/lit each
(v) Chlorides 250 mg/lit
(vi) Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/lit
(vii) pH 6.5 to 8.5
(viii) Fluorides 0.6 to 1.2 mg/lit
1. (c) State different forms of chlorination and give significance of residual chlorine.
(A) Ans. Depending upon the stage of application of chlorine , chlorination are classified as: (02
1) Plain chlorination. marks)
2) Pre Chlorination. Any four
3) Post Chlorination. 1/2
4) Double Chlorination. Marks
5) Break point chlorination. each
6) Super Chlorination.
7) Dechlorination.

Significance of residual chlorine. (02

Residual chlorine 0.2 mg/lit is maintain in order to take care of all the bacteria which will be marks)
added in distribution system may be because of exposure of water to atmosphere.

1. (c) State methods of aeration. Explain any one method with sketch.
(A) Ans. Following are the methods of aeration. (01 mark
a) Cascade aerator. for Any
b) Spray Nozzles. four
c) Air diffusion method. Methods)
d) Trickling bed method.
a) Cascade aerator.

(01 mark
for Fig.)

They consist of concrete steps over which water comes down in thin sheet. Weir may be
provided at the edge of each step. (02

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Thin sheet of water which comes down over steps comes in contact with the marks)
atmosphere thus aeration is achieved.
(Students may explain any one method of aeration)

1. (B) Attempt any ONE of the following 06 Marks

(a) Compare the quality and quantity of water from surface source and sub surface source
Ans. Comparison between surface and sub surface source of water. (06
Surface Source Water Sub Surface Source Water marks.)
1. Water found on the surface of the earth 1.Water that is trapped under the earth’s
like water in the river , lake is known as surface is known as Sub Surface water.
surface water.
2. Amount of water available in surface 2. Large amount of water available in sub
source is comparatively less than sub surface source.
surface source. 01 mark
3. Surface water is exposed to evaporation. 3.Sub surface water is not exposed to each
evaporation.
4. Surface water alters temperature 4. Sub surface water mainatain constant
according to surroundings. temperature.
5.Surface water may contain patheogenic 5. Sub surface water free from patheogenic
bacteria. bacteria.
6.Cost of treatment is more for surface 6. Treatment cost is less.
water.
1. (b) State different Advanced Water Treatment methods. Explain any one method with neat
(B) Ans. sketch.
Following are the different Advanced Water Treatment methods. (02
 Reverse Osmosis marks)
 Electrodialysis for Any
 Ion exchange four
 Micro straining Methods
Reverse Osmosis ½ each.

(02
marks)

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

In the reverse osmosis process, demineralization water is produced by forcing water

through semipermeable membranes at high pressure. In ordinary osmosis, if a vessel is
divided by a semipermeable membrane (one that is permeable to water but not the
dissolved material), and one compartment is filled with water and other with concentrated
salt solution, water diffused through the membrane towards the compartment containing (02
salt solution until the difference in water levels on the two sides of the membrane creates a marks)
sufficient pressure to counteract the original water flow. The difference in levels represents
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the osmotic pressure of the solution.(Shown in fig 1)
The process can be reversed by applying sufficient pressure to the concentrated solution to
overcome the osmotic pressure force the net flow of water through the membrane towards
the dilute phase. The solute concentration (impurity) builds up on one side of the
membrane while relatively pure water passes through the membrane . In order to obtain
adequate solvent (water) flux through the membrane, pressures of the order of 4000 to
7000 kN/m2 are required. (Shown in fig 2)

Electrodialysis:

Electrodialysis uses ion-selective membranes and an electrical potential difference to separate

anions and cations in solution.

02 marks

In the past electrodialysis was most often used for purifying brackish water, but it is now
finding a role in hazardous waste treatment. Metal salts from plating rinses are sometimes
removed in this way.

Fig. shows a simple dialysis cell in which waste water may be deionised. As shown in
the figure two types of membranes (anionic and cationic) are arranged alternatively to form
many compartments between the electrodes placed at the two ends. When the voltage is 02 marks
applied across the cell containing mineralised water, the anions migrate to the positive
electrode and the cations migrate to the negative electrode. This causes solution in
alternate compartments to become more concentrated while that in the remaining
becomes more dilute. The electric power requirement is proportional to the number of ions
removed from the water.

In the electrodialysis process, organic molecules are not removed and they can collect on
and clog the membranes. Another disadvantage of this method is that it still leaves
concentrated waste water to be disposed of by some appropriate scheme. The process
does not require any chemical additives and has low energy requirements and as such it
can be an economically feasible means of demineralisation.

Ion exchange:
This technique has been used extensively to remove hardness, and ironand
manganese salts in drinking water supplies. It has also been used selectively to remove
specific impurities and to recover valuable trace metals like chromium, nickel, copper, lead
and cadmium from industrial waste discharges. The process takes advantage of the ability
of certain natural and synthetic materials to exchange one of their ions.

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A number of naturally occuring minerals have ion exchange properties. Among them 04 marks
the notable ones are aluminium silicate minerals, which are called zeolites
In the water softening process, the hardness producing elements such as calcium and
magnesium are replaced by sodium ions. A cation exchange resin in sodium form is
normally used. The water-softening capability of cation exchange can be seen when sodium
ion in the resin is exchanged for calcium ion in solution. (no need of diagram)

Microstraining:
It is a special type of filtration procedure which makes use of filters oven from stainless
steel wires with opening only 60-70 μm across to remove very small particles. High flow 04 marks
rates and low back pressures are normally achieved. (no need of diagram)

NOTE: Students may explain any one advance water treatment method.

2. Attempt any FOUR of the following 16Marks

(a) Draw layout of city water supply with rapid sand filter , label the parts and state the work
Ans. carried out by each part.
Layout of city water supply with rapid sand filter

Intake Structure with Screens Areation Coagulant Sedimentation (02

Pumping station Unit dosing unit Tank marks)

Overhead tank Pumping Clear water reservoir Chlorine Rapid sand

Station Dosing tank Filters

Distribution
network systems

Sr. No. Unit Function

1 Intake structures with Pumping station To draw water from source.
2 Screens To remove floating matter.
To add oxygen in water.
3 Aeration Unit To remove dissolve gases from
water. (02
4 Coagulants dosing tank To add coagulant in water. marks)
Sedimentation tank To remove suspended for any
5 eight
impurities like silt, clay sand etc.
To remove very fine and
6 Rapid Sand Filter colloidal matter which are not
removed by sedimentation.
7 Chlorine dosing tank To add chlorine for disinfection.
8 Clear water reservoir To store treated water
Pumping station To pump water into overhead
9
tank
10 Overhead tank To store water
11 Distribution network systems To distribute water to consumer
2. (b) What is principle behind sedimentation with coagulation? State any two types of
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Ans. coagulant.
Principle behind sedimentation with coagulation
Coagulants are chemical, added to water to remove the colloidal particles or impurities of
raw water and reduce turbidity of water. Principle of coagulation can be explained by two
considerations.
a) Floc formation
b) Electrical charges. (03
Marks)
(a) Floc formation: When a coagulant is added to water and mixed thoroughly and thick 1 ½ each
gelatinous precipitate 'Floc' is formed. Flocattracts and arrests the colloidal particles and
makes them settle down.
(b) Electrical charges: Ions from floc possess positive electric charge. Colloidal particles
possess negatively charged ions. The floc thus attracts
colloidal particles and makes them settle down.

Types of Coagulants: (01

Following are the main types of coagulants : Mark)
a) Aluminum sulphate Al2 (SO4)3 For any
b) Chlorinated coppers. Two
c) Ferrous sulphate and lime. ½ each
d) Magnesium carbonate.
e) Polyelectrolytes.
f) Sodium aluminate.
2. (C) Explain in brief the process of backwashing in rapid sand filter.
Ans.
Back washing :
(02
Marks
for Fig.)

A separate overhead tank is constructed near the filter house to store the water required
for back washing of filter. A pump is installed to lift the sufficient quantity of filtered water
to be stores in wash water tank.
Operation:
Initially, the valves (1) and (4) are closed and valves (5) and (6) are opened out. (02
The wash water and compressed air are thus forced upwards from the under- Marks)
drainage through the gravel and sand beds.
Valve (5) is closed after supplying the required amount of air. The dirty water,
resulting from washings, overflows into the wash water troughs and is removed by opening
the valve (3) through the inlet chamber into the wash water drain. Now open valve (1) and
(4) for some time then close valve (4) and put filter in normal working condition by opening
valve (2).

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2. (d) What are valves? Why are they required? State two types of valves with their suitable
Ans. location. (01
The fixtures, which are fixed along the distribution system, are known as valves. Mark)
They are provided for the following purposes :
(a) To control the rate of flow of water. (01
(b) To release or admit air into the pipeline. Mark)
(c) To prevent or detect leakage. for any
(d) To meet the demand during emergencies. two ½
(e) To make the distribution system more efficient. each
Air Relief Valve.
Location: In order to provide an exit for accumulated air, air valves are provided at summits (02
along the pipe lines. Marks)
Sluice valve. One
Location: mark
1) They are generally placed at a distance about 150 m to 200 m and at all junctions. each
2) For long straight mains, the sluice valves can be be installed about 1 km.
2. (e) Differentiate between one pipe and two pipe systems of plumbing
Ans. Difference between One pipe and Two pipe plumbing system.
One Pipe System Two Pipe System

1. Waste from sanitary fittings , bath, sinks,

1. Waste water from W.C. and waste water (04
basins etc. carried through single pipe. from other fitting like bath, sink, basins etc. Marks)
carried through separate pipe. 01 mark
2. Waste water from bath, sinks, basins un- 2. Waste water from bath, sinks, basins can each any
necessarily gets polluted. directly used for irrigation purpose. four
3. Easy to install in high rise building. 3. Difficult to install in high rise building.
4. Require less space for duct and shaft. 4. Require more space for duct and shaft.
5. Increases load on waste water treatment 5. Less load on waste water treatment
plant. plant.
6. Economical as less pipes are required. 6. Uneconomical as more pipes are
required.
2. (f) Draw a typical layout for water supply arrangement for residential building indicating
type of pipe material, sizes etc.
Ans.

(02
Marks)

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Type of Pipe material Size

Municipal water main (Cast iron pipe/ Concrete pipe) 125 mm to 250 mm (02
Communication pipes (PVC / GI pipe) 50 mm to 75 mm Marks)
Supply pipe (PVC / GI pipe) 25 mm to 50 mm For any
Consumers pipes (PVC / GI /Copper Pipe) 25 mm to 50 mm four ½
(Students may show the arrangement for different plan and appropriate size of pipes) each

Q.3 a) Draw sketch of inspection chamber and give it's necessity.

Ans Inspection Chamber:

02 marks
for fig

Inspection chamber is provided for inspection, cleaning, repair and maintenance of sewer 02 marks
line.
Q.3 b) Draw a labeled sketch of reservoir intake.
Ans

04 marks

Q.3 c) List the component parts of a drop manhole and state its necessity.
Ans 1. Working chamber: For inspection and cleaning of sewer. 02 marks
2. Inspection arm and plug: For cleaning, inspection and maintenance of the branch for parts
sewer and plug is providing restriction. 02 marks
3. Vertical shaft: For connecting branch sewer to main sewer. for
4. Rungs (Stairs): For ascending and descending for man. necessity
5. Benching: For proper laying of the main sewer in concrete.
6. Manhole cover: For covering manhole drop manhole cover is provided.
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Q.3 d) State measures for prevention of pollution of bores and well waters.
Ans 1. We should not wash the cloths near bore and well.
2. We should not wash utensils near the well. 04 marks
3. We should not wash animals near the well.
4. Septic tank should be far away from bore and well to protect ground water from
pollution.
Q.3 e) Describe 'water test' and 'air test' with reference to testing of sewers.
Ans Water test: Each section of the sewer is tested for water tightness preferably between
manholes. To prevent change in alignment and disturbance after the pipes have been laid,
it is desirable to backfill the pipes up to top, keeping at least 90 cm length of the pipe open
at the joints. But in case of shorter pipe lengths of stoneware and RCC pipes, it is not
possible. With concrete encasement or concrete cradle, partial covering of pipe is not 02 marks
necessary.
In the case of the concrete and stoneware pipes with cement mortar joints, the testing
shall be done after making joints. It is necessary that the pipelines are filled with water for
about a week before commencing the application of pressure to allow for the absorption by
the wall of the pipe.
The testing of the sewer is done by plugging the upper end with a provision for an air
outlet pipe with stopcock. The water is filled through a funnel connected at the lower end
provided with a plug. After expelling the air through the air outlet, the stopcock is closed
and water level in the funnel is raised to 2 m above the invert at the upper end. Water level
is noted after 30 minutes in the funnel and the quantity of water required to restore the
original level in the funnel is determined. The pipe line under pressure is then inspected
while the funnel is still in position. There should not be any leaks in the pipe or joints except
small sweating on the pipe surface which is allowed. Leakage in 30 minutes determined by
measuring the replenished water in the funnel should not exceed 15 ml in the smaller
diameter and 60 ml in the larger diameter per cm diameter of pipe for 100 m length. Any
sewer or part that does not meet the test shall be emptied and repaired or re-laid as per
requirements and tested again.
Air test: It is done by subjecting the stretch of pipe to an air pressure of 100 mm of water
by means of a hand pump. The joints shall be assumed to be water tight. The exact point of 02 marks
leakage can be detected by applying soap solution to all the joints in the line and looking
for the air bubble.
Q.4 A)a List the operations carried out during periodical cleaning of drainage system.
Ans 1. Use of the flexible sewer rod with manila rope for sewer cleaning.
2. The composite flexible rod composed of rope tied together with bamboo strips is 04 marks
lowered inside the manhole by a person on top, while another person inside the
manhole thrusts the same in to the sewer in the direction of flow.
3. Flushing of sewers is carried out periodically to clear laterals and sewers laid within
sufficient slope for maintaining a velocity so as to remove settled material.
Q.4 A)b Explain general principles of building drainage.
Ans 1. The drain should be laid in such a way so as to remove the sewage quickly from the
building. The drain should be laid at such a slope that self-cleaning velocity is Any four
developed in them. 01 mark
2. All the drainage system should be properly ventilated on the house sides. All the for each
inspection chambers should be provided with fresh air inlets.
3. All the drains should be laid in such a way so as to ensure their safety in future.
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4. The drain should be laid in such a way that in future extension can be done easily if
desired.
5. All the rain water pipes, sweeping from house and bath water should be discharged
over gully traps and should be connected from the drain.
6. All soil pipes should be carried direct to the manholes without gully traps.
Q.4 A)c State function of (i) air relief valve, (ii) Non-return valve.
Ans i. Air relief valve: When water enters in pipe lines, it carries some air with it which
tends to accumulate at high points of pipe. When the quantity of air increases, it
cause serious blockage to the flow of water. Therefore it is most essential to 02 marks
remove the accumulated air from the pipe line. Air relief valve is used for this
purpose.
ii. Non-return valve: Non-return valve allow water to flow only in one direction and 02 marks
prevent it from flowing in reverse direction.
Q.4 A)d State norms for maintenance of domestic sanitary units.
Ans 1. Sanitary fittings should be laid in such a way so as to remove the sewage quickly
from the building. Any four
2. The pipe line in the sanitary fittings should be properly ventilated on the house 01 mark
sides. for each
3. Sanitary fittings shall be leak proof.
4. Sanitary fittings joints should be water tight.
5. Sanitary fittings should be cleaned periodically.
Q.4 B)a The following data is collected regarding population. Calculate demand of water for small
residential area/colony and forecast the population of area in 2021 by geometrical increase
Ans method.
Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 4,320 5,200 7,120 8,000 9,150

Geometric increase method:

Year Population Increase in Percentage increase in
population population
1961 4320
1971 5200 880 880 x 100/4320 = 20.37%
1981 7120 1920 1920 x 100/5200 = 36.92% 03 marks
1991 8000 880 880 x 100/7120 = 12.36%
2001 9150 1150 1150 x 100/8000 = 14.38%
Average per decade IG 21.0%

P2011 = P[1 + (IG/100)]n

= 9150[1 + (21/100)]1 01 mark
= 11072
P2021 = 9150[1 + (21/100)]2 01 mark
= 13359 01 mark
The water supply demand = 13359 x 270
= 3606930 lit/day.

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Q.4 B)a State the reason for suitability of two pipe system over one pipe system. Draw a neat
Ans labeled sketch of one pipe system partially ventilated.
Two pipe system: This method provides an ideal solution. All the traps used in this system 03 marks
are fully ventilated. Waste pipes are connected through the gully trap. The soil pipes are
connected to the drain.

03 marks

One pipe system partially ventilated

Q.5 Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Explain the procedure of lying of sewers.
Ans  The boring or trial holes are dug along the proposed sewer line to ascertain the
nature of ground.
 From the longitudinal section of the sewer line, the position of manhole are studied
and located on the ground.
 The center line of the sewer line should be properly maintains
There are two methods which are employed for this purpose.
In the first method, a line parallel to the sewer line is marked on one side. This is 03 marks
known as an offset method it is usually marked at distance of D which is about one half the
trench width plus 600mm .the other side is used to dump the excavated material. The
offset line should be drawn on that side of the trench which is not likely to be disturbed
during the process of excavation of the trench. The temporary bench mark at the intervals
of about 200m to 300m should be established along the offset line by carrying the levels
from the permanent bench mark. The offset line helps in locating the sewer-line when
excavation is carried out to lay sewers.
The
In the second method the two vertical post are driven in to the ground at a
distance from the centre line peg.one horizontal rail known as the sight rail is fixed
between these posts at a convenient height from the ground level.

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01 mark

Q.5 b) Explain with neat sketch working of ‘trickling filter’

Ans Components of Trickling Filter

02 marks

 A rotary or stationary distribution mechanism distributes wastewater from the top

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of the Filter percolating it through the interstices of the film-covered medium.
 As the wastewater moves through the filter, the organic matter is adsorbed onto
the film and degraded by a mixed population of aerobic microorganisms.
 The oxygen required for organic degradation is supplied by air circulating through
the Filter induced by natural draft or ventilation.
 As the biological film continues to grow, the microorganisms near the surface lose 02 marks
their ability to cling to the medium, and a portion of the slime layer falls off the
filter. This process is known as sloughing.
 The sloughed solids are picked up by the under-drain system and transported to a
clarifier for removal from the wastewater.
 Microorganisms used
The microorganisms used are mainly facultative bacteria that decompose the
organic material in the wastewater along with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It includes
Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Psudomonas, and alcaligenes. In the lower reaches of the
filter, the nitrifying bacteria are usually present.
Q.5 c) State role of Maharashtra pollution control board in prevention of pollution.
Ans  To plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of
pollution and secure executions thereof
 To collect and disseminate information relating to pollution and the prevention,
control or abatement thereof,
 To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities, and air
pollution control systems and to review plans, specification or any other data
relating to the treatment plants, disposal systems and air pollution control systems
in connection with the consent granted, 04 marks
 Supporting and encouraging the developments in the fields of pollution control,
waste recycle reuse, eco-friendly practices etc.
 To educate and guide the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting
appropriate pollution control technologies and techniques
 Creation of public awareness about the clean and healthy environment and
attending the public complaints regarding pollution.
Q.5 d) Differentiate between i) Aerobic and Anaerobic process ii) B.O.D. and C.O.D.
Ans i) Aerobic and Anaerobic process
Aerobic process Anaerobic process
1. It occurs in majority of organisms. 1. It occurs in a few organisms (e.g. yeast,
and some bacteria and parasitic worms).
2. Oxygen is used 2. Oxygen is not used.
3. It always releases CO2. 3. It may or may not release CO2 02 marks
4. It generated water. 4. It does not produce water (01 mark
5. It releases entire energy available in 5.It releases only 5% of energy available in for one
glucose as it is fully oxidized glucose as it (glucose) is not fully oxidized. point)
6. Aerobic respiration involves five 6. It includes just two steps: glycolysis and
principal steps: glycolysis, pyruvate incomplete breakdown of pyruvate.
oxidation, TCA cycle, ETS and chemiosmotic
ATP synthesis.
7. It yields inorganic end products 7. In yields organic end product with or
without inorganic ones.

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8. Aerobic reparation takes place in 8. Anaerobic respiration takes place
cytoplasm and mitochondria. cytoplasm only

ii) B.O.D. and C.O.D.

B.O.D. C.O.D.
1. Is the oxygen required for the It is the measure of amount of carbon in 02 marks
biochemical oxidation of the organic matter (01 mark
decomposable matter at specified for one
temperature within the specified point)
time.
The slandered time and temperature The standard time for this test is 5 hour
are 5 days 200 C.
Q.5 e) Draw the layout of sanitary plumbing and sewage collection of residential building.
Ans

04 marks

Note: Students may draw different layout.

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Q.5 f) Draw flow diagram of activated sludge process plant and explain its working.
Ans

02marks

Working:-
1. The raw sewage is given the primary treatment in the primary settling tank. The
detention period is kept short 1-1.5 hours. The primary settling tank removes less
percentage of settable solids. Due to less removal of solids the filter media des not
clog.
2. After primary treatment the raw sewage is mixed up with the required quantity of
activated sludge which is called return sludge and sent in the aeration tank. The 02 marks
mixer is called as mixed liquor.
3. In the aeration unit the mixed liquor is aerated and simultaneously agitated for 4-10
hr. depending on the degree of purification desired and the strength of the sewage.
4. The aerated mixed liquid is sent in the final settling tank.
5. The effluent from the final settling tank which is clear is disposed of.
6. A part of settled sludge is sent back in the aeration unit for seeding the raw sewage
and the excessive quantity is treated and disposed off.
Q.6 a) Write any two reasons for necessity of pre-treatment before trickling filter process in view
of activated sludge process.
Ans 1. The main object of primary object of primary treatment process is to remove suspended 04 marks
matters, oils, sand and grit and floating matters etc. (Any two
2. In the primary treatment process the sewage is passed through screens, grit chambers, 02 marks
detritus tank and sedimentation tank. For 01
3. The primary settling tank remove less percentage of settable sand due to less removal of point)
solids the filter media does not clog.
Q.6 b) Explain with neat sketch working of oxidation pond.

Ans

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02 marks

Working Of
Oxidation
Pond:

 The oxidation pond purify sewage by dual action of aerobic and algae.
 The sewage is stored under climatic condition which are favorable for the growth of
algae, namely sunshine and warmth.
 Aerobic bacteria uses oxygen of the atmosphere, whereas the algae is active in the
sunlight.
02 marks
 Due to the dual process of photosynthesis acting on the sewage, it breaks up the
carbon dioxide produced during the carbon cycle from the carbohydrates present in
the sewage.
 This carbon is used in producing more carbohydrates and released oxygen keeps the
dissolved oxygen content of water at high level.
Q.6 c) Explain bell and spigot joint with sketch.
Sometimes this is called bell and spigot joint. This type of joint is mostly used for cast iron
Ans pipes. For the construction of this joint the spigot or normal end of one pipe is slipped in
socket or bell end of the other pipe until contact is made at the base of the bell. After this
yarn of hemp is wrapped around the spigot end of the pipe and is tightly filled in the joint
by means of yarning iron up to 5 cm depth.
The hemp is tightly packed to maintain regular annular space and for preventing jointing
material from falling inside the pipe. After packing of hemp a gasket or joint runner is
clamped in place round the joint so that it fits tightly against the outer edge of the bell. 02 marks
Sometimes wet clay is used to make tight contact between the runner and the pipe so that
hot lead may not run out of the joint space.
The molten lead is then poured into the V-shaped opening left in the top by the clamped
joint runner. The space between the hemp yarn and the clamp runner is filled with molten
lead. When the lead has hardened, the runner is removed. The lead which shrinks while
cooling is again tightened by means of chalking tool and hammer.
The quantity of lead required per joint varies from 3.5 to 4 kg for 15 cm. dia pipe, to about
45-50 kg for 120 cm diameter pipe. This is somewhat slightly flexible joint; allow the pipes
to be laid on flat curved without pipe specials. Now a days sometimes to reduce the cost of
filling lead, certain patented compounds of sulphur and other materials are filled in the
joints, but these materials do not provided flexibility equal to that of lead

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

02 marks

Q.6 d) Give importance of (i) Non-scouring velocity, (ii) Self cleansing velocity.
i) Non-scoring velocity. The interior surface of the sewer pipe gets scored due to the
Ans continuous abrasion caused by suspended solids present in sewage. The scoring
is pronounced at higher velocity than what can be tolerated by the pipe
materials. This wear and tear of the sewer pipes will reduce the life span of the 02 marks
pipe and their carrying capacity. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to limit the
maximum velocity that will be produced in sewer pipe at any time. This limiting
or non- scouring velocity mainly depends upon the material of sewer.
i) Self-cleaning velocity. The velocity that would not permit the solids to settle down and
even scour the deposited particles of a given size is called as self-cleansing velocity.
This minimum velocity should at least develop once in a day so as not to allow any 02 marks
deposition in the sewers. Otherwise, if such deposition takes place, it will obstruct
free flow causing further deposition and finally leading to the complete blocking of
the sewers

Q.6 e) List any four types of pipes used for conveyance of water and state the advantage of cost
iron pipes.
Ans a) cast iron pipe
b) wrought iron pipe
c) Steel pip Any four
d) Concrete pipe ½ mark
e) Cement line cast iron pipe for each
f) Asbestos cement pipe
g) Copper and lead pipe
h) Wooden pipe
i) Vitrified clay pipe.
Advantage of cost iron pipes:-
 Cast iron pipe is the preferred choice for handling high pressures and loads of water. 02 marks
 Cast iron pipe have long life.

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