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Esal-Based Costs

The document discusses the ESAL (Equivalent Single Axle Load) method used to analyze pavement damage from trucks. It describes how the method converts various truck configurations and weights into a standard unit of ESAL based on the damage of an 18,000 lb single axle load. Equivalency factors are used to calculate the ESALs for different axle types and weights. The total ESALs for a truck is the sum of ESALs for each axle. Many DOTs provide average ESAL factors for different truck classes. PennDOT's factors are in Publication 242. The revised allocation method is based on percentage of ESALs contributed rather than tonnage hauled. It also includes a spring thaw factor

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174 views12 pages

Esal-Based Costs

The document discusses the ESAL (Equivalent Single Axle Load) method used to analyze pavement damage from trucks. It describes how the method converts various truck configurations and weights into a standard unit of ESAL based on the damage of an 18,000 lb single axle load. Equivalency factors are used to calculate the ESALs for different axle types and weights. The total ESALs for a truck is the sum of ESALs for each axle. Many DOTs provide average ESAL factors for different truck classes. PennDOT's factors are in Publication 242. The revised allocation method is based on percentage of ESALs contributed rather than tonnage hauled. It also includes a spring thaw factor

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Using ESAL method

 Pavement damage depends on weight


distribution.
 Weight distribution depends on:
◦ Number of axles
◦ Weight on each axle
◦ Spacing of axles
 AASHTO developed a method to convert
various truck axles configurations & weights
to one standard
 Standard = ESAL (Equivalent Single Axle Load)
 One ESAL is equivalent to an18,000 lb weight
on a single axle with dual tires.
 AASHTO developed equivalency factors based
on relative damage caused by an axle type &
weight compared to the standard ESAL
 Examples:
◦ Single axle (18,000 lbs)= 1.0 ESALs
◦ Single axle (12,000 lbs)= 0.23 ESALs

◦ Tandem axle (24,000 lb)= 0.32 ESALs


◦ Tandem axle (34,000 lbs)= 1.11 ESALs
 Most trucks contain a combination of axle
types & loads
 ESALs for entire truck = sum of ESALs for
each axle
 Many DOT’s have developed average ESAL
factors for each truck class based on
measurements of trucks throughout state

 Eliminates need to weigh each truck when


doing pavement analysis

 PennDOT’s average ESAL Factors provided in


Publication 242
 Class 7 (Triaxle)
◦ 4.50 ESALs

 Class 9 (Tractor Trailer)


◦ 1.00 ESALs
 Previous Method- Publication 23
◦ Costs allocated based on % tonnage hauled by each
user
 Revised Method-Recently Developed
◦ Costs allocated based on % ESALs by each user
◦ Spring thaw factor
NUMBER OF ESAL PERCENT OF
COMPANY TRUCK TYPE ESALS
TRUCKS FACTOR ALLOCATION

4-AXLE SINGLE UNIT 65 4.5 292.5

A 67.66%
3 AXLE-MULTIPLE
36 1 36
AXLE TRAILER

B 3 AXLE-SINGLE UNIT 55 0.82 45.1 9.29%

5-AXLE MULTIPLE
40 2.33 93.2
TRAILER
C 23.06%
6-AXLE SINGLE
25 0.75 18.75
TRAILER

TOTAL = 485.55 100.00%


 Pavement damage from trucks is accelerated
during Spring thaw
 PennDOT developed refined procedure to
account for additional damage during Spring
thaw period
 Independent study of pavement found
damage during Spring thaw is approximately
2 times the damage during the rest of the
year
 ESALs applied
during period of COMPANY HAULING DATA
Spring thaw NUMBER OF TRUCKS (A) 28
multiplied by
damage factor to
TRUCKS DURING SPRING THAW (B) 8

get equivalent XYZ TRUCKS OUTSIDE SPRING THAW C=(A-B) 20

ESALs ESAL FACTOR (D) 4.5

TOTAL EQUIVALENT ESALS (C+(2*B))*D 162

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