CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Women have been significantly participating to the cultural and social development of the
mankind throughout the history despite their roles often been seen as secondary to those
of men. Women played important roles in the advancement of civilization since the pre-
historic period by their unique character in accepting the coexistence of all living beings,
which perhaps, led to the domestication of animals and the system of agriculture
cultivation in the family or community unit. Since time immemorial female participation,
whether from household viewpoint or in the out sphere have remained significant. even in
this post modern era, the participation of women whether in economic or social and
political ares have remained vital. There have been growing concerns today on women
rights, their empowerment and their economic condition. The literature on women and
their socio-economic statuses has grown with the increasing awareness that women‟s
development is vital for the overall development of the society. The phrase” overworked
and underpaid” is a harsh but true description of women throughout the world. Women‟s
labour accounts for two thirds of the world‟s work hour yet they receive only ten percent
of income and less than one percent of property. (UN, 1980). In any society the roles and
responsibilities of women and men vary. Women usually have less access to resources and
benefits due to various socio economic constraints, this is more observed in developing
countries where there is a clear demarcation of rules and responsibilities and more
prominently male domination‟s. Women, in developing countries are merely respected as
their role of mother and housekeeper. As women do not have land in their name due to lack
of other sources of income, they are dependent upon their husbands. Women have the
accessibility regarding land resources but when it comes to control of benefits it is the male
who still exercises the control because our society is male dominated where major
decisions are taken by the male household head. In Nepal unequal rank and power in
decision making and benefits are legitimized by traditional society norms. 2 The term
'decision making' was defined choice of appropriate alternatives in decision process.
Decision making is associated with various aspect of human life such as household work,
public and private sectors. Women's roles in household decision making is determined by
social and economic status, independent entrepreneurs of religious celebration, greater
freedoms of choice at marriage, economic support in the absence of sons in the family and
self - employment of women working in the household productive sectors. According to
population census 2011, the Total population of Nepal is 2,64,94,504. Among them, male
population is 1,28,49,041 (48.48%) where as the female population is 1,36,45,463
(51.51%) (CBS, 2011). The Total literacy rate is 65.9% on which the male literacy rate is
75.1% and female literacy rate is 57.4%. Women are Constitute half of the population of the
world. Hence, their equal participation in any development activities is not only desirable
but also essential as well to speed up development process. In the development of a nation
where women play vital role. In male dominated country like ours female are considered of
low standard and of less value but in recent year, people have started realizing the
importance of women's participation in the economic as well as Social development. The
socio-economic standard of women greatly enhances the progressive development of a
nation. Men and women have now started participating on equal footing development
activities in many development Countries having faith and relationship as that of "muscles
with the nail of the finger." The mutual understanding between male and female can bring
drastic Changes in the Socio-economic status of a nation. Discrimination between males
and females start in their family. Females are not included in the decision making process,
and the opportunities and benefits available in the society are monopolized by males.
Women‟s participation in sociocultural and political activities depends upon the attitudes
of their husbands/ father/ parents/ male relatives. (UNDP, 2003) The needs to uplift
women in Nepal were realized lately and the steps to meet these needs were taken only
recently. Various incentive programs have been launched along with the call for greater
awareness to overcome prevailing stigma- attached 3 social plight women. New schemes
introduced to a new situation. Some of the major activities are surveying of households,
formation of groups, preparing village profiles and involving women in educational, health
and income generating activities both at the district and field levels. Efforts are made to
develop women‟s social prestige, self confidence and feeling of equality by educating them
and aiming to set their commanding status over the society as well as their family. As a
result the women‟s role in decision making has increased today. It can be observed in
political fields where few of them are in decision- making position due to allocation of
percent of candidacy of women in parliamentary election by each political party. Besides,
women in Nepal work 10-13 hrs against 7.51hrs for men (CEDA, 1981) and hence there is a
growing need to provide them sufficient say in decisionmaking authority within or outside
home affairs. Furthermore the importance of women‟s participation in household
management are playing an important role for upliftment of their status in the society
In Nepal, half of the total population is covered by women, but women are suffer from
illiteracy, poverty, unemployment and household burden. Relating to decision making,
women's representation is very poor in the whole Country of Nepal. Especially in Bajhang,
the Status of women is an important factors that affects the Social, economic development
in the Country without women's participation. The goals of development activities can not
be fully attained. So men and women are the pillars of development but women's role as
the managers of the subsistence sector is avoided off as unproductive. Their opinions are
important but patriarchy considers it as meaning less and their freedom is restricted
within the household Sphere and overall conferred the status of weak lot. The reasons for
such as predicament may spring from the Strong gender bias evident in the economical and
political field, Conventional social norms, values and perceptions and attitudes of the
people themselves
1.2. Statement of Problem
The problems of women in the Study reflect that women are neither totally marginalized
not Come at the Centre like male at decision make power. There is a belief that female
Should Confine themselves to such task as Cooking, washing, taking care of Children and
should not involved in traditional male activities. The district of Bajhang is backward as
Compared to other districts of Nepal. In there women have also low status, role and
position as Compared to male Counterpart. Similarly, women have no access in power,
police making, decision making level, higher level government post and authorities. They
are mostly limited within household activities like Cooking, Caring Children, feeding,
farming, and Collecting woods and grass which are Considered as unproductive income.
Women spend most of their hours in this works. So the study of women's economic
educational status and their decision making power in household activities at Rilu VDC in
Bajhang would most essential for this Scenario. Therefore, my research is focused on the
following question:
1. What is the socio-economic condition of the women in the study area?
2. What is the role of working and non-working women in household level decision making
process?
3. What are the problems faced by women in access of decision making role in the study
area?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The work without any objective often fails. Therefore for the formation and selection of the
research, we need to mention the objective which helps to complete our Study. The general
objective of this Study is to assess the women and their decision making power in
household activities related to education and income. However, the Specific objectives are
as follows:
1. To examine the socio - economic status of women of the study area.
2. To compare the effectiveness of inside working and outside working women at
household decision making process.
3. To explain the problem facing by women in decision making process.
1.4 Significance of the study
This study has significance in both applied and theoretical levels. This study attempts to
explore and describe women‟s role in household decision making. Number of research
studies has been done on decision making process. Although Nepalese women have been
empowered in paper, they have not been wholly translated into a way of life. Hence the
result is that only a few women are in the decision making position. Now a day, it is widely
discussed among politicians, planners and bureaucrats that women are exploited,
oppressed and isolated from the development main stream. The participation of women is
very low in social,political and economic founds. This study, by exploring and examining
women‟s actual role in household decision making will be useful for proper identification
of women‟s role in household decision making, for the planners and development
participation so that they can make better plans, policies and implement them to uplift the
Nepalese women‟s status and their role in the development of the country.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

In this study, the researcher has gone through two types of research namely
2.1 Conceptual Review
2.2. Review of Previous Studies
2.1 Conceptual Review
Role of women in decision making The majority of women in Nepal live in rural area. Rural
women, as else where play multiple roles. In the domestic sphere they are household
managers, mothers and wives, in community they maintain social and cultural services,
predominantly on a voluntary basis and in economy, if they are not formally engaged as
employees or entrepreneurs; they are active in family businesses and farms. But they have
to low access to income, wealth and employment, which are the main causes of their low
economic status. It directly and indirectly affects their decision making power. (I.L.O,
2001). Social patterns is being changing and most women have started to outside work, the
home continue to persist even in the face of drastically changed circumstances.
Traditionally, the men was bread-winner; women used to engaged in unpaid labour at
home in washing, cleaning, cooking, etc. She was also traditionally regarded as the person
with primary responsibility for the care of children and other member. Studies
demonstrate that, when both husband and wife work full time, husband and family
responsibilities still fall disproportionately on the women in the situation carry the entire
burden of the family. As more women work the burden of two 'jobs' are paid and one
unpaid at home, which has always confronted working women, has received more media
attention Women‟s contribution to economic and social progress is still constrained by
their limited access to education and information. For a large proportion of women, the
written word still finds no meaning. Many rural women who do become literate however,
will lose their skill because there are few opportunities for them to practice. Low level of
educational attainment among the women and prejudice in favour of male recruitment may
also negatively affect the formal employment of women. In 1982, in government service
only 7 percent of gazetted officer and 5 percent of the supporting staff were women.
Women constitute less than 10 percent of decision making position at the national and
local level. Most of the decisions concerning activities are men. The study shows about 50
percent of decisions are made by men, 19 percent jointly and 31 percent by female, which
shows very low percent of decision making power on the part of women. (UNICEF, 1990)
Women have very low participation in decision-making process, 70% household related
and external decision are entirely made by male member of house (Acharya, 1995). Women
are the primary supporters of the domestic and subsistence sector. Their major role in
agricultural production particularly, both in labourers and managers of the production
process (Acharya and Bennett, 1983). Dahal (1992) summarizes the information from the
status of women in Nepal (CEDA, 1981) that among high cast groups. The authority
structure is male dominated, women cannot make their own decision and they have no
independent sources of income and property. Among the women for Baragaule, Loharung
Rai and Kham Magar, they have liberal social structure, which permit in the accumulation
of property. Likewise the Newar, the Tamang and the Tharu women can have their own
independent source of property. Out of that, among the Newar of Kirtipur women cannot
make her own independent decision to take her sick baby even to the hospital, without
prior permission of the senior adult male of the family (Dahal, 1992). Acharya, (1997)
concludes that in addition to the activities being performer under national and
international aspires activities involving women in development process, status of women
in Nepal can be improved by giving attention of such things as making specific studies
about the economic, social and cultural activities of women in Nepalese societies. To
provides similar school and curriculum for both girls and boys students, eliminating
inequalities in inheritance right, family rights and all over legal rights involving the
educated women in office and involving them into seminar and symposia from time to
time. Acharya (1997) states that conventional social custom is one of the major reason
obstructing women from participation fully in economic development, which results low
decision making power in women's hand. Higher the participation of women for economic
development, higher will be the decision making power of women. On the other hand, the
social conception that only women are responsible for the reproduction of human beings,
conception delivery and upbringing of child has made it extremely difficult for women to
participate in the development process as equal member of society. Due to all these
reasons their status compared to male is very low. Shtri Shakti, (1995).Women‟s public life
is culturally restricted to the degree that it is casually related to the patriarchal social
system which confines them to subordinated position. Religion, ethnicity, culture, law,
tradition, history and social attitudes place severe limits on women‟s participation in
public life, and also control in their private life. These factors have both shape the cultures
worldview and governed individual self image, subsequently affecting the understanding
and practice of development. This fact is largely evidenced by the reality that a negligible
number of Nepalese women are involved in professional, management and decision
making position. Acharya, et.al.2010, analyze that Women's autonomy in decision making
is positively associated with their age, employment and number of living children. Women
from rural area and Terai region have less autonomy in decision making in all four types of
outcome measure. There is a mixed variation in women's autonomy in the development
region across all outcome measures. Western women are more likely to make decision in
own health care (1.2-1.6), while they are less likely to purchase daily household needs (0.6-
0.9). Women's increased education is positively associated with autonomy in own health
care decision making (p < 0.01), however their more schooling (SLC and above) shows non
significance with other outcome measures. Interestingly, rich women are less likely to have
autonomy to make decision in own healthcare. Strir Shakti, (1995)Women are more apt to
say that their husbands make decision alone than to consider that they are making decision
jointly with their husbands or those they have made decision alone. Women have simply
nodding approved to accepting their husbands decisions without questioning does not
mean that a decision was made jointly; simply because they express their opinion does not
mean that they make a decision. The ideas that women express disagreement because they
have an increased sense of their own value and an increase in the level of their confidence
in voicing their opinions. UN,(1980)Early marriage is another serious problem that some
girls must face the practice of giving away girls for marriage at the age of 10 to 14 after
with they must start producing children is prevalent among certain ethnic groups. The
primped reasons for the practice are the girls virginity, the prize and the luck awareness
and education. Early marriage for many girls in Nepal to high rates of maternal and infant
mortality. Early marriage robs girls of here childhood time necessary to develop physically
emotionally and psychologically in fact early marriage inflicts great emotional stress as the
young women is removed from her parents home to that of her husband and in laws. Her
husband who will invariably be many years seniors will have little in common with a young
teenager. It is with the strange non that she has to develop an intimate emotional and
physical relationship. She is obliged to have intercourse although physically she might not
be fully develop. Acharya and Bennett (1981) give a wider overview of women‟s status in
their decision making power in household. Acharya and Bennett claim that economic factor
affects women‟s role in decision making both directly and indirectly. If women have a
greater economic participation she has a greater power of decision-making. Similarly,
social and demographic factors also influences the role of decision-making e.g. small size of
children imply higher economic participation and consequently greater decision-making
power for women.
UNICEF Report (1987) depicts, that women‟s contribution to economic and social progress
is still constrained by their limited access to education and information which the full
development of utilization of their intellectual and productive capacities. For a large
proportion of women, the written world still finds no meaning. Many rural women who do
become literate however, will lose their skill because there are few opportunities for them
to practice. Low level of educational attainment among the women and prejudice in favour
of male recruitment may also negatively affect the formal employment of women. In 1982,
in government service only 7% of gazetted officers and 5% of the supporting staff were
women. Women constitute less then 10% of decision making position at the national and
local level. Most of the decisions concerning activities are made by men. The study shows
about 50 % of decision are made by men, 19% jointly and 31% by female, which shows
very low %age of decision making power on the part of women. UN,(1995). Early marriage
is another serious problem that some girls must face the practice of giving away girls for
marriage at the age of 10 to 14 after with they must start producing children is prevalent
among certain ethnic groups. The primped reasons for the practice are the girls virginity,
the prize and the luck awareness and education. Early marriage for many girls in Nepal to
high rates of maternal and infant mortality. Early marriage robs girls of here childhood
time necessary to develop physically emotionally and psychologically in fact early marriage
inflicts great emotional stress as the young women is removed from her parents home to
that of her husband and in laws. Her husband who will invariably be many years seniors
will have little in common with a young teenager. It is with the strange non that she has to
develop an intimate emotional and physical relationship. She is obliged to have intercourse
although physically she might not be fully develop. Ghimire(1997) had further emphasized
on the importance of female education. He had mentioned that a boy is to education as
individual, but to educate a girl is to educate the whole family and society. Education is
therefore essential for women and girls to become self-dependent, more productive,
skillful, creative and to recognize their right place in the society and to enter the
mainstream of development of the nation. Kaur (1987) in a case study carried out in
Haryana state, emphasizes upon the need to give due recognition of female decision
making especially in the case of home and farm affairs among the rural families. She claims
that women are never found as final decision- maker in many matters except for cases of
food and nutrition of the children. Ironically women are not event free to decide about
participating in women‟s organization such as Mahila Mandals. Financial decisions are
found as solely manipulated by husbands accept in few cases. She concludes saying
planned, programs should be designed which support women‟s potential as capable and
worthily decision makers. Kaur goes on to emphasize education and access to educational
opportunities as an important factor influencing women‟s input in the decision making
process. She observes as “educated women are better placed as compared to their illiterate
counterpart” (Kaur 1987: 120). Acharya and Bennett (1981) have singled out “decision
making” from the multidimensional concept of status which reflects the internal dynamic of
sexual stratification within the household. They developed some model from the study of
eight different village communities from the status of women in Nepal. In this model, the
village were more conceived to be operating in such four spheres of subsistence activities
as household domestic work, agricultural production activities, work in the village labour
market and local bazaar and total employment in the wider economy beyond the village.
Dangi (2003), in his study entitled “Women‟s Participation to their Household
Management: A Case Study of Chuhandanda VDC, Terhathum District, concludes that
Nepalese women still remain underprivileged as compared to their male counterparts. The
study states that, in rural context, they work 17 percent extra hours than those of men in
domestic and subsistence economy, however their socio-economic status remain both less
recognized and more inferior in comparison to their male counterparts. The study
concludes that women play greater role in household and domestic management process
but they need final approval of their household head in this process.
Discrimination between males and females start in their family. Females are not included in
the decision making process, and the opportunities and benefits available in the society are
monopolized by males. Women‟s participation in socio-cultural and political activities
depends upon the attitudes of their husbands/ father/ parents/ male relatives. (UNDP,
2003) Acharya and Bennett (1982) have singled out "decision making" from the multi
dimensional concept of status which reflects the internal dynamic of sexual stratification
within the household they developed some model from the study of eight different village
committees from the status of women in Nepal. In this model, the village were more
conceived to be operating in much four spheres of subsistence activities as household
domestic work, agricultural production activities, work in the village labour market and
local bazaar and total employment in the wider economy beyond the village. Nepalese
women also play managerial role for decision making i.e. form management, resources
allocation and domestic expenditure. There is variation between the communities
regarding the male/female input into the farm management decisions. According to
Acharya and Bennett . (1982) women's rile in household decision making is affected
directly and indirectly by economic condition. A women have a greater economic
participation and will have a greater power in decision making. Similarly social and
demographic factors also influence the role of decision making. Small size of children
implies higher economic participation and consequently greater decision making power for
women . Even where women have been successful at decision-making at the community
level and at certain aspects of household decision-making, the overall control of household,
land, capital, and other valuable resources in still maledominant in much of South Asia. The
grassroots women‟s groups create space for women to come together and discuss
immediate problems, and to seek help. The local level organizations are more aware of the
local social relations and social hierarchies that determine one‟s access to resources.
Although patriarchal views and structures oppress women all over the world, there exists a
class hierarchy even among the women and not all women share identical interests.
Organizing women‟s groups at the grassroots level has been most effective for empowering
women at the local level and for bottom-p development. (Gurung, 2004) According to
Shrestha (1994) decision making power of women may increase with an equality of
participation at all levels of planning and policy making not as recipient beneficiaries,
labour an input contribution and consultants but as active change agent at the concerned
level. It does not mean the involvement of one or two women or the wives of the leaders,
but the involvement of women and man in the sample proportion in decision making as
their proportion in the communities at large. It can be concluded from the above studies
that females have low decision making power due to lack of proper socio-economic status
of females. Nowadays the access fo female of resources has been increased but their status
has slow motion to forward. Either one way or other females have more responsibilities in
household chosen, agricultural activities and other but they have less chance to decide
freely. So, it should not be forgotten that without equal participation of male and female in
all spheres of households or other activities, there is less chance to be developed societies.
Therefore, women should bring in to the mainstream of development activities not by only
their physical presentation but by providing fully role of decision making power.
2.2. Reviews of Previous Studies
The review of previous studies in this research includes the objectives and finding of the
previous researches relevant to this research. Gharti, (2002) has done a study on gender
awareness focusing on women's involvement in decision making power: A case study of
Lekhnath municipality, Kaski, Nepal. It has the following objectives:
 To examine the socio-economic status of women in the study area.
 To find different causes and factors affecting women's decision making power.
 To recommend policy measure for empowering women in decision making.
She has the conclusion that women may have a greater say in many issues, but which may
be of lower importance, for example decision making only in small expenditure of
household. Women heavily rely upon the approval and consent of their husbands for the
execution of both important and unimportant matters. Lamsal. (2011) his done a study on
Women role in household decision making.
A case study of Gadhi VDC of Makwanpur district. However the specific following objectives
are:
A ) To analyze the role of women in household management activities.
B ) To examine the role of women contribution in house hold work?
C ) To analyze women‟s role on the adaptation of family planning FP measures, selection of
the family size and on educational aspects.
Kaur, (1987) in a case study carried out in Haryana State, emphasize upon the need to give
due recognition to female decision making specially in the case of home and farm affairs
among the rural families. She claims that women are never found as final decision maker in
many matters except for cases of food and nutrition of the children. Ironically women are
not even free to decide about participating in women's organizations such as Mahila
Mandals. Financial decisions are found as solely manipulated by husbands except in few
cases. Kaur goes on to emphasize education and access to educational opportunities as an
important factor influencing women's impact in the decision making process. As she
observes, "educated women are better placed as compared to their illiterate counterparts."
Dangi, (2003) conducted a study on "Women's economic participation to their household
management" It has the following objective.
A ) To study the socio economic condition of the women.
B ) To assess the role of the women in their economic support to their family.
C ) To study their participation in the decision making process within the household.
D ) To suggest measured for uplifting their status in society.
His Major findings are:
 The area in which the study was undertaken is found composed mainly by three casts and
ethnicity viz. Limbu, Tamang and Brahman/Chhetri.
 They are mainly dependent on agriculture and small business activities.
 Women are found relatively backward both in terms of involving remunerative economic
opportunities and social standing category vis-avis their male counterparts.
 There seem greater say of women in household and domestic management process and
hence they enjoy greater decision making role but it is found that they need final approval
of their male head household on this process. In this regard women are seemed the
manager rather than the controller over this process.
Karki, (2011) has done a study on Role of women in household decision making : A case
study of Kirtipur municipality ward no 13, Kathmandu, Nepal. It has the following
objective:
a. To explore the socio-economic status of women of Kirtipur -13.
b. To analyze the role of women in household decision making.
c. To forward suggestions for promotion of women's role in household decision making and
empowering them.
Rai, (2006) conducted a study on " Participation of Women in Household Decision Making
Process: " The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
1) To find out the socio –economic status of the respondents
2) To analyze decision making role of women in different activities at household level.
3) To evaluate the role of women in agriculture and management.
4) To find out the problems of women in decision-making.
Chaudhary, (2008) his done a study on Role of “Co-operative in Rural Women
Empowerment” : A case study of Pokharbhinda VDC in Siraha District, Nepal. It has the
overall objectives of this study is to assess the present role of savings and credits
cooperatives in Rural Women Empowerment. The specific objectives are:
i. To find out the socio-economic status of Rural Women.
ii. To analyze the savings and credits activities of Rural Women.
iii. Prospects and challenges of savings and credits cooperatives for the
empowerment of Rural Women
iv. To make relevant recommendation to Policy Maker.
Air, (2012) his done a study on “women empowerment through microenterprise in
Baitadi & Dadeldhura district Role” The general objective of this study is to examine
and analyze the enterprise development and women empowerment located in Baitadi
and Dadeldhura district of Nepal. The specific objectives of this study are:
i. To examine the relationship between micro-enterprise program and women
empowerment in the study areas.
ii. To explore the socio-economic situation of women in the study areas.
iii. To examine how women are empowered through the micro-enterprise program.
There are various factors, which determine the empowerment process of women.
Among them legal practices is one through which women can achieve and protect their
rights, which are violated, by men and patriarchy against women. Likewise political
factors also play key role on the empowerment of community women through
leadership building, conciseness on their rights and duties by reserving their seats on
participation. Similarly social factors importantly determine the process of
empowerment of community women through education, health status, and equal
participation along with reconstruction of social structure.
Economic factors like production, distribution, consumption and recourse allocation
also determines the role of male and female in household/family.
sangroula, (2008) his done a study on “women participation in household decision
making process A case study of subhang VDC Panchthar district”The general objectives
of the study is to portray the decision making power of women in study area. The
specific objectives are:
 To examine the socio-economic status of women in study area.
 To examine the women participation in household decision making process.
 To find out the problem faced by women.
 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Study Area: The study is going to be conducted among the population of.
3.2. Research Design: In this research, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive
research design will be adopted.
3.3. Study Population, Sample Size and Sampling Procedure: In this research, the study
population will be the the population of. Furthermore, each 50 people will be taken as
sample size for this study through convenience sampling technique or voluntary sampling
technique.
3.4. Nature and Sources of Data: Quantitative data will be collected for this research. For
the study, primary sources of data will be collected using structured and semi-structured
questionnaire with closed-ended question. Similarly, qualitative data will also be collected.
3.5. Methods of Data Collection: Primary data will be collected by using structured
questionnaire with close-ended questions. Qualitative data will be collected by using Key
Informant Interview (KII).
3.6. Method of Data Analysis: All the collected quantitative data will be edited, filtered
and endered in SPSS for the analysis. Descriptive statistic will be used for further anlaysis.
Output will be showed by using frequency, percentage, cross tabulation, pie-chat, mean,
minimum value and maximum value.
Limitations of the Study:
i. This study will be limited in only one place
ii. The study will be conducted only one time
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