Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Repetition: Longitudinal Profile

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 2
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Repetition: Watercourse Development

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 3
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Repetition: Water Currents in Watercourses

Primary Current

Secondary Current

Spiral Current

Rolls Rolls

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 4
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Open Channel Hydraulics – Theoretical Principles

Discharge and water level data important for all fields of hydraulic engineering:

- flood protection
- calibration of numerical models
- control rules of dams development of theoretical,
- sediment transport analytical calculation methods
- navigation
- ecological issues

1D-approach

most easy approach for a

good estimation in “simple”
cross sections

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 5
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Open Channel Hydraulics – Theoretical Principles

Suddenly the cross section becomes more complex in structure -> ???

2D-approach 3D-approach

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 6
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Continuity Equation:
Brahms / de Chézy:
Q = vm ∙ A

vm =C ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E [m / s]

S E

S WS

S Bed

C … Chézy coefficient (incl. channel roughness and channel geometry variation)

A
rhy … hydraulic radius rhy =
p
SE … energy grade / energy slope

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 7
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Steady – Uniform Flow:

S E S=
= WS S=
Bed S

S E

S WS

S Bed

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 8
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Steady – Uniform Flow:

S E S=
= WS S=
Bed S

S E

S WS

S Bed

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 9
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Laminar / Turbulent Flow:

when the roughness pro- when the roughness pro- when the roughness pro-
jections are totally sub- jections are as big as the jections clearly reach out of
merged in the laminar layer laminar layer and have an the laminar layer and greatly
and have no effects on the impact on the turbulent core influence the turbulent core
turbulent core
deformation drag AND deformation drag can be
deformation drag (visco-sity) frictional resistence are the neglected due to the far
is the controlling pa-rameter controlling parameters bigger influence of the
frictional resistence

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 10
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Laminar / Turbulent Flow:

deformation drag frictional resistance
(inner roughness) (outer roughness)

 Re⋅ λ   2,51 k   k 
1 1 1
= 2,0 ⋅ lg   −2,0 ⋅ lg
=  + d  −2,0 ⋅ lg  d 
=
λ  2,51  λ  Re⋅ λ 3,71  λ  3,71 
   

λ … roughness coefficient d … pipe diameter

Re … Reynolds Number lg … decadic logarithm (base of 10)

k … roughness height

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 11
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Reynolds Number:

Used to describe the degree of turbulence in a certain flow

v ⋅ d hy
Re = circular pipe
ν
v ⋅ 4 ⋅ rhy
Re = open channels in river engineering
ν
ν … kinematic viscosity
of the fluid [m²/s]
Re < 2320 laminar

river engineering

Re > 2320 turbulent

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 12
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Reynolds Number:

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 13
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Froude Number:

v
Fr =
g ⋅h

wave propagation velocity

Fr < 1 subcritical flow

in between:
hydraulic jump
Fr ≥ 1 supercritical flow

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 14
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Gauckler-Manning-Strickler:

2 1
vm = kSt ⋅ rhy3 ⋅ S E 2 [m s]
Brahms / de Chézy:
2 1 1
vm = kSt ⋅ rhy3 ⋅ S E 2 = k St ⋅ rhy6 ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E [m s] vm =C ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E [m s]

! kSt does not vary with a change in water level !

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 15
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Gauckler-Manning-Strickler:

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 16
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Darcy-Weisbach:

Brahms / de Chézy:
1
vm= ⋅ 8 ⋅ g ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E vm =C ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E [m s]
λ
 k   k 
1  rhy 
−2,0 ⋅ lg  d  =
= −2,0 ⋅ lg  
λ  3,71   14,84 
   

8⋅ g
C=
λ

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 17
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Darcy-Weisbach:

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 18
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Compact Channels:

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 19
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Sample Calculation – Uniform Roughness

 k   k 
1 1  rhy 
vm= ⋅ 8 ⋅ g ⋅ rhy ⋅ S E −2,0 ⋅ lg  d  =
= −2,0 ⋅ lg  
λ λ  3,71   14,84 
   

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 20
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Sample Calculation – Non-Uniform Roughness:

2
  3

 ptotal 
kSt ,total = n  [ m³ s ]
  3

pi ( kSt ,i ) 2 
 ∑ 
i =1 
 

1 ptotal
= n [−]
λ
∑( p ⋅λ )
i =1
i i

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 21
Dresden / 21.10.2021
Discharge Calculation In Open Channels (1D)

Sample Calculation – Non-Uniform Roughness:

Lecture MHSE-06: „Hydraulic Engineering“

Faculty of Civil Engineering/ IWD / Dr. R. Zimmermann Open Channel Hydraulics Slide 22
Dresden / 21.10.2021