QuickTARGET

User’s Manual

Exterior Ballistics Program

Calculation of horizontal trajectories corresponding to G1- or G7-

Drag Function

© D i p l . - I n g . H a r t m u t B r o e m e l - N e u b r u e c k e r We g 1 5 , - D - 6 4 8 3 2 B a b e n h a u s e n / G e r m a n y
 QuickTARGET - EXTERIOR BALLISTICS PROGRAM

Warning/Disclaimer:
SINCE WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS, DATA
HANDLOADING TECHNIQUES OR ANY OTHER VARIABLES THAT MIGHT BE
USED WITH THIS PROGRAM, NO RESPONSIBILITY IS IMPLIED OR ASSUMED
FOR ANY RESULTS OBTAINED THROUGH SUCH USE.
WE SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY, INCLUDING
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, WHETHER OR
NOT ANY SUCH DAMAGES ARE DUE TO USER’S NEGLIGENCE OR BASED
UPON STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY OR PRINCIPLES OF INDEMNITY OR
CONTRIBUTION. THE INDIVIDUAL MUST ASSUME THE ENTIRE RISK OF
USING THIS PROGRAM AND ANY RESULTING DATA.

In this documentation, the naming of other manufacturer’s products occurs exclusively for
information purposes. This represents no trademark misuse.
Refer to QuickLOAD User’s guide for complete information on the software license agreement,
applicable laws and regulations.

No part of this document may be copied, reprinted, reproduced or transmitted in any forms or by
any means, electronic, mechanical or optical, for any purpose, without the author’s express
written permission.

Due to continuous program updates, information in this document is subject to change without
notice and can differ from the version of the program supplied. Be advised that the current
version of QuickTARGET may contain useful functions that this manual does not reflect.

All QuickTARGET functions are available through standard menu item selections (review the
QuickLOAD manual for information on choosing menu items).

© Copyright 1995 - 2013, Hartmut G. Broemel, D-64832 Babenhausen / Germany. Worldwide all
rights reserved.

Program Installation
QuickTARGET program must be installed together with QuickLOAD to and run from a hard disk
drive. QuickTARGET is automatically installed during installation of QuickLOAD and cannot be
installed separately.

For Program installation instructions, refer to the appropriate section of QuickLOAD

Manual.

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Contents

Warning/Disclaimer:........................................................................................2
Program Installation ........................................................................................2
Cd – Drag Coefficient Graph .........................................................................5
Foreword..........................................................................................................6
Starting QuickTARGET .....................................................................................8
Important keyboard commands.......................................................................9
Main Window................................................................................................9
Table Setup Window...................................................................................10
Main Menu Bar ...............................................................................................12
Menu Info ...................................................................................................12
Menu Windows ...........................................................................................12
Menu Calculate ...........................................................................................13
Calculate Maximum Vertical range .........................................................14
Calculate Maximum Horizontal range .....................................................15
Calculate Various “Effectiveness” Estimates ..........................................16
Power Functions Menu ...................................................................................... 16
Menu Options .............................................................................................17
Menu Options Sight adjustment setup ...................................................17
Menu Options Target speed setup ..........................................................18
Menu Options Conversion of units ..........................................................18
Menu Options Output window displays… ...............................................19
Menu Options Targets .............................................................................19
Menu Options Group and sight correction ..............................................20
Menu Edit / Save ........................................................................................20
Menu File ....................................................................................................21
Window Atmosphere......................................................................................22
Comparison of ICAO to METRO Standard Sea Level Atmo ......................26
Window PVM Chronograph ............................................................................27
PVM COM Port Settings...........................................................................28
Meaning of PVM-Chronograph's Window Elements ...................................30
Large display of single shot measurement .............................................31
Menu PVM Chronograph File...................................................................32
Displaying the Results ...................................................................................33
Sub menu Copy to... ................................................................................33
Sub Menu Output Options.......................................................................33
Output Window Table.................................................................................34
Output Window Table of zero ranges .........................................................35
Displays Zero Range Table Clicks of correction ..........................................36
Output Diagram Momentum Graph ............................................................36
Output Diagram Drop .................................................................................37
Output Diagram Line to Target...................................................................37
Output Diagram Line of Sight.....................................................................38
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Output Diagram Crosswind ........................................................................39

Output Diagram V & E ................................................................................40
Output Diagram Comparing Trajectories Graph.........................................41
QuickTARGET Tools ........................................................................................42
Tools windows............................................................................................42
Muzzle velocity from chronotached vel...................................................42
Muzzle velocity from trajectory data (group centers) ............................43
BC from 2 velocities and distance ...........................................................43
BC from trajectory data (group centers) ................................................44
BC from time of flight and range (distance from muzzle and V0) ...........44
Zero range using point of impact at one range ........................................45
Calculation of distance to trajectory peak using zero range, V0 & BC. ...45
Muzzle velocity and BC using 2 flight times at two ranges.....................46
Gyroscopic Stability – Don Miller’s Rule..................................................47
Target Window ...........................................................................................48
Dark (red) point show target impact, crosswind from left side 5 mph.................... 48
Target Window Menu bar........................................................................49
Target Window Menu Targets .................................................................49
Menu item Load wmf file .......................................................................50
Target window submenu item Load Target file ......................................50
Target window menu Reticles ................................................................50
Target Menu Options ..............................................................................51
Target Window Set Aiming Point ............................................................51
Target window with trail of impacts .......................................................52
Window Target Group and Sight correction ...............................................53
Bullet data window ....................................................................................54
Appendix ........................................................................................................55
Target file (*.tgt)........................................................................................55
Bibliography ...................................................................................................56
List of Illustrations .....................................................................................57

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Cd – Drag Coefficient Graph

(Ingall’s & G1 are very similar)

Picture 1: Drag Coefficient Graph

Many standardized drag-functions describing the drag acting on special bullets on their path
through the atmosphere have emerged since 1890 and the following fifty years. For comparison
the graph of some of the cd drag coefficient functions is shown here.

The G1 has been the standard for civilian bullets for many years. But only with multiple BC’s it
can roughly fit the drag of an actual bullet. G7 is the appropriate model for all long ogive spitzer,
boattailed bullets and is capable to model the bullet’s drag of those bullets with only one single
BC.

All dimensions in calibers

Picture 2: G1 Projectile Picture 3: G7 Projectile

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Foreword
QuickTARGET is linked to QuickLOAD, our powerful Interior Ballistics Predictor Program. This
version of QuickTARGET provides accurate and complete solutions to many “real-world”
external ballistic questions.

To keep exterior ballistics simple, we have made no particular effort toward trying to make
QuickTARGET into the ultimate external ballistic predictor program, with all the complications
that approach entails – programs that are more complex are often harder to use, like
QuickTARGET Unlimited. Therefore, since QuickTARGET is written as a functional extension
to QuickLOAD, it is designed to combine ease of use with sufficient power to satisfy the needs
of most users.

QuickTARGET uses the G1- or G7- drag function together with Siacci’s solution. This method
was used to develop the trajectory tables found in most handloader manuals in the USA.
Meanwhile for spitzer, boattailed bullets the G7 function should be used. For more precise G7-
calculations QuickTARGET-Unlimited should be used, because the only published G7 space-
and time-coefficient tables are very inaccurate but used with QuickTARGET.
The original G1 projectile model was established as a spitzer pointed bullet with a flat base and
a length 3.28 times its caliber (diameter). Length of ogive head was 1.32 times caliber with an
ogival radius of 2-calibers. Testing was done from 1922 through 1926 at the Aberdeen Proving
Ground, to evaluate G1, and other, G functions. Results of those extensive tests were published
in tabular form. G-functions are slightly modified versions of the French Gâvre Commission drag
function tables (published in 1898).
The Russian Colonel Mayevskii studied firings in Meppen 1881 (at Krupp’s proving ground). He
expressed projectile retardation (air resistance) that was proportional to a power of velocity
within a restricted velocity range. Using the Krupp’s projectile, he calculated ballistic tables
using a constant factor (later called Ballistic Coefficient – BC) for a 3-caliber long, 2-caliber
ogive projectile.
Note, this is unfortunate because Ballistic Coefficient (BC1) is linked to drag function (G1)
and is not a constant but a variable and is related to bullet’s velocity relative to air.
Nevertheless, the BC method was soon thereafter almost universally adopted for small arms
external ballistic calculations. Normally, when developing ballistic eqautions for exterior
ballistics, there is no such thing like BC is. BC it is an artificial coefficient, a crutch, to correct
a known drag function to a projectile which has different drag function. To this day, among
amateur ballisticians, there is considerable confusion about what BC is and what it does.
Ballisticians fire bullets across modest ranges and then choose a drag function and BC that
seem to fit the recorded results. However, since BC is velocity dependent, the value
assigned is more or less approximately valid and then, only for a specified velocity range.
Todays radar instrumentation is the state of the art technology to record the bullet’s
movement along it’s path through air. Radar utilizes the very exact determination of a specific
drag function for each bullet as it is used in more modern programs used by military
departments. With knowledge of the particular drag function of a bullet the BC becomes
obsolete.
But for amateurs' use it is easier and much cheaper to record bullet’s time of flight over
specific range and then calculate a BC relative to a standard drag function.
Note that Sierra offers several, velocity dependent, BC values for most of the bullets in their
extensive line. In reality, any reported BC value could not be precisely accurate at more than
one specific velocity. These errors introduce minor inaccuracies into all calculated external
ballistics tables.
Colonel Ingalls translated Colonel Mayevski’s tables into English units. These tables are still
very popular. Since the Mayevskii-Krupp, Gâvre and Ingalls tables are all based upon the same
projectile model (3-caliber length) and the G1-projectile differs only slightly (3.28-caliber length),
all deliver similar results. Some manuals refer their BC to Ingalls, others to G1. There is no
practical difference.
To calculate ordinary hunting bullets at supersonic velocities, Siacci’s solution of Exterior
Ballistics produces usable trajectory tables out to about 1000-yards so long the trajectory
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remains flat (Angle of departure below 10 degrees). Sufficient loss of correspondence with
reality occurs when using G1 or Ingalls-tables to calculate external ballistic information at
significantly longer ranges. with poor BCs or low velocities.
This creates a problem for those many competitors who participate in “long-range” target
shooting. This is especially true when projectile velocity drops almost to the speed of sound.
QuickTARGET can calculate trajectories for ranges out to 2000-meters. However, the user must
consider that QuickTARGET will only produce useful predictions for supersonic projectiles in a
relatively flat (level fire) trajectory.
For calculating long range ballistics for low drag (very long boattail) bullets, QuickTARGET
utilizes a bullet-specific drag function. This allows use of up to five different BCs (for five velocity
ranges), as an acceptably accurate substitute for the correct function.
For modern boattailed bullets with long spitzer ogive a G7 BC will be a more appropriate
solution.
(Recall that BC is velocity dependent as drag function itself is, but it is assumed to be velocity
independent in the calculations, so far only one overall BC is known.)

A program named QuickTARGET-Unlimited is included in this software package to accomplish

more complicated tasks like above mentioned „Long Range“ shooting. This program solves the
exterior ballistics equations of motion by numerical integration. This is independent of G-
functions, but they are allowed to be used and can be handled. The program uses the drag of
the bullet, environmental data, global firing position and firing direction. This utilizes more exact
calculations of trajectories for unlimited ranges and trajectories with greater curvature.

Part of this code is partially implemented in the current version of QuickTARGET, a so called
Modified Point Mass (MPM) model. For example, the user can calculate maximum projectile
range, for horizontal fire, and maximum trajectory height, for vertical fire.

QuickTARGET G1 model returns acceptably accurate results to these interesting questions, but
include always a slight error by using Siacci’s model with the faulty BC1-G1 combination given
for the bullet to compute the drag function needed and not a bullet specific drag function. Berger
Bullets begins to publish more G7 BC’s for their bullets. The long range shooter should use the
G7 BC whenever it exists.

Hartmut G. Broemel, January 2010

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Starting QuickTARGET

Double-click program icon:

QuickTARGET

After a few seconds of load and check time a text window with useful hints and warnings
appears. Please read this text carefully. When you understand what it says, select the
appropriate button, according to your decision.

Picture 4: Start and Disclaimer window

The license agreement and important advisories, which you must necessarily read, are
found on the first pages of the QuickLOAD portion of this manual. For additional timely
and important information, please review the readme.txt file on CD.
If the program does not start or aborts without providing an error notification, the program code
could be corrupted (perhaps by a virus). The program tests for such corruption and usually
provides a Checksum Failure error message. In either case, uninstall program and try to
reinstall it from the installation disk.
Error warnings during file loading (QLOADFW.BUL or QLOADFW.INI) indicate that the reported
file is corrupt or does not exist in the program directory.
That result can occur when these files have been edited via text editor inserting or deleting
characters. Unidentified characters in those files will also generate an error message.
Frequently backup these files onto a floppy disk or into another directory, especially when
generating new bullet, case or powder data records.
The file QLOADFW.INI contains inputs used in the last computation, option states and important
constants that should never be altered. At restart, calculations continue using those values last
entered and computed.

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Important keyboard commands

To activate main menu line, press keyboard combination < ALT > + < PgUp >.
To activate and jump past opened windows, press keyboard combination < Ctrl > + < Tab >.
To select or bypass input fields, press < Tab >.
“Arrow” (cursor control) keys also select input fields.
To activate drop-down fields, press keyboard combination < Alt > + < ↓ > (e.g. Projectile).
Program exit is initiated by pressing< Alt > + < F4 >.

Main Window
Main Menu bar
When the user accepts the agreement window this window opens:

Drop-down bullet
list here Table
Setup
Window

Bullet
selected User
entry
fields
Bullet
file
loaded

Command
buttons
and radio
buttons
Output window, closed at start

Picture 5: Main Window

This is where the user inserts all basic gun and load data.
This data entry window allows specification of all data that is essential to trajectory table
calculations. The user can enter useful values into all fields. The button Receive data from
QuickLOAD retrieves values entered in QuickLOAD (when that program is running, or the last
data QuickLOAD has produced.).
All numerical fields automatically convert units. For example, changing bullet mass (weight)
in the grains field changes bullet mass in the grams field and vice-versa.

NOTE: Input character of decimal point is the keyboard “period” character, even when user
presses a comma it is converted. This is independent of Windows Operating System "Locale"
settings. However, all printed outputs produce a period or comma, according to system settings

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(country dependent).
Most fields for numerical inputs verify lower and upper limits for data entry. Violation of these
limits produces a yellow field warning of entry error and indicating the valid input range.
However, since this program cannot check for simply incorrect entries and because not every
out of limit input is checked, it is possible to run calculations with spurious input values.

Table Setup Window

Picture 6: Table Setup window

Entry fields in this window:
! Comment:
# Information to appear on printout;
! Gun / Cartridge type:
# Information to appear on printout;
! Selected Bullet:
# Bullet type; Necessary input, to describe bullet. Drop-down list field enables selection of
data from projectile. (Pressing <Alt-s> when cursor is in this field toggles search mode
for the whole list, background of field changes to yellow when being in search mode).
! Projectile weight:
# For calculation of energy;
! Projectile diameter:
# For calculation of various effectiveness values;
! Muzzle velocity (V0):
# For calculations of all data; Range from about 100 m/s to 1370 m/s or 330 fps to 4500
fps.
! Edit multiple BCs:Button or entry fields
# For calculations of ballistics; enter a single BC or press button for up to five BCs.
! Drag Model Toggle-Button
# Select either G1 or G7 function. Is also set by selecting a new bullet according to info in
bullet file.

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BCs are listed in handbooks of projectile manufacturers. QuickTARGET can also recalculate
BCs using trajectory tables. Please, refer to appropriate published bullet manufacturer's manual
to determine reference atmosphere for given BCs.

! 1.Factor of form:
# Projectile sectional density divided by value of BC;
! Sectional density:
# According to US-Standards: projectile mass divided by square of projectile diameter;
! Uphill / downhill firing:
# Select level or slanted (uphill or downhill) firing; enabled when angle of sight>0
! Vital height to LOS for Point Blank Range:
# Radius of "kill" zone on target;
! Height of sight above bore axis:
# Distance from line of sight to line of bore (taken at muzzle);
! Zero range:
# Second point where bullet path crosses LOS (maximum 2000-meters);
! Range increment:
# Distance between table values (2-yards to 250-meters).
! Last range for table:
# Input, maximum range (up to 2000-meters). Exact value is always a multiple of the
chosen range increment.
! Wind velocity:
# Wind speed in wind direction;
! Angle between line of sight and wind direction:
# Angle difference between firing direction and wind direction;
! Firing uphill / downhill, angle of sight:
# Difference between horizontal and angle of firing direction (0° – 90°). Entering an angle
activates frame zero range obtained at ; Here you must specify if stated zero range
(sight-in) was obtained through horizontal (level) firing. For example, if gun is sighted in
when firing level, what happens when firing at the specified slant angle?
! Atmosphere for zero / sight-in range:
# Choose;
$ Equal to table / gun sight-in atmosphere, no difference
$ Differs from table / gun sight-in atmosphere.

Selecting OK button starts new calculation.

Plausibility errors in input values result in a warning beep and a message box display. User
must acknowledge and, usually, correct errors.
If zero-range is based upon an atmosphere differing from the atmosphere used for table
calculation, two additional windows are opened. First, zero atmosphere window. Then, table
atmosphere window.

Selecting New Atmo. button opens window to set atmosphere.

Selecting Receive data from QuickLOAD reads data from QuickLOAD, if available, and starts
calculations.

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Main Menu Bar

Picture 7: Main Menu Bar

Main menu line contains sub-menus: File, Edit / Save, Options, Calculate..., Windows and
Info.

Menu Info

Picture 8: Menu Info...

# Tooltip help (enabled), a toggle function – shown enabled;
# about..., provides access to the QuickTARGET startup screen;

Menu Windows

Picture 9: Menu Windows...

# Maximize, enlarges main window to fit total screen;
# Table setup, opens basic input table; centers on main window
# Atmosphere, recalls basic input table; centers on main window
# Graphic/Table, opens or recalls tabular trajectory data table; centers on main window

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Menu Calculate

Picture 10: Menu Calculate...

The numbered options open a tool window for calculating each of the following BC and
trajectory related basic data:

! 1 Muzzle velocity form chronographed velocity

! 2 Muzzle velocity from trajectory data
! 3 BC from 2 velocities and distance
! 4 BC from trajectory data
! 5 BC from time of flight and range
! 6 Zero range from trajectory at one range
! 7 peak of trajectory above L.O.S. (line of sight)
! 8 Muzzle velocity and BC from 2 times of flight
! 9 Gyroscopic Stability – Don Miller’s Rule

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Maximum vertical range, opens this tools window:

Calculate Maximum Vertical range

(Bullet returns tip forward)

Picture 11: Input maximum vertical range

Calculates various parameters for the selected bullet, muzzle velocity and atmospheric
conditions.
Energy of returning bullet, here 155 grains .264 Sierra HPBT is on par with muzzle energy of a
.32 Auto pistol cartridge - absolutely dangerous condition!

Note that selection of the Bullet returns… box provides calculation for bullets that do not turn
over at the maximum ordinate (which can happen with near vertical trajectories), see Picture 12:
Maximum vertical range bullet returns base foreward. In this case terminal velocity is lower and
time of drop is longer.

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Calculate Maximum Vertical range

(Bullet returns base forward)

Picture 12: Maximum vertical range bullet returns base forward

Maximum horizontal range, opens this tools window:

Calculate Maximum Horizontal range

Calculates various parameters for the selected bullet, muzzle velocity and atmospheric
conditions.

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Power / Shock / Knockdown…, opens this tools window:

Calculate Various “Effectiveness” Estimates

Picture 13: Power Functions window

Calculates these values for specified bullet type, impact velocity and various other criteria. For
history of function see text field in window.

Power Functions Menu

Picture 14: Menu of Power Functions

A selection of various formulas which may be useful or not are provided.

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Menu Options

Picture 15: Menu Options

(Note that a valid calculation must exist to enable most of these options. When no valid
calculation exists, many are disabled – as indicated by shadow font; for example, delete
reference.)
! Output window displays:
# A sub-menu (explained on subsequent page);
! Targets:
# Shows selected targets and graph planes with points of impact based upon actual
trajectory;
! Group and sight correction:
# Shows targets where user can specify impact points; Such groups are evaluated and
sight corrections calculated.
! Save reference / Delete reference:
# User can temporarily save valid data; up to 5 traces can be displayed simultaneously;
Saved (reference) data is always displayed with newly calculated data, allowing
comparisons. function continues until user selects Delete reference, saves new data or
exits QuickTARGET.
! Link to BMC/PVM Chronograph
# User may connect a PVM Chronograph to read memory of chronograph. Window PVM
Chronograph
! Sight adjustment setup:
# Opens window where user sets scaling factor for adjustment of telescope or other sights

Menu Options Sight adjustment setup

Picture 16: Sight adjustment settings

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Serves to establish sight adjustment increments, in MOA or clicks, corresponding to graduation
of sight adjustment (Windage and Elevation same). Input:
! 1 Click shifts point of impact:
# Enter impact shift at selected range resulting from one click or one sight graduation mark
(centimeters, inches or MOA);
! at 100 Meters - at 100 Yards:
# Select appropriate range.
! Selecting Apply&Exit button closes Window.

In calculated trajectory tables, decimals of clicks are shown.

! Target speed setup:
# Enter value to calculate target lead;
Menu Options Target speed setup

Picture 17: Target speed settings

! Conversion of units:
# Open window for cross-calculation of various units;
Menu Options Conversion of units

Picture 18: Conversion of Units window

This window provides bi-directional unit conversion. It makes no difference what field or what
value is entered.
! Set units of output to:
# Toggle, English to Metric;
! System beep off /o n:
# Toggle, on to off and vise versa;
! Setup screen font:
# Alters menu font. (Sometimes necessary to eliminate truncated characters., dependent
on screen resolution)

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Menu Options Output window displays…

to select from various output options

Picture 19: Menu Options Output window displays...

Each selection provides useful trajectory related output tables or graphs, some of which are
described later in this manual.

Menu Options Targets

to select from various target options

Picture 20: Menu Options Targets

Each selection provides a representative printable target to evaluate point of impact under
various conditions.

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Menu Options Group and sight correction

to make various corrections

Picture 21: Menu Options Group and sight correction

Each selection provides a representative printable target where various virtual sight adjustments
result in visual point of impact changes.
Similarly, the remaining options open windows for setting various gun, load and QuickTARGET
parameters, as described elsewhere in this text.

Menu Edit / Save

Picture 22: Menu Edit / Save

For a complete discussion of these various sub-menu options, refer to these functions as
described in the QuickLOAD users guide.
# Projectile data edit/save/delete:
♦ For opening a window to generate, store and delete projectile data; (Function of that
window is explained separately in this text.)
Do not change data in bullet database file when QuickTARGET and QuickLOAD are
running and both programs are using the same file. The file can be corrupted. Make any
such changes, when running, in QuickLOAD, not QuickTARGET. Then in QuickTARGET, if
necessary, load the altered file.
# Load projectile file:
♦ Activate a different file into QuickTARGET memory; After program installation
QLOADFW.BUL is loaded by default, the user can load a different bullet file; e.g.
speer.bul, barnes.bul, hornady.bul, sierra.bul, etc.; see QuickLOAD Appendix for all
bullet files.
# Create new projectile file:
♦ Create a new and empty projectile file;
# Save projectile file as:
♦ User can save the loaded file under a new name.

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The user may also select a different gun file and a gun. To create or edit a gun file the program
QuickLOAD has to be used.
Menu File

Picture 23: Menu File

# Calculate ballistics – sets focus on the Table setup window
For a complete discussion of these various save options, refer to the similar functions as
described in the QuickLOAD users guide (see QuickLOAD Index).
! Save as file:
# Stores all entered and calculated results in an ASCII text file; Opens file dialogue
window. This menu point is disabled when no valid calculation results are available.
! Save-; Load-; Delete trajectory data:
# Save or retrieve complete trajectory data set;
! Edit title of printer form:
# Change printer form heading;
! Printer setup:
# Opens window for printer setup dialogue; Changes made are valid only within
QuickTARGET.
! Select Printer Font:
# Select a font of your choice for printing datasheets;
! Print: User may print results in tables or as graphics
# Opens sub-menu choices;
$ Two printout style selections are available. Print entered ballistic data with either:
$ Graph of trajectory compared to line of sight, crosswind deviation and a graph
showing energy and velocity at various ranges,
$ Trajectory table using entered values and a zero-range table with zero ranges out to
2000-meters (or yards).
Choose number of lines according to paper size. About 30 lines of trajectory table fits on the
first printout page. This menu point can be disabled when no valid calculations are available.
Printing colors are black on white paper.
! Exit program:
# Closes QuickTARGET, returns operations to Windows or other active program.

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Window Atmosphere
(with button Standard ICAO selected)

Picture 24: Atmosphere window

Establishes atmospheric conditions for table calculations. The user can choose between two
fixed standard atmospheres, freely selectable data input or an altitude-dependent calculated
atmosphere. According to program course, window atmosphere for table or atmosphere for
zero is opened. Right part of window is only visible during altitude dependent calculations.

Sample shows Standard ICAO sea level atmosphere.

# Air density: Output only.

♦ Shows value from standard data or calculated value;
# Altitude above sea level:
♦ Altitude above or below sea level (Maximum 11,000-meters);
# Barometric pressure:
♦ ICAO standard pressure;
# Temperature:
♦ ICAO standard temperature;
# Relative humidity:
♦ ICAO standard humidity.
# Selecting Apply&Exit Button closes window.

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Atmosphere window
(with button User Free, Press, Temp, Humidity selected)

Picture 25: Atmosphere window, user defined

Sample shows User free defined atmosphere; apparently as it exists on sight in range. Air
density is calculated from pressure, temperature and humidity.

# Air density: Output only.

♦ Shows calculated value; from below entered data, calculated according to ICAO
formulas.
# Altitude above sea level:
♦ Altitude above or below sea level (Maximum 11,000-meters); User entered value, but
serves here only for informative purpose.
# Barometric pressure:
♦ Barometric pressure as derived from weather station;
# Temperature:
♦ Temperature from thermometer reading
# Relative humidity:
♦ Humidity from hygro-meter
# Selecting Apply&Exit Button closes window.

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Atmosphere window
(with button User, Altitude dependent selected)

Picture 26: Atmosphere window, Altitude dependent

Here user can calculate and set the atmosphere, and therefore air density, for an altitude
different from actual position. This sample uses as reference the values shown in previous page
at 2000 feet and calculates from that data the corresponding data for an altitude of 8500 feet.
Data is shifted about 6500 feet by ICAO formulas. Barometric pressure has dropped from 29.03
in.Hg to 22.54 in.Hg and temperature has fallen by 23.2 deg. F. Air density drops from 0.0778
lb./ft3 to 0.0634 lb./ft3 which is now applied to calculations for trajectory table.
Left side: Reference atmospheric conditions
# Air density:
♦ Calculated value; according to right side entered altitude (Altitude for calculation)
# Reference altitude for this atmosphere (above sea level):
♦ Altitude (Maximum 11,000-meters) to which entered pressure, temperature and humidity
references;
# Barometric pressure:
♦ Measured air pressure;
# Temperature:
♦ Measured temperature;
# Relative humidity:
♦ Measured relative humidity.
User may also enter on left side Standard ICAO or Standard Metro sea level data by first
clicking to Standard ICAO or Metro button and then to User, Altitude Dependent button.
Right side: Calculated atmospheric conditions
! Table values at Altitude for calculation:
# Enter Altitude above Sea Level, for which the data should be calculated
$ Result: Air (barometric) pressure at this altitude;
$ Result: Air Temperature at this altitude.
$ On left side Result: Air Density at this altitude.
Calculated values of air density are used for trajectory table.
! Selecting Apply&Exit Button closes window.

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Atmosphere window for sight-in

Picture 27: Atmosphere window for Sighting-In conditions

Many users are sighting-in their gun at their local shooting range and then want to drive to a
competition shooting or went hunting under totally different atmospheric conditions. They want
to calculate a table for these new conditions.
Therefore, user can select in frame Atmosphere for zero / sight-in range: Sight-in condition differ
from table condition. So a second atmo window (in different color) is provided to set up sight-in
atmosphere. Settings are described on preceding pages: Atmosphere settings for table.

Calculations of altitude effects always refer to ICAO atmosphere functions. This means that
altitude and temperature corrections are made according to ICAO standards.
Many projectile manufacturers relate ballistic coefficient ratings to old US-Army Standard Metro
Atmosphere, as established by the US-Department of Defense. This systems is, however, long-
since obsolete.
In 1952 the ICAO atmosphere was standardized worldwide as the successor of the CINA
atmosphere within international aeronautics. A new U.S. Standard Atmosphere ’76 was
established in 1976 by the National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration in Boulder, Colorado. This standard is identical with ICAO Standard
up to 32 km altitude. (ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization).
ICAO is also similar to ISO for NATO, GOST 4401-64 and WSA-60 of the former Warsaw Pact,
especially in the lower layer which reaches up to 11000 meters.
Standard atmospheres have been specified at various elevations. The original standard ICAO
table reaches from –5,000 to 20,000 geopotential meters. A geopotential altitude is proportional
to the work, which is done, in lifting a 1-kilogram mass from sea level to the specified altitude (in
meters) – the work required to overcome gravity. At low altitudes, setting geopotential altitude
equal to geometric altitude provides sufficiently accurate results.
Military ballistic tables use other standards. These differ from area to area. These tables
correspond to geographic location and among the various military branches (Navy, Army, Air
Force). All are established to best suit the user’s needs.

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Comparison of ICAO to METRO Standard Sea Level Atmo

Datum ICAO METRO
Altitude above sea level 0 meters 0 meters
Temperature 15 °C 15 °C
Pressure 1013.25 hPa 1000 hPa
Air density 1,225 kg/m3 1,20341 kg/m3
Relative humidity 0% 78 %
Speed of sound 340,43 m/s 341,45 m/s
Acceleration of gravity 9.80665 m/s2 9.80 m/s2

QuickTARGET uses ICAO gravity and makes no gravity corrections for differing altitude or
geographic location. (Gravity corrections are made when calculating maximum vertical height.)

Standard METRO gives a higher Ballistic Coefficient value, compared to Standard ICAO.
METRO-Coefficients spuriously suggest better product performance and are, therefore, often
preferentially published.
To convert BCs from Std.METRO to Std.ICAO simply multiply the BC by 0.9824. This factor
represents the ratio of both air densities.

The following atmospheric relations are found in reloading manuals (without guarantee):
Standard METRO: Hornady, Sierra, and Speer Manual N.12
Standard ICAO: Nosler, Speer Manual N.11
(Both Speer manuals show same BCs for all bullets….)
BCs refer to different drag functions, mostly G1 or Ingalls-Tables, which are very similar.
G1: Speer, Sierra, Berger
Ingalls: Nosler, Hornady
G7 Berger, partly
When it is unknown to user, which atmosphere is used for a bullet's BC he should examine a
ballistic table from bullet manufacturer, enter the basic data from manufacturers table in
QuickTARGET and re-calculate manufacturers table, by switching atmosphere from Standard
Metro to ICAO and toggle BC from ICAO- to Metro entry field. The QuickTARGET table which
comes closest to published data uses the correct atmosphere and the matching BC.

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Window PVM Chronograph

Picture 28: Window PVM Chronograph

The window opens after being selected from Main menu ...Options...Link to BMC/PVM
Chronograph. Program tests automatically for connection before the window appears. The
chronograph PVM 21, BMC 18 or BMC 21 has to be connected to PC and it's power supply
must be on. The PVM device has to function properly with device's software. Therefore
necessary drivers had to be installed previously. PVM 21 and BMC 18 are connected to USB
Port and a virtual COM Port has to be set up. Please note COM port settings shown in PVM
accompanying software.
The automatic link being successful, displaying in the lower left corner of Status Bar a "Happy"
Smiley followed by the PVM's name and firmware revision. If the memory of PVM is containing
collected data of previous measurements, you'll find the number of shots in memory in field
Totl.Rnd (up to 250). Memory can be read and displayed by pressing button Read PVM.

The Status Bar shows in the second field (from left) the COM port number (here 18), and in the
third field shows the COM port settings.

The fourth field displays available shots in chronograph's memory. The fifth field shows device
status and error messages. The sixth field shows the Single Shot's display mode: normal or
mirrored.

When after invoking this window an error message appears and no connection to PVM is found,
the user must check COM port settings and/or PVM device address settings:

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PVM COM Port Settings

Picture 29: COM Port Settings

In this menu user selects the COM port number of the PVM in a range from 1 to 256 (here 18).
For all PVM21 / BMC18 the following settings apply: Speed = 19200, Data Bits = 8, Parity = n,
Stop Bits = 1.
If you use a BMC 21, you must provide here the exact settings of the chronograph (controllable
by infrared remote control).

After re-establishing the settings the menu item Connect has to be activated (or click onto the
red disconnect smiley), after this, the status bar should display "Connected".
Picture 30: Example of chronograph's response
When "Connected" smiley is displayed, try to call PVM by pressing Detect Device button.
Normally the PVM data should appear in display and a "Happy" smiley comes up in the status
bar. Is there no or scrambled response, check COM port number and PVM address (0 = default
address) and try again. (See PVM Manual).

Picture 31: Manual setting of device type

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In case of auto-detect failure of chronograph, the user must set the device type manually under
menu Com Settings...Device... and then selecting the appropriate device type.

After that, user should check COM Port number, set PVM Adr. field to zero and press Detect
Device button again.

Setting of PVM Adr. field to zero selects all devices regardless of actual settings and returns if
successful the actual address!

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Meaning of PVM-Chronograph's Window Elements

The buttons:
! Print List
# Prints listing of all rows or selected rows only containing measured data of shots like on
the screen (same order of columns). Listing longer than one page is printed on several
pages with page numbers in footers.
! Toggle Display
# Switches between list view and single shot display.
! Detect Device
# See previous page
! Read Status
# Status request to chronograph. Status=0 means "Ready". Displayed in fifth field of status
line.
! Read PVM
# Reading of measurement data memory of chronograph and display in list view.
! Clear PVM
# Data memory of chronograph is erased. Space for 250 shots available (PVM)
In Frame Watch Shot:
! Start PVM
# Continuous scanning of PVM while firing through light screens. The PVM will be
scanned 10 times per second for new data. A new velocity will be displayed on large
display in f.p.s. or m/s, as settings read from Main menu...Options...Set units of output
to...:. New data is appended to the end of list in list view (these data is not stored in
PVM's memory !)
! Stop PVM
# Scanning of PVM is disabled. Shots happening now are stored in PVM's memory, so far
free memory is available. (max. 250 shots)
! Check Boxes : Show DSB MIP - Show IPSC Factor
# along with bullet's velocity the DSB MIP value (Deutscher Schützenbund Mindest
Impuls) and/or the IPSC Factor will be displayed. Therefore it is necessary, that in
frame Bullet the appropriate bullet weight was entered before shooting.
In Frame set Gain, Beep and Threshold:
! Gain
# The setting of light screen amplification is set and shown (in percent). (See BMC/PVM
Manual). Value can be adjusted by slider and transferred to PVM by pressing Set button.
Values are re-read by Read Status button.
! PVM Beep on
# The signal sound of PVM may be set on or off: Place check mark or remove check mark
and press Set button. Contrary to BMC 18 the PVM 21 signal sound cannot be
switched by remote control. It is normally on. The F5 key of Infrared Remote
Control will be used to assign a shot string number (valid numbers 0 to 99) to the
following shots. So the user has better control over his measured data. The string
number is displayed in the list view. In the above example all shots from string 2
are marked.
! Threshold
# The value of trigger threshold for light screen signal can be set up by for BMC 21: Move
slider to desired value and press Set button. For PVM 21 and BMC 18 it is read only and
is set to 50%.
! PVM Adr.
# Device address (change address and press set button to change address in PVM's
NVRAM) (See PVM Manual). Change address (without pressing Set button) if you
changed address via Remote Control (otherwise program detects no PVM-device)
! LS Base mm
# Display of distance from Start- to Stop- Light Screen in millimeters
! Clock Hz
# Display of counter clock

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Large display of single shot measurement

Picture 32: Large display normal

Picture 33: Large display mirrored

Mirroring will be toggled by pressing key combination <Strg-Alt-m> or by mouse click onto
status bar field Normal / Mirror On.

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Further data input or output fields:

! Mean V fps
# Output, Mean value of velocity of selected rows in list view, in Picture. 21 rows from 11
to 15.
! Std. Dev.
# Output, Standard deviation of selection.
! Select.
# Output, Number of selected rows.
! Hi.
# Output, Highest value of selection.
! Lo.
# Output, Lowest value of selection.
! ES.
# Output, Extreme spread, Difference between hi and Lo.
In Frame Bullet (Input and Output):
! Grain
# Bullet weight in grains. Will be filled with data from Table Setup window when PVM
window is opened. Used to calculated energy and impulse/momentum figures.
! Grams
# Bullet weight in grams. Will be filled with data from Table Setup window when PVM
window is opened. Used to calculated energy and impulse/momentum figures.
! G1-BC, G7- BC
# Ballistic Coefficient. Will be filled with data from Table Setup window when PVM window
is opened. Also multiple BC's will be used in background. Changes to this field erases
possible existing multiple BC's, so only the shown value is used for calculations.
In Frame Calculated:
! Vo fps
# Output, Calculated muzzle velocity from velocity mean value of selection, BC and
distance from muzzle to center of light screens.
! LS Dist.ft
# Input, Distance from muzzle to light screens center.
All shown units will also be displayed according to program settings in meters and
meters per second. Energy- and Impulse/momentum data will be correct when the bullet
weight relates to measured data. (see Frame Bullet)

The list view field containing data:

• Single rows are selected by single mouse click to the desired row. Some rows may be
selected by single mouse click by simultaneously pressed (holding) <Ctrl> key. Whole
areas can be selected by selecting the first row of area by single mouse click and by
pressing <Shift> key while clicking to last row of area.(Just like Windows-Explorer or in a
text document file).
• Clicking with right mouse button onto list view data area opens a menu where the user
may select or deselect some columns.
• Columns might be dragged to other positions, and user may change column width.
(Click and hold left mouse button to column header and drag columns)
• List can be sorted by clicking on column header. Sort order is toggled.
These settings will also be used by printing of list.

Menu PVM Chronograph File

! Save Selected
# Saves selected rows in a file
! Load
# Saved file's data will be retrieved and shown in list view.

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Displaying the Results

When Output window Table or window Diagram is positioned in foreground the main menue
appearence changes to the above shown items. To return to standard Main Menue select Main
Menue from this menu.
Sub menu Copy to...

Picture 34: Menu Copy to...

! Clipboard;
# Copies the contents of output window to clipboard; you may use the Insert or Paste
function of text- or graphics programs to paste it into foreign program.
! Print Image;
# sends a bitmap (pixel) image of window to the default printer.
! File;
# Opens File save... dialog; you may save window contents as bitmap- or as text file.
! Excel;
# When Microsoft® Excel® is installed on your computer, Excel opens and the table is
transferred to Excel's spreadsheet via 'Object automation'. Object automation must be
properly installed for Excel (which is done by installation of MS-Office installer).
Sub Menu Output Options...

Picture 35: Output Menu Options...

! Save as reference;
# Stores temporarily the results of calculation (Trajectory table) in an collection of results.
Up to 5 calculations may be stored ad displayed in graph simultaneously.
! Delete References;
# Deletes all temporarily stored calculations.
! Grid;
# Axis' grid on / off
! Hatched Vital Zone;
# Display zone defined in input window under "Vital height to LOS..." as gray hatched area
on graph.
! Color settings;
# Alter axis' colors. Colors selected will also be used for printing on color printers.
(Sometimes colors visible on screen do not work with printers!)
! Font;
# Select new font for graph or for window text.

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Output Window Table

Picture 36: Trajectory table window

Entered variable-dependent trajectory table results displayed in this window:

1. Atmosphere, Gun, Ammunition and bullet information
2. Ballistic Coefficient(s)
3. Suggested maximum Point Blank Range & corresponding zero range
4. Set zero range
5. Reference of zero range
6. Trajectory data in tabular form
Table columns:
1. Mark “M” shows peak bullet height above Line of Sight, Mark “X” shows zero range. (Not
always equal to table zero!), Mark “P” shows maximum point blank range
2. Range, meters or yards
3. Velocity, m/s or fps
4. Time of flight, seconds
5. Energy, Joules or foot pounds (ft. lbs.)
6. Trajectory height above Line of Sight, cm or inches
7. Crosswind/Spin deflection (wind drift), cm or inches
8. Crosswind/Spin deflection (wind drift), MOA
9. Total drop from Line of Bore, cm or inches

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10. Sight correction (clicks) to zero at specified range
11. Sight correction (MOA) to zero at specified range
12. Target lead for running target, yards or meters.
This table is not completely displayed within the window when using small range increments
(e.g., 2-meters) and/or very large maximum table ranges (e.g., 2000-meters). In that case, an
overflow-notification may follow at end of table. However that result can be completely printed
(paper-consumptive) or stored as a text-file.

Output Window Table of zero ranges

Displays Zero Range Table Trajectories

Picture 37: Table of Zero-Ranges with trajectory data

Dependent upon muzzle velocity and maximum range settings, table extends to 2000-meters or
yards. Table range increment is set to 1/10 of maximum range. Corresponding to table settings,
units are meters or yards.
The “X”s in this table mark zero ranges for various settings. Velocity, energy, wind
deflection and time figures are displayed according to the range specified.

The user can mark the contents of these text windows with the mouse, (press and hold the left
mouse-button while moving the mouse). Then, using active menu, function Copy to... selected
portion copied into a file, to the clipboard, printer or to MS-Excel (not supported on all systems).
If mouse pointer resides on window text and the user single-clicks the right mouse-button, a
menu opens to change the contents of this window.

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Displays Zero Range Table Clicks of correction

Picture 38: Table of zero-ranges / Sight adjustment clicks

Contrary to previous shown table this table displays no trajectory data. Instead it displays the
Sight adjustment clicks necessary to adjust to a new zero range. Example from 100 yd. zero,
line 2, delivers: Gun zeroed-in at 100 yards, now it should be zeroed in for 300 yds. zero,
therefore adjust elevation by 16.4 clicks upward.

Output Diagram Momentum Graph

Picture 39: Momentum Graph

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In all Output Diagrams, the user can toggle grid lines on and off under menu point GRID on / off.
Contents are copied to a file, as bitmap to printer (when supported by printer driver) or to the
clipboard by the function Copy to... For quality prints use always Main Menu File ... Print
This window displays a graph of projectile-impulse (momentum, which is simply mass times
velocity). Units corresponding to program settings, either Newtons or pound seconds.

Output Diagram Drop

Picture 40: Total Drop Graph

This window displays a trajectory graph compared to the bullet departure direction (which is
approximately equal to the static axis of the bore – Line of Bore). Departure values in cm or
inches, depending upon settings.

Output Diagram Line to Target

Trajectory to Firing Direction

Picture 41: Muzzle Horizon Graph, Line Muzzle-Target

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This window displays a trajectory graph relative to the Line to Target (line between gun muzzle
and target). Units are cm or inches, corresponding to program settings. Where Line of Sight falls
within the window it is displayed with a dashed line (marked LoS).

Output Diagram Line of Sight

Mouse cursor

Results

Trajectory to Line Of Sight

Picture 42: Trajectory to LOS Graph
This window displays trajectory graph compared to the Line of Sight. Units are cm or inches,
depending upon program settings. Vital zone is displayed as gray hatched area. Markings
showing trajectory summit, zero range and maximum point-blank-range are indicated.

Similar to QuickLOAD, moving the mouse cursor's crosshair over the graph's area displays
readouts of position of cursor in values and units displayed in graph.

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Output Diagram Crosswind

Picture 43: Wind deflection versus range

This window displays Projectile Deflection relative to entered crosswind velocity – overhead
view. Units are cm or inches corresponding to program settings. Wind from 3 o’clock. No spin
drift, because spin is set to zero.

Picture 44: Wind deflection zeroed in

Top view of path with compensated wind deflection at zero-range. Same wind as above.

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Output Diagram V & E

Picture 45: Velocity and energy versus range

This window shows a graphic representation of the bullet velocity (in RED) and energy (in
BLUE). Units are m/s or fps and Joules or ft. lbs., depending upon program settings. This
diagram looks somewhat crowdie when using several reference traces.

Picture 46: Elevation angle vs. Elevation Graph

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Output Diagram Comparing Trajectories Graph

Picture 47: Comparing four trajectories, same zero range

Picture 48: Comparing four trajectories, optimum zero ranges

This window compares the stored trajectory(ies) (in GREEN) and the currently calculated
trajectory (in RED). Example shows trajectory over the Line of Sight. Each graphic window
allows comparison of up to five same-type data sets. Units, metric or Imperial, depending upon
program settings.
Up to five (5) traces are displayed. Each trace uses different line styles for drawing the line. A
sample of the line style is placed at the beginning of each line of legend. User may edit
corresponding text by clicking on legend, or pressing numeric keys from 1 to 5.
Window contents can be copied to a file, to the clipboard or make a bitmap copy to printer with
Copy to... function.

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QuickTARGET Tools
(through main menu Calculate...)
In the upper part of the following windows, a text-field displays hints on the type of calculation
represented. At the bottom of these windows, a text field shows the atmosphere type used in
calculation.
Set Atmo. button allows alterations of atmospheric conditions.
After calculation, text in lower text field is refreshed and the number of iterations is shown.
When insufficient accuracy or a consensus failure occurs, the user can increase the maximum
number of iterations (up to 1000). This action automatically starts a new calculation.
Calculated Ballistic Coefficients (C1) always refers to Standard ICAO conditions.

Tools windows
opens through main menu Calculate...

Muzzle velocity from chronotached vel.

Enter chronotached velocity, specify distance from muzzle – only works with an established BC.

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Muzzle velocity from trajectory data (group centers)

(Two ranges – only works with an established BC.)

BC from 2 velocities and distance

(Input Data from other trajectory tables.)

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BC from trajectory data (group centers)

(Two different ranges – only works with an established V0.)

(Or a group average for each measurement.)

BC from time of flight and range (distance from muzzle and V0)

Enter muzzle velocity, distance of time trigger device and measured time

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Zero range using point of impact at one range

(Or group center – only works with established V0 & BC.)

Calculation of distance to trajectory peak using zero range, V0 & BC.

(Maximum bullet path above sight line.)

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Muzzle velocity and BC using 2 flight times at two ranges.

Enter two flight times at two ranges. BC and Muzzle Velocity will be calculated. Note that at
sample above calculation has stopped at iteration number 100 as set in Maximum of Iterations
field. The result seems acceptable because time error is smaller than one microsecond.
Otherwise allowed number of iterations has to be increased.

Now maximum iterations have been set to 1000. A match was found at iteration 221. The
difference to previous picture is a increase in muzzle velocity of 0.1 fps.

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Gyroscopic Stability – Don Miller’s Rule

The gyroscopic stability of a bullet will be calculated according to rules developed by

Dr. Don Miller. The articles regarding this matter have been published in Precision
Shooting April 2008 and June 2009. A Sg- value of above 1,4 is considered to be
sufficient to stabilize a bullet properly. Above 2,0 the precision may decline. A longer
and slower twist or lower muzzle velocity may then improve groupings.
(One may also open menu Calculate...Power/Knockdown/Twist to use old Greenhill’s
twist formula for historical purposes.)
Calculation according to Miller’s rule is more practical for modern bullet shapes.
This stability factor Sg is used to calculate a close estimate of spin drift. Spin drift is
calculated whenever the twist length is set to non-zero value. A positive entry means
right-hand twist, a negative entry left-hand twist. You may open the twist length setup
window by menu …Options… Twist Length setup

Picture 49: Rifling Twist Length window

A simple method to estimate spin drift is described in the book “Applied Ballistics For
Long Range Shooting” by Brian Litz. The spin drift calculation he describes in his book
is almost very close to reality. The error caused by this method is significantly small
and depends on bullet in use. It is much better to use a 90% formula than omitting any
spin drift correction.
On the other hand it is almost impossible to provide the necessary coeffiicients for
hunting and sporting bullets to do a 4-DOF or “hi-fi” 6-DOF calculation..
I recommend every long range shooter to read Bryan Litz’ book.
His website is http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/

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Adjust size
Target Window of impact

Position of
impact hole
from center
Adjust
distance
to target

Correction
to zero-in
at target-
range

Some scopes
are mounted not
perpendicular
above line of
bore, adjust
displacement
Simulate here
crosswind-
and canting
(through main menu Options , Targets, here 100m Intl. target)
effects
Picture 50: Target Window
Dark (red) point show target impact, crosswind from left side 5 mph.

Right slide varies range up to the maximum table range. Button and arrows: 1-step = 1 meter or
yard; within slide field, 1-step = 10 meters or yards.
Sliders below target set crosswind, rifle canting angle and lateral displacement of Line of
Sight from line of bore. Slider above target changes bullet hole size.
Refreshing picture: Click with mouse on target area or on menu item Options ...Clear impacts
(or press space or ESC key). Impact trail is erased and only one (new) impact is displayed,
according to settings.
With saved reference traces all traces (up to 5) show impacts of different color. Also a short
legend of each reference is displayed in same colors. User can edit corresponding line by
clicking on legend text, or pressing the numeric keys 1 to 5.
A hit outside of the rectangular picture area switches the range background color to yellow and
also that border of the window where the impact moves out of that area.
Program calculates sight correction (in click-stop units) necessary to achieve zero range for
given settings. Stated click stops correspond to user-entered sight adjustment settings.

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The user can choose various targets. These include ring targets and several grid planes. The
user can load digital pictures into target area (files must use .WMF format, otherwise they are
not properly sized in window). The user can generate ring targets. For explanation text, please,
open sample .tgt files with text editor (i.e. Notepad) and read the hints.
Bitmap of target window is copied into a file, to the clipboard or as bitmap copy to printer using
the menu-item Copy to.…
User can also apply these targets under menu Group and sight corrections. Here the user
must place up to 15 impacts by setting those with the mouse cursor. This allows evaluation of
any real group.
Clicking menu item Exit closes this window.

Target Window Menu bar

Picture 51: Target Menu bar

# Targets:
# Select one of several targets or load a file with wmf-picture of a target or a ring target tgt-
file, display a range-dependent MOA grid in the background of the target;
Target Window Menu Targets

Picture 52: Menu Targets MOA grid selected

! 0 Clear impacts:
# Delete existing trails of impacts
! 1 10 m Airgun:
# select 10 m International airgun target
! 2 100 m 100 m rifle / 50 m pistol / B-17:
# select target NRA B-17 target
! 3 300 m rifle:
# select 300 m international rifle target
! 4 Grid planes:
# select one of 4 different spacing grid planes
! 5 pr-dog.wmf:
# select already loaded picture file as target
! 6 LR Palma:
# select already loaded ring target file
! 7 Load WMF-file:

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# select a new wmf-file holding a picture as target (wmf-files can be made with various
paint programs)
! 8 Load target file:
# select a new tgt-file describing a ring target (files can be edited with simple text editor)
! Show MOA grid:
# switch on/off o gray background grid representing MOA spacing (grid disappears when
range is so short, that total width or height of target grid exceeds 40 MOA.)
! Select Impact color:
# Select preferred color for impact hole;
Menu item Load wmf file
Invokes load file dialogue window. User selects a graphic file saved as WMF-file (windows meta
file). The picture saved as file must be of square dimension (height and width being equal). This
width of the picture in natural dimension must be known to the user. For example the prariedog
(pr_dog.wmf) is approximately 14 inches wide. For other pictures you may measure an animal
from head to tail from mouse cursor position, the reload file with new dimensions until size
seems to be appropriate.

Picture 53: Specify size of picture

Target window submenu item Load Target file

There are some examples of target files on the disk. User may load for example a Palma match
target. To examine the structure of a target file, the user should open a target file with
NOTEPAD editor and look into it. Example see under Target file (*.tgt), Page 55 .

Target window menu Reticles

Picture 54: Target Window Menu Reticles

(Quad post x-hair and always visible selected)

# Symbol:
♦ select a symbolic standard reticle
# German #1, German #4, Crosshair, Quad post with x-hair, Duplex, heavy Duplex and Mil
Dot:

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♦ select a reticle representing approximately shape and size of original reticle; if Zoom
size is checked the reticle is zoomed relative to target and distance.
# Always visible:
♦ Reticle is visible even without canting, otherwise reticle is displayed only with canting
above zero degrees;
# Zoom size:
♦ Reticle keeps always the same size or it is zoomed by changing the range;

Target Menu Options

Picture 55: Target menu options

! Hold on setup;
# Change or set Hold-on point of reticle, see below
! Sight adjustment clicks
# (see description in main menu)

Target Window Set Aiming Point

Picture 56: Set aiming point window by Option Hold on Setup

Enter your hold on target. In this example 2 inches below center of target.

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Target window with trail of impacts

Picture 57: Target with impact trail

Target window with gun canted to left and crosswind from 3 o'clock after moving range slider
from 300 yds. to 10 yds. Every 10 yards an impact is drawn representing trajectory. Trail is
cleared by pressing <ESC> key or clicking on drawing's area. Picture is PR_DOG.WMF.

Remember: The crosswinds figures are always affected by spin drift, which is almost
small compared to crosswind reactions. To switch-off spin drift, the twist length has to
be set to zero. See Picture 49: Rifling Twist Length window

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Window Target Group and Sight correction

Picture 58: Target with Group

This window is invoked by main menu Options, Group and Sight correction. It is the same
window as under Target described, but displays no trajectory data or reticles.
Predefined targets can be used, as well as grids or pictures (wmf-files).
User can place impacts from real targets to displayed target by positioning mouse cursor at
desired position and click left mouse button. Mouse position is displayed in upper right corner of
window.
User may erase impacts backward in order of placement by pressing backspace key on
keyboard. Delete single impact by pointing to impact with mouse cursor and then click with right
mouse button. Mouse cursor changes to up-arrow indicating impact found.
Erase all impacts by pressing ESC key or double clicking on drawing area.
Maximum impact count is 15.

After placing impacts the group is evaluated by center of "mass", center of group's circle or
center of groups square. The correction values for windage and elevation for calculated center
are displayed. Mean Radius and Standard Deviation with respect to group center or center of
group circle or center of group square is calculated.

Under menu Options user may

! change hold on position
! save placed groups in a file
! retrieve groups from a file or
! delete a group file.

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Bullet data window

(through main menu edit)

Picture 59: Bullet data window

See QuickLOAD manual's text for information on the window design and the correct procedures
for entering data. Refer to QuickLOAD for loading or saving bullet and other files.

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Appendix
Target file (*.tgt)
Example of a target with non-equidistant ring spacing.
;If CircleDistance contains a value greater than zero the RingDiamX
;entries are neglected. This is for compatibility with older tgt-files.
;If CircleDistance is set to Zero, all RingDiam's must be filled
;corresponding to HighCircle and LowCircle count.
;commen = Comment, displayed at loading of file in comment window
;TargetName = Used in Target-Menu as text

[target_cm]
commen= Example for NRA Palma Target, Ring 6 omitted, Target for 800, 900 and 1000
Yards or 700, 800, 900 Meters
TargetName=LR Palma

HighCircle= 10 ; smallest diameter ring with highest score

LowCircle= 7 ; largest ring with lowest score
Outscore= 6 ; score for a hit out of rings, but on paper

RingDiam10= 50.8 ; diameter of 10 ring in centimeters

RingDiam9= 76.2 ; diameter of 9 ring in centimeters
RingDiam8= 111.76 ; diameter of 8 ring in centimeters
RingDiam7= 152.4 ; diameter of 7 ring in centimeters

X_radius= 12.7 ; RADIUS of x-ring in centimeters; when x-diameter is smaller than

; highest ring
; diameter, a X is printed on the target, otherwise not.
X_score= 10 ; special score of x-ring

CircleDistance= 0 ; equidistant ring spacing distance in cm, nonequidistant =0

CircleBlack= 111.76 ; black aiming area diameter in cm (at equidistant ring number)
CircleWhite= 0 ; white aiming point diameter in cm (at equidistant ring number)

TargetWidth= 240 ; width of paper area in centimeters ;182.88 is the correct val.

PrintNumber= 9 ; print ring number character up to this number

Example of a target with equidistant ring spacing.

;the settings are
;X_radius = Radius of 10 (or other max. number)
;CircleDistance= distance between rings in centimeters
;TargetWidth = Width of paper in centimeters. Please add 15% to display all rings
;CircleBlack = lowest ring black
;CircleWhite = to make for example a white 10, set to 10
;PrintNumber = show ring count up to this value
;HighCircle = maximum ring value, normally 10
;LowCircle = lowest ring value, normally 1
;commen = comment shown in load file menue
;TargetName = Headline of window target

[target_cm]
commen= Example for 200 yds Int.
TargetName= NRA C-2 200yd.

HighCircle= 10
LowCircle= 1

X_radius= 3.048
CircleDistance= 3.048

CircleBlack= 5
CircleWhite= 11

TargetWidth= 85 ;71.12 = correct val., 85 makes a smaller target to see all the rings
;(for zoom)
PrintNumber= 10

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Bibliography
Books mentioned here contain useful information on Exterior Ballistics. We recommend
also to read all available manuals and brochures of bullet manufacturers to collect
information about their bullets.

Cranz, Carl Lehrbuch der Ballistik, Erster Band, Äußere Ballistik, Springer
Berlin, 1925
Curti, Paul Äußere Ballistik, Huber & Co., Frauenfeld, Switzerland, 1945
McShane; Kelley; Reno Exterior Ballistics, The University of Denver Press, 1953
Athen, Hermann Ballistik, Quelle & Meyer Heidelberg, 2.Aufl. 1958
Molitz, Strobel Äußere Ballistik, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1963
Hatcher, Julian S. Hatcher’s Notebook, The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, 3.Edition,
1966
Hauck, Günter Äußere Ballistik, Militärverlag der DDR, 1.Aufl. 1972
Oerlikon-Bührle AG Oerlikon Taschenbuch, Oerlikon-Bührle AG, 2. Auflage 1981,
Zurich, Switzerland
Rheinmetall GmbH Handbook on Weaponry, Rheinmetall GmbH Düsseldorf, 2nd.
Engl. Edition, 1982
HMSO Textbook on Ballistics and Gunnery, Volume One, Part I & II,
London 1987
Farrar; Leeming Military Ballistics. A Basic Manual, Brassey’s Publishers Ltd.,
Oxford 1995
McCoy, Robert L. Modern Exterior Ballistics, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA,
1999
Litz, Bryan Applied Ballistics for Long Range Shooting, Applied Ballistics
LLC, Cedar Springs, MI, 2009

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List of Illustrations
Picture 1: Drag Coefficient Graph............................................................................................... 5
Picture 2: G1 Projectile Picture 3: G7 Projectile ............................. 5
Picture 4: Start and Disclaimer window ...................................................................................... 8
Picture 5: Main Window .............................................................................................................. 9
Picture 6: Table Setup window ................................................................................................. 10
Picture 7: Main Menu Bar ......................................................................................................... 12
Picture 8: Menu Info.................................................................................................................. 12
Picture 9: Menu Windows... ...................................................................................................... 12
Picture 10: Menu Calculate....................................................................................................... 13
Picture 11: Input maximum vertical range ................................................................................ 14
Picture 12: Maximum vertical range bullet returns base forward.............................................. 15
Picture 13: Power Functions window........................................................................................ 16
Picture 14: Menu of Power Functions....................................................................................... 16
Picture 15: Menu Options ......................................................................................................... 17
Picture 16: Sight adjustment settings ....................................................................................... 17
Picture 17: Target speed settings ............................................................................................. 18
Picture 18: Conversion of Units window ................................................................................... 18
Picture 19: Menu Options Output window displays... ............................................................... 19
Picture 20: Menu Options Targets ............................................................................................ 19
Picture 21: Menu Options Group and sight correction.............................................................. 20
Picture 22: Menu Edit / Save .................................................................................................... 20
Picture 23: Menu File................................................................................................................ 21
Picture 24: Atmosphere window ............................................................................................... 22
Picture 25: Atmosphere window, user defined ......................................................................... 23
Picture 26: Atmosphere window, Altitude dependent ............................................................... 24
Picture 27: Atmosphere window for Sighting-In conditions....................................................... 25
Picture 28: Window PVM Chronograph .................................................................................... 27
Picture 29: COM Port Settings.................................................................................................. 28
Picture 30: Example of chronograph's response ...................................................................... 28
Picture 31: Manual setting of device type ................................................................................. 28
Picture 32: Large display normal .............................................................................................. 31
Picture 33: Large display mirrored............................................................................................ 31
Picture 34: Menu Copy to... ...................................................................................................... 33
Picture 35: Output Menu Options... .......................................................................................... 33
Picture 36: Trajectory table window.......................................................................................... 34
Picture 37: Table of Zero-Ranges with trajectory data ............................................................. 35
Picture 38: Table of zero-ranges / Sight adjustment clicks....................................................... 36
Picture 39: Momentum Graph................................................................................................... 36
Picture 40: Total Drop Graph.................................................................................................... 37
Picture 41: Muzzle Horizon Graph, Line Muzzle-Target ........................................................... 37
Picture 42: Trajectory to LOS Graph ........................................................................................ 38
Picture 43: Wind deflection versus range ................................................................................. 39
Picture 44: Wind deflection zeroed in ....................................................................................... 39
Picture 45: Velocity and energy versus range .......................................................................... 40
Picture 46: Elevation angle vs. Elevation Graph....................................................................... 40
Picture 47: Comparing four trajectories, same zero range ....................................................... 41
Picture 48: Comparing four trajectories, optimum zero ranges ................................................ 41
Picture 49: Rifling Twist Length window ................................................................................... 47
Picture 50: Target Window ....................................................................................................... 48
Picture 51: Target Menu bar ..................................................................................................... 49
Picture 52: Menu Targets MOA grid selected........................................................................... 49
Picture 53: Specify size of picture............................................................................................. 50
Picture 54: Target Window Menu Reticles................................................................................ 50
Picture 55: Target menu options............................................................................................... 51
Picture 56: Set aiming point window by Option Hold on Setup................................................. 51
Picture 57: Target with impact trail ........................................................................................... 52
Picture 58: Target with Group................................................................................................... 53
Picture 59: Bullet data window.................................................................................................. 54
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