EEE 2213

CIRCUITS & NETWORK THEORY II

LECTURE 1
0791800083

1
 Course Road Map

1. Introduction: Network terminology

2. Nodal and mesh analysis:(DC and AC circuits)

3. Star delta transformation

4. Circuit Theorems: Thevennin's, Norton's theorems, Maximum

5. Two port network functions.

6. Circuit dynamics: deferential equations for circuit parameters, state

• There are two general approaches to network analysis viz. (a) direct method (b) network
reduction method.

• In direct method, the network is left in its original form and different voltages and currents in
the circuit are determined. This method is used for simple circuits.

• Examples of direct method are Kirchhoff’s laws, Mesh current method, nodal analysis,
superposition theorem etc.

• In network reduction method, the original network is reduced to a simpler equivalent circuit.
This method is used for complex circuits and gives a better insight into the performance of the
circuit. Examples of network reduction method are: Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem,
star/delta or delta/star transformation etc. 3
 Network Terminology
• Linear circuit. A linear circuit is one whose parameters (e.g. resistances) are constant i.e. they do not
change with current or voltage.

• Non-linear circuit. A non-linear circuit is one whose parameters (e.g. resistances) change with
voltage or current.

• Unilateral circuit. A unilateral circuit is one whose properties change with the direction
of its operation. E.g., a diode rectifier circuit is a unilateral circuit. It is because a
diode rectifier cannot perform rectification in both directions

• Bilateral circuit. A bilateral circuit is one whose properties are the same in either direction. E.g.,
transmission line is a bilateral circuit because it can be made to perform its function equally well in
either direction.

• Active element. An active element is one which supplies electrical energy to the circuit.

• Passive element. A passive element is one which receives electrical energy and then either converts it
4
into heat (resistance) or stores in an electric field (capacitance) or magnetic field (inductance).
Passive and Active Networks

5
 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A node is a junction of
connecting wires/elements .
Branch Branch
• Every point on a node is at the
Node Node Node
same potential (same voltage).
• A branch just another name for
any circuit element between Loop
Branch
two nodes.
• A loop is a closed path that Branch Loop Loop Branch
begins and ends at the same
node.
• Mesh: A mesh is the most
elementary form of a loop and
Node
cannot be further divided into
other loops
 Maxwell’s Mesh Current Analysis
• In this method, Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied to a network to write mesh equations in terms of
mesh currents instead of branch currents.

• Each mesh is assigned a separate mesh current. This mesh current is assumed to flow clockwise
around the perimeter of the mesh without splitting at a junction into branch currents.

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law is then applied to write equations in terms of unknown mesh currents.

• The branch currents are then found by taking the algebraic sum of the mesh currents which are
common to that branch.

Maxwell’s mesh current method consists of following steps :

• (i) Each mesh is assigned a separate mesh current. For convenience, all mesh currents are assumed to
flow in clockwise direction. For example, in Fig. below, meshes ABDA and BCDB have been
assigned mesh currents I1 and I2 , respectively.

• The mesh currents take on the appearance of a mesh fence and hence the name mesh currents. 7
• (ii) If two mesh currents are flowing through a circuit element, the actual current in the
circuit element is the algebraic sum of the two. Thus in Fig. below, there are two mesh
currents I1 and I2 flowing in R2. If we go from B to D, current is I1 – I2 and if we go in the
other direction (i.e. from D to B), current is I2 – I1.

• (iii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied to write equation for each mesh in terms of mesh
currents. Remember, while writing mesh equations, rise in potential is assigned positive
sign and fall in potential negative sign.

• (iv) If the value of any mesh current comes out to be negative in the solution, it means that
true direction of that mesh current is anticlockwise i.e. opposite to the assumed clockwise
direction.

8
Figure for Mesh Illustration

9
 Practice Problems

• In the network shown in Fig.(i), find the magnitude and direction of each
branch current by mesh current method.

10
Solution

11
By determinant method

12
 Practice Problems
• Calculate the current in each branch of the circuit shown in Fig. (a).

13
Solution

14
 Practice

• By using mesh resistance matrix, determine the current supplied by each

15
Solution

16
 Practice

• Using mesh current method, determine current Ix in the circuit shown

17
 Practice Question

• Using mesh current method, find the currents in resistances R3, R4, R5 and R6 of
the circuit shown in Fig. (i).

18
Solution

19
 A.C. Mesh Current Analysis

• The procedure for the analysis of a.c. networks is exactly the same as that for d.c.
networks except that impedances, voltages and currents are expressed as complex
numbers.

• Qn. Use mesh analysis to find the currents through the source and capacitor in the
circuit in Fig below. Also find the power delivered by the source.

20
Solution

21
 Practice Question

• Use mesh analysis to find currents in the various branches of the circuit shown in
Fig below. I1= (0.79 + j1.37)A; I2= (– 0.46 + j 6.01) A; I1-I2 = (1.25 – j 4.64)A

22
 Self & Mutual Inductance
• Inductance is the name given to the property of a circuit whereby there is an e.m.f.
induced into the circuit by the change of flux linkages produced by a current
change.

• Self inductance (L) is when the e.m.f. is induced in the same circuit as that in
which the current is changing.

• Mutual inductance (M) is when an e.m.f. is induced in a circuit by a change of flux

23
 Coefficient of Coupling
• The coefficient of coupling (k) between two coils is defined as the fraction of
magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links the other.

24
 Practice
• Qn. A solenoid with 900 turns has a total flux of 1.33 × 10–7 Wb through its air core when
the coil current is 100 mA. If the flux takes 75 ms to grow from zero to its maximum level,
calculate the inductance of the coil. Also, calculate the induced e.m.f. in the coil during the
flux growth.

25
 Practice Question

• Use mesh analysis to find voltage across 10 Ω resistor in the network shown in Fig.
below. The coupling co-efficient is 0.8.

26
Solution

27
 Practice Question

• Use mesh analysis to find current in the inductor in Fig.(a) and current in the
capacitor in Fig (b) shown below. [2.67∠–71.36oA]; [3.5∠52.1oA].

28
 Nodal Analysis
• Nodal analysis essentially aims at choosing a reference node in the network and then finding the
unknown voltages at the independent nodes w.r.t. reference node. The fixed-voltage nodes are called
dependent nodes.

• For a circuit containing N nodes, there will be N–1 node voltages, some of which may be known if
voltage sources are present.

• A and C are fixed nodes because VA = E1 = 120 V and VC = E2 = 65 V.

29
30
 Nodal Analysis with Two Independent Nodes

• Fig. shows a network with two independent nodes B and C. We can take node D (or E) as
the reference node.
• Use Kirchhoff’s current law for nodes B and C to find VB and VC.
• Once the values of VB and VC are known, we can find all the branch currents in the network.

31
32
 Practice Question

• Find the currents in the various branches of the circuit shown in Fig 1 by nodal
analysis.

33
Solution

34
By determinant method

35
 Practice

• Using nodal analysis, find node-pair voltages VB and VC and branch

36
 Practice Question

• Use nodal analysis to find the currents in various resistors of

37
Solution

38
39
 Practice Question

• Using Nodal analysis, find the total power consumed in the circuit shown in Fig.
below. [266.3W]

40
 Practice Question

• Use nodal analysis to find current in the 4 kΩ resistor shown in Fig below.
Use conductance method [5.39 mA]
•

41
 A.C. Nodal Analysis

• The procedure for nodal analysis of an a.c. network is the same as that for a d.c. network except
that we have to deal with impedances instead of resistances and that the phase angle of all
quantities (e.g. impedances, voltages and currents) must be taken into consideration.

• Qn. Use nodal analysis to find the voltage at node ‘a’ and currents I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit

shown in Fig below.

42
Solution

43
 Practice Question

• Use nodal analysis to find the current in each branch of the network
shown in Fig below.

44
 Practice Question

• Find ix in the circuit shown in Fig below using nodal analysis.

45
46
 Practice Question

• Using nodal analysis, find current in Z3 (= R3 + jX3) branch in the circuit shown
in Fig. below.

47
Solution

48
 Practice Question

• Use nodal analysis to determine current in 5Ω resistor in Fig. below. [1.1 ∠ –

49
 Nodal versus Mesh analysis
• Both Nodal and Mesh analysis provide a way of analysing a complex network. The
choice of the method to be applied for analysis is dictated by two factors;
1. Nature of a particular network;
• Networks that contain many series-connected elements, voltage sources or super-
meshes are more suitable for mesh analysis.
• Whereas networks with parallel connected elements, current sources or super-nodes
are more suitable for nodal analysis.
• Circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analysed using nodal analysis, while
a circuit with fewer meshes than nodes is better analyzed using mesh analysis. The
key is to select the method that results in smaller number of equations.
2. Information required;
• If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply nodal analysis.
• If branch or mesh currents are required, it may be better to use mesh analysis.
• Mesh analysis is the only method to use in analysing transistor circuits and Nodal 50
analysis is more amenable to solution by computer since it is easy to program.