Keywords; atom, element, compound, mixtures, filtration, crystallisation, chromatography, simple distillation, fractional distillation, proton, neutron,

electron, nucleus, orbital/shell, plum pudding model, Niels Bohr, alpha particle, positive, negative, models
Atoms, elements & Compounds; Relative charges;
Atoms;
compounds • Are formed by An atom has no overall charge,
groups, Mendeleev, metals, non-metals, ions, physical properties, reactivity, halogens, noble gases

elements in Atomic number; the number of protons = the

Atoms; Elements; chemical reactions The proton number, it number of electrons
Everything is There are about • Are 2 or more is different for every
made of atoms, 100 different elements that are element
it is the smallest elements, each chemically Isotopes;
part of an with a symbol combined Size and mass; • Atoms that have
element • Very small, the same number
radius is 0.1nm of protons
(1x10-10m) (element), but
Mass Number; • Mass is mainly different numbers
The number of in the nucleus of neutrons
protons &
Early ideas; Development of the model of the neutrons in the
Before the atom; nucleus
discovery of New experimental evidence may lead to
the electron the model being changed or replaced Electronic configurations;
atoms were • Electrons fill the lowest
tiny spheres, energy levels first
Nucleus
they couldn’t • This starts from the Relative Atomic Mass;
development;
be divided nucleus, following a set • This is the mass of the element that
Experiments now
pattern up to the takes into account the relative
show nucleus is made
Plum pudding; Niels Bohr; following maximum abundance of isotopes,
of smaller particles
After the electron Adapted the • 1st shell – 2 electrons • Calculated by=
of positive charge
was discovered nuclear model • 2nd shell – 8 electrons (mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance)
the atom became a suggesting • 3rd shell – 8 electrons 100
ball of positive electrons in • 4th shell – 2 electrons
charge with James Chadwick;
orbitals at set
negative electrons Evidence to show
distance
scattered in it the existence of
neutrons in the 5.1 Atomic
Alpha particle scattering;
Showed that the mas of an
nucleus
structure
atom was concentrated in the
centre, it was charged too
(Chemistry)
James Chadwick, relative mass, relative charge, isotope, atomic number, mass number, electronic configuration, percentage abundance, periodic table,
 Filtration; Mixtures; Fractional distillation;
Separating soluble Are elements not chemically combined and Separating 2 different
and insoluble can be separated by the following methods liquids based on
substances different boiling points
Crystallisation;
Removing a liquid
leaving a solid Chromatography;
Simple distillation;
behind Separating solutions
Separating a liquid
dissolved in the same
from its solvent
solvent

Non-metals;
Mendeleev;
• Form
Overcome the
negative ions
problems of atomic
• Found on
weight. He did this
Early tables: Modern periodic table; right hand
by;
• First attempts to The arrangement of elements in a side and top
• Leaving gaps
classify elements table based on proton number, of table
• Changing the
were made properties and outer electron number
order of the
before subatomic
elements Metals & non-metals;
particles were
• Predicted
discovered Group 1; Group 7; Group 0;
elements were
• Based on atomic • Alkali metals • Halogens • Noble gases Metals;
discovered
weight • 1 outer • 7 outer • Unreactive/ • Majority of
• Differences
• Wrong groups electron electrons stable – full elements are
were accounted
used • Reactivity • Non-metals outer shell of metals
for by isotopes
increases • Molecules electrons • Form positive ions
Today; going down made of • Don’t form • Found on left hand
• Elements with similar
the group pairs of molecules easily side, middle and
properties arranged in
Development of the atoms • boiling point bottom of table
groups
periodic table; increases going
• Based on properties
As more elements were down group
• All have the same
discovered scientist number of electrons in
tried to classify them the outer shell