CRBC Addis Engineering Plc

SUB-SURFACE INVESTIGATION
AND FOUNDATION
RECOMMENDATION REPORT

FOR

Tinishu Akaki River Bridge

(At Pier P7)

APRIL 2007

P.O.BOX 62668 Tel. 0114341065/341733/341617/343004/432423-26 Fax 0114341230, 341617

E-mail: [email protected]/saba,[email protected]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Design, Contract Administration and Supervision of Bridge and Approach Roads near Atlas Hotel

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................1
1.1 Background................................................................................1
1.2 Location.....................................................................................1
1.3 Regional and Site Geology...........................................................2
2 METHODOLOGY..................................................................3
2.1 Drilling.............................................................................................3
2.2 Testing and Sampling.....................................................................3
2.1.1 Field Testing..............................................................3
2.1.2 Sampling...................................................................4
3. GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS...................................4
3.1 Shear Strength Tests......................................................................5
4. FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION......................................6
4.1 Foundation on the Basalt Rock Layer.............................................6
4.2 Foundation on the Clayey Sandy Silt Layer (Loose Tuff)................7
4.3 Foundation on the Weathered Ignimbrite Layer.............................7
4.3.1 Spread Footing Foundation..........................................7
4.3.2 Pile Foundation..........................................................9
4.3.3 Summary of the allowable pile bearing capacity for
400 mm diameter pile.............................................11
5. CONCLUSION..........................................................................12

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Borehole Logs

Appendix 2: Borehole Locations

Appendix 3: Laboratory Test Results

Appendix 4: Photograph Plates

Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report

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Design, Contract Administration and Supervision of Bridge and Approach Roads near Atlas Hotel

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

As per the request made by the client (CRBC Addis Engineering Plc), SABA
Engineering PLC has executed a geotechnical investigation work by drilling one
exploratory borehole to a depth of 34.25m m at the proposed new bridge pier (P7)
position at the locations shown in Appendix 2.

The objective of this investigation was to:

- Determine the type and extent of geological formations;
- Investigate the presence of ground water and identification of its level if
encountered;
- Determine the engineering properties of the layers constituting the sub-surface
geology of the site.

The field investigation was conducted from February 18 to February 23, 2007.
Accordingly, the general and particular geology of the site and the methodologies
employed are described and the investigation and tests used to study the engineering
properties of the subsurface strata including analysis and interpretations of results are
discussed. Finally, recommendation is given with regard to the bearing layer, bearing
depth, allowable bearing pressure and suitable type of foundation.

1.2 Location

The new bridge site is located at Shegole area and the proposed pier (P7) on the new
bridge is located at km 10+835 and it has an elevation of 2611.80m.

1.3 Regional and Site Geology

The outcrops of Addis Ababa and its environs are entirely Cenezoic volcanics
sequences with different types of recent sediments. The Tertiary Volcanics include
basalts, ignimbrite, rhyolite, trachyite, tuff and occasional pumice. From stratigraphic
point of view, the Tertiary Volcanic Rocks are classified as Trap Series, Entoto
Silicics, Addis Ababa Basalt and Younger Volcanics in chronological order from the
oldest to the youngest (Table 1).

Table 1: Generalized Stratigraphy of Addis Ababa

AGE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION

Quaternary Alluvial Sediments, Local Alluvial
Deposits, Silty and Clay soils
Tertiary Younger Volvanics
Addis Ababa Basalt
Entoto Silicics
Trap Series

In terms of aerial coverage, several sequences of different basic rocks of Pliocene

age, mainly the results of the Trap Series Volcanism which outcrop in the upper part

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of the Entoto Ridge, cover the main part of Addis towards the south including the
Bole Area. Alluvial deposits are common along the banks of the rivers and the main
tributaries. The wide flat lying areas are covered by silty and clay soils.

Younger volcanic rocks, belonging to the recent volcanism (Pliocene age) overlie the
old basalts mostly in the southern and western parts of the city. Rhyolites,
ignimbrites, trachy-basalts and basalts are present. These rocks are highly weathered
and cut by strong erosional process.

The pier (P7) position is covered with thick layer of residual soil originated from
completely weathered and decomposed (into stiff/very stiff, clayey sandy silt mixed
with some gravels) basalt. The depth of the residual soil formation extends to 30.30m
below NGL. Below the residual soil, dark-grey, fine grained, moderately to highly
weathered and fractured basalt having a thickness of about 4.0 m was encountered.
The geological strata are presented in the borehole logs attached with this report
(Appendix 1).

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2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Drilling

Rotary core drilling technique has been employed using one Italian made spindle type
NENZI drilling rig having the capacity to perform boring operation to the required
standard and quality.

Dry drilling method has been utilized for the top soil formation using inner lining and
double core barrels fitted with appropriate size tungsten carbide bits at the bottom in
order to achieve good quality core recovery. When the formation changed to rock,
water was pumped down to the bit through hollow drill rods, thus, lubricating the bit
and flushing the debris up the borehole.

Telescopic drilling was used whereby the drilling size was reduced progressively
starting from 110 mm hole diameter through 101mm and finally to 85 mm and
remained so till the completion depth.

Ground water was not encountered at pier (P6) position in the course of investigation.

2.2 Testing and Sampling

2.1.1 Field Testing

The field testing and undisturbed soil sampling was conducted in the borehole
starting from 2.20m depth.

Standard penetration tests (SPTs) have been conducted inside boreholes using a
standard hammer, weighting 63.5 kg and falling freely from a height of 760 mm
along a frictionless guide rod in accordance with test procedure mentioned in test No.
19 of BS 1377; 1975. Blow counts for a total penetration depth of 450 mm from the
bottom of a cleaned borehole were recorded and counts for the first 150 mm
penetration were discarded since the ground is considered to be distributed by drilling
activity prior to the test. SPT N-values for the last 300 mm penetration were thus
recorded at the corresponding depths on the borehole log sheets.

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2.1.2 Sampling

One undisturbed soil sample was taken using thin wall Shelby tube from the loose
clayey sandy silt layer. Additionally, four distributed soil samples were taken from
SPT split - spoon sampler from the boreholes (as shown on the borehole log sheets)
for laboratory determinations of gradation, Atterberg limit and free swell tests.

Rock samples were not collected for unit weight and unconfined compressive
strength tests since the rock is fractured.

Table (2-1) presents summary of the exploration methods and tests performed for the
project.

Core samples recovered from core barrels were arranged in partitioned wooden core
boxes having 1.0 m length, and are properly labeled indicating project name, client,
borehole designation, depth, etc. The cores inside core boxes were logged and
photographed (colored) as part of the report document.

Table 2.1: Summary of Methods of Exploration and Tests Performed for the
Project

Type of Exploration/Test Qty.

 Borehole to a maximum depth of 34.25 meters 1
 Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) 8
 Undisturbed Sampling 1
 Disturbed Sampling 4
 Laboratory Tests
 Gradation 4
 Atterberg Limits 4
 Free Swell 4
 Specific gravity 1
 UCS of soil 1
 Direct shear 1
 Consolidation 1

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3. GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Descriptive analysis was made on the soil samples derived from the two boreholes.
This was used together with the classification tests and relative compactions as
indicated from the SPT tests, and the following generalized geo-technical layers are
identified. Details on type and extent of the geothecnical layers are given in Appendix
1 (Borehole logs).

A. Residual Soil (clayey sandy silt mixed with few basalt gravel) Layer

The residual soil layer is originated from completely weathered and decomposed (into
reddish-brown to dark-grey, very stiff clayey sandy silt mixed with basalt gravel)
basalt layer. The weathering has produced clayey silt mixed with few basalt gravels.
The maximum depth of this layer reaches 30.30 m below the ground level.

The percentage of the material finer than the 0.075 mm sieve varies from 48% to 95%
for the tests conducted on the material. The soil consistency test results show
Plasticity Index and Liquid Limit values ranging from 19% to 35% and 57% to 74%
respectively. The free swell for the material varies from 20% to 40% and it is very
low value.

According to AASHTO soil classification system, the soil is classified as high plastic
(A-7-5(14) to A-7-5(20)). According to Bowles, 1988, soils having a PI value greater
than 35% show a very high potential for volume change, whereas soils having a PI
value less than 18% show a low potential for volume change.

B. Weathered Basalt Rock Layer

This layer is composed of dark grey, moderately to highly weathered and fractured
medium weak basalt. The depth below the ground level at which the basalt is
encountered is 30.30 m.

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4. FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION

Foundation recommendation refers to the determination of the bearing layer and

depth, allowable pressure on the bearing layer and type of foundation that could be
adopted safely and economically.

As can be observed from the stratigraphy encountered, the very stiff residual soil and
the underlying moderately to highly weathered basalt can be considered for putting
the foundation of the pier (P7) for the new bridge. As can be seen from Appendix 3,
the foundation of the pier (P7) would rest on the very stiff/stiff clayey sandy silt layer
if a shallow foundation is considered. It is also posible to put the foundation of the
pier on the underlying layer of weathered basalt.

The allowable bearing pressures for the two alternative foundation layers are
discussed as follows.

4.1 Foundation on the Residual (clayey sandy silt) Layer

4.1.1 Bearing Pressure Based on UCS

Unconfined Compression Strength Test (UCS) was conducted on one undisturbed

sample recovered from borehole at (P7) at 8.60 m depth. The test was conducted to
derive the undrained shear strength value, C u of the soil. The angle of internal friction,
Ø  is taken as zero.

Ø = 0, UCS = 148 KPa, Cu = 74 KPa (½ UCS)

The net ultimate bearing pressure for vertical loads on clay soils is normally
computed as a simplification of either the Meyerhof or Hansen equations as follows
(Bowles, 1984). For the most critical stability state (Ø = 0), which is created when the
foundation load is applied so rapidly, the immediate bearing capacity is independent
of the location of the water table. This is in contrast to the long term stability in which
case the value of the drained shear strength c d, and the bearing capacity factors are
obtained corresponding to a drained friction angle Ød.

qult = CNcScdc + q(Nq – 1)

When c = su, we have Ø = 0 and Nq = 1.0. In this case we have

qult = CNcScdc (when Ø = 0, Nc = 5.14)

qult = CNcScdc = 74(5.14)(1.2)(1.2) = 548 KPa

When designing a foundation on the basis of ultimate bearing capacity, a suitable

factor of safety should be used to determine the allowable pressure so that the
foundation system may be safe against shear failure. Thus, taking a factor of safety of
3; one obtains:

qallowable = 548/3 = 183 KPa

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4.1.2 Bearing Pressure Based on SPT Values

The SPT values for the residual soil layer range from 11 – 38 showing its dense
compaction nature.

The depths below ground level at which the SPT values are obtained are given below
and they are considered for determining the design N value.

BH No. Depth SPT Adjusted

Value N-Values

BH-7 2.20 38 36

BH-7 4.80 11 8

BH-7 6.80 25 17

BH-7 9.10 33 20

BH-7 12.50 25 13

BH-7 15.70 27 13

BH-7 17.60 >50 23

BH-7 20.70 22 9

The N values are converted to N 55 standard energy ratio value according to Bowles
(Bowles, 1988).

N’55 = CN x N x n1 x n2 x n3 x n4

Where N’55 = adjusted N

CN = adjustment for overburden pressure (p’’o/p’o)1/2

p’o = overburden pressure

p’’o = reference overburden pressure (95.76 kPa or 1.0 kg/cm 2)

n1 = Er/Erb (where Er is average energy ratio that depends on the drill system and E rb is
the standard energy ratio). Er is taken as 45 and Erb as 55.

n2 = rod length correction

rod length > 10 m = 1,

rod length 6-10 m = 0.95,

rod length 4-6 m = 0.85,

rod length 0-4 m = 0.75

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n3 = sampler correction (1.00 in our case)

n4 = borehole diameter correction (1.00 in our case)

After adjusting the N-counts based on the above formula a design N-value is chosen
from consecutive depths where the test is performed. The design N-value is taken as the
average of N-values which are found in between ½ B above and 2B below the proposed
footing depth where B is the width of the foundation.

The bearing capacity for the weathered ignimbrite layer is calculated from the SPT N
value using Meyerhof’s equation as follows (Bowles, 1988): -

qa = N/F2 [(B+F3)/B)]2kd B>F4

B = Width of foundation
D = Depth of foundation
qa = Allowable bearing pressure for settlement limited to 25 mm.
Kd = 1+0.33D/B < 1.33
F2 = 0.08
F3 = 0.3

F4 = 1.2

The following allowable bearing pressures are calculated for different foundation
widths at 6.50 meters depths below the river bed level.

Table 4.1. Allowable Bearing Pressures Based on SPT

Width B (m)
Proposed Footing Depth
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Below River Bed Level (m)
Allowable Bearing Pressures (kPa)

6.50 480 350 335 320 310 290

The above table shows that the allowable bearing values based on SPT are on the high
side compared with the result obtained from UCS test. Since the SPT reflects the actual
ground condition, we have used as the allowable bearing capacity for the residual soil
the values obtained based on the SPT results. The recommended allowable values are
given on Table 4.1. We can thus use allowable bearing values ranging from 290 to 480
KPa based on the footing width.

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4.2 Foundation on the moderately to highly weathered Basalt Rock

Layer

The basalt is fine grained, moderately to highly weathered and fractured. Based on the
lithologic description, the rock can be classified as soft rock according to NAVFAC dm
7.02, foundations and earth structures, 1986. For weathered or broken bed rock of any
kind, 8 – 12 kg/cm2 is given as the presumptive value. We recommend 8 kg/cm 2(800
KPa) as the allowable bearing capacity for the basalt.

The basalt rock layer serves as a continuous rigid foundation and distributes the load
coming from the structure evenly. The extra plan area of the rock mat, combined with
its flexural stiffness, is sufficient to reduce any anticipated settlements of soil layers
below the rock to within tolerable values.

4.2.1 Pile Foundation

Pile foundation is a more reliable foundation system when the shear strength of the
upper soil layers is very low. The pile foundation will get its support from both end
bearing on the fractured basalt rock and from skin resistance along the column of the
pile length.

As mentioned earlier, the cohesion (C) value obtained for the clayey sandy silt layer is
74 KPa.. A value of 15 KN/m 3 for γ and a value of 30º for φ can be assigned based on
correlations with SPT for the sandy to sandy gravel layers.

Based on SPT correlations and presumptive values an allowable bearing value of 800
KPa is already recommended for the weathered basalt rock layer. The minimum pile
diameter recommended for a pile having a length greater than 10 meters is 600 mm
according to ESCP 3: 1983 (Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice for Foundations).

Hence, taking the above into consideration the pile point bearing capacity and skin
friction resistance is calculated as follows.

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Pile Point Bearing Capacity

Qp = Ap*q
Ap = Area of pile taking 60 cm diameter (minimum pile diameter for
pile length greater than 10 meters, according to ESCP 3:1983
(Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice)
Ap = 3.14*(60)2/4 = 2826 cm2
q = Compressive strength of the basalt layer (8 Kg/cm 2 is taken as the
allowable bearing pressure of the weathered ignimbrite)
Qpall = 8 Kg/cm2 * 2826 cm2 = 22608 Kg = 221.5 KN

Skin Friction Resistance

There are three procedures called , λ, β currently used for computing the skin
resistance of piles in cohesive soils (Bowles, 1988). In all cases the skin
resistance capacity is computed as

Ps = ∑Asfs
Where As = effective pile surface area on which fs acts and commonly
computed as perimeter X embedment increment ∆L
∆L = Increment of embedment length
fs = skin resistance to be computed using one of the methods
∑ = summation of contribution from several strata or pile segments

We have used the  method for our case and computed the skin friction
resistance as follows:

Skin friction resistance using the  method

fs = c + qk tanδ
Where  = adhesion factor
c = average cohesion (or su) for the soil stratum of interest
q = effective vertical stress on element
k = coefficient of lateral earth pressure
δ = effective friction angle between soil and pile material (use δ = 0
when φ = 0)

The average depth below the river bed level to the basalt layer is 30.0 meters.
The surface area of the pile is calculated using a pile length of 30.0 meters.

Considering φ to be 0 and c = 74 KPa. The ultimate pile skin friction

resistance capacity is calculates as follows:

Ps = As [(c )]
Ps = (3.14 X 0.60 X 30.0) X [(1.0 x 74) = 4182 KN

Taking a safety factor of 3

Ps /SF = 4182 KN/3 = 1394 KN

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4.3.3 Summary of the allowable pile bearing capacity for 400 mm

diameter pile

Skin Resistance = 1394 KN (based on the  method)

End Bearing = 221.5 KN

Allowable Bearing Capacity = (1394 KN + 221.5 KN) = 1615.5 (1600 KN) per
single bored, 600 mm diameter, cast in situ RC pile

Bearing Depth = Average of 30.0 meters below NGL. The pile should be socketed
at least 60 cm in the basalt layer.

Table 4.2 Summary of Bearing Parameters

Alternative One: Spread footing on the residual soil for the pier foundation
Reddish-brown, stiff/very stiff, clayey sandy silt mixed
Bearing Layer
with some gravel
Bearing Depth 6.50m below NGL
Varies from 290 to 480 KPa based on footing width.
Allowable bearing pressure
See Table 4.1
Foundation Type Spread Footing
Alternative Two: Pile foundation on the weathered basalt for the pier foundation
Dark-grey, moderately to highly weathered, and jointed
Bearing Layer
basalt.
Bearing Depth 30.0 meter below NGL.
1600 KN per single bored, 600 mm diameter cast in situ
RC pile. The pile should be socketed at least 60 cm in the
Allowable bearing pressure rock layer.

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Important Note  It is advisable to verify the nature and depth of

occurrence of the bearing layer when
construction of the building starts and make
adjustments if necessary.

 During excavation for foundation, the existing

back fill material in the case of the abutments
and the loose tuff layer in the case of the pier,
should be removed and replaced with a suitable
granular material. An appropriate material for
such purposes will be a granular material with
few fines, i.e. Gravel, Gravel – sand mixtures
with few silt/clay – GW-GC/SW-SC, etc. The
granular material shall satisfy from A-2-4 up to
A-2-7 soil groups according to AASHTO soil
classification and shall have a maximum PI of
12. The maximum compacted thickness should
not be more than 20 cm and the field density
should attain 95% of the maximum dry density
according to AASHTO T-180.

Since SABA Engineering is involved in supervision of the bridge construction

it shall carryout confirmation test/investigations during foundation construction
works. SABA Engineering shall conduct supervision of the foundation
excavation works during construction to verify/check the actual subsurface
conditions, and will make adjustments to the foundation recommendation as
given in this report, where actual site conditions warrant such changes.

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4.3 Settlement Analysis

4.3.1 Consolidation Settlement

In order to get the settlement properties of the soils, consolidation tests were
conducted on undisturbed samples retrieved from the boreholes.

The consolidation test was conducted on one undisturbed sample retrived from
borehole at pier (P7) position. The compression index (Cc) is 0.19 and the other
parameters are shown on the attached laboratory test result.

It is essential to design a foundation system which ensures that differential and total
settlements do not exceed allowable values.

Settlements are usually classified as immediate settlement, (settlement which can take
place as the load is applied or within a time period of about 7 days) and consolidation
settlement, (settlement which is time dependent and taking months to years to
develop). The principal settlements for most projects occur in 1 to 5 years. According
to Bowles, 1988, immediate settlement analysis is used for all fine grained soils
including silts and clays with a degree of saturation S < 90 percent and for all coarse
grained soils with a large coefficient of permeability. Consolidation settlement
analysis is used for all saturated, or nearly saturated, fine grained soils where the
consolidation theory applies. This is because for these soils estimates of both
settlement ∆H and how long it will take for the settlement to occur is required. Both
types of settlement analyses are in the form of:

ε = ∆H/H = ∆e/1 + eo

Where, ε, is vertical strain, H is layer thickness, ∆H is the compression of the layer

and eo and ∆e are initial void ratio and change in void ratio respectively.

The amount of consolidation settlement is computed using either the compression

index Cc obtained as a plot of void ratio versus log pressure or from a compression
ratio C’c obtained as a plot of strain versus log pressure. More commonly Cc is used
in computing ∆H as follows:

∆H = [CcH/1 + eo] (log p’o + ∆p/ p’o)

Where, Cc = compression index from e vs. log p plot (Cc = ∆e/ (log p2/p1)

eo = average insitu void ratio in the stratum for which Cc applies

H = thickness of stratum. Several values of H, C c, and eo should be used for thick

layers with the total ∆H as the sum from the several layers.

p’o = effective overburden pressure at mid-height of H

∆p = average increase in pressure from foundation in layer H in same unit as p’ o

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The following assumptions are taken for calculating the settlement:

i.) The footing shall be placed at a depth of 8.5meters below ground level.The unit
weight for the soil is taken as (20.6 KN/m 3).The settlement is thus calculated for the
lower 21.5 meters thick (average thickness) of the residual clayey sandy silt soil
below the footing level.

ii.) The maximum pressure on the foundation soil is assumed as 480KPa since the
allowable bearing capacity of the soil obtained from SPT rangesfrom 290 to 480 KPa.

Based on the consolidation test results the total final primary consolidation
settlement, using 480KPa as the ximum pressure on the foundation soils, is calculated
as follows:

Table 4.6 Settlement Calculation using 480KPa astheMaximum Pressure

Sub- ∆ei/(1 +
Hi p’o p’o+∆p
Layer eoi Cclog[(p’o+∆p)/ p’o ] ∆ei (1 + eoi) eoi)Hi (m)
(m) (KPa) (KPa)
No
1 21.5 396.55 0.9053 397.45 0.0002 0.0002 1.9053 0.0023

Based on the above calculation the total primary consolidation settlement comes to
0.0023m (2.3mm). This is a very low settlement value.

For isolated footings, the recommended maximum settlement value for clays is 63.5
mm and differential settlement is allowed up to 38 mm (Table 5.6 of Bowles,
1988).

For mat foundations, the recommended maximum settlement value for clays range
from 63.5 mm to 100 mm and differential settlement is allowed up to 38 mm (Table
5.6 of Bowles, 1988)

Based on the above analysis 480 KPa is thus the allowable bearing capacity for
spread footing on the soil.

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5. CONCLUSION
Bearing capacities are calculated for two alternative bearing layers at different depths.

The first alternative is to put the foundation on the residual soil at 6.50 meters depth
below NGL. An allowable bearing pressure varying from 290 to 480 KPa based on
footing width is recommended for this alternative.

The second alternative is to use pile foundation. The pile would rest at depths 30.0
meters below ground level. The pile should be socketed at least 60 cm in the
rock layer. Two pile diameter options are suggested.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1

Borehole Logs

Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation

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Design, Contract Administration and Supervision of Bridge and Approach Roads near Atlas Hotel

Appendix 2

Borehole Locations

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Appendix 3

Geological Cross Section

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Appendix 4

Laboratory Test Results

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Appendix 5

Photograph Plates

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