2020 International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET)

Belgaum, India. Jun 5-7, 2020

Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected

Distribution Systems using Artificial Intelligence
based Controller
Mohan Kukreja1, Ankita Arora2, Nishtha Singh Thakural3, Lakshya Malhotra4
1,2,3,4
Dept of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
1
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],4 [email protected]

Abstract— The decay of power quality is one of the princi- method in giving a better source current waveform. The step
pal issues of electrical distribution systems. One of the main size estimated using ANFIS learns faster and there is a lesser
reasons for this is the use of non-linear devices like the switch- static error in the estimation of the fundamental weights as
ing devices and the power electronics converters. Non-linearity compared to the other specified methods [7-8]. The com-
leads to detrimental effects on the utility of the power supply, parative results of ANN and ANFIS are analyzed and it is
system efficiency, reduction in power factor, etc. The reactive found that ANFIS gives a superior performance when com-
power is increased due to the reduction in power factor and it pared to ANN.
does not have any contribution in the transfer of energy, hence
its compensation is needed. In this paper, the Artificial Neural II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
(ANFIS) based control methods for a Three-Phase Distribution The circuit diagram in Fig. 1 is that of the DSTATCOM
Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) are proposed. This is used system. A reactive load has been connected to a three-phase
for compensation of the reactive power along with the current three-wire distribution system. The DSTATCOM is attached
related power quality issues that include harmonics. These with a DC bus through a Voltage Source Controller (VSC).
control methods are simulated in the MATLAB environment The VSC is realized with the help of three insulated-gate
with the help of the SIMULINK toolbox. The simulation re- bipolar transistors (IGBTs) having diodes which are con-
sults suitably demonstrate the performance of these methods nected antiparallel. The AC sides are connected to a point of
and it is found that source current waveforms with lesser dis- common coupling and loads. A Pulse Width Modulating
tortion are achieved with ANFIS as compared to ANN. controller has been used for providing pulses.
Keywords—Power Quality Compensation; MATLAB;
DSTATCOM; Synchronous Reference Frame Theory; Adaptive
Neuro Fuzzy Inference System; Artificial Neural Network;

I. INTRODUCTION
Power Quality remains one of the prime aspects of any
power distribution system. It has to follow IEEE 1547 stand-
ards throughout the different levels of the power system,
which are the Generation level, Transmission level, Distribu-
tion level, and Utilization level. Because of the extensive use
of automatic and power electronic based devices in an elec- Fig. 1. Fundamental Line diagram of the DSTATCOM system
tric distribution system, power quality problems have sub-
stantially increased. The distribution system has poor power III. CONTROL ALGORITHM
quality because of the inadequate reactive power during the For power quality compensation, compensating reactive
steady as well as the dynamic state. These problems gener- power is provided by the DSTATCOM depending on the
ally arise due to the presence of reactive and unbalanced needs of the load. The. DSTATCOM is controlled by several
loads [3,6]. A VSC DSTATCOM gives a robust and effec- algorithms. Here we make use a conventional algorithm to
tive methodology of providing shunt compensation in a line generate the data, and use two Artificial Intelligence based
that can help enhance the power quality [4-5]. Various con- control algorithms to enhance the results.
trol methods are available to derive the reference currents for
the DSTATCOM like the synchronous reference frame theo- A. SRFT Algorithm
ry (SRFT) [1]. The ANN and ANFIS based methods are able SRFT algorithm is also called the d-q based algorithm.
to determine and model the non-linear systems and can give This algorithm is used to produce pulses for the functioning
a better source current waveform and hence better power of the DSTATCOM. These pulses are provided at the ground
quality. terminal. Clarke Transformation is used for converting a-b-c
In this paper, the SRFT method is compared to ANN and to αβ0 reference frame and further αβ0 to d-q frame using
ANFIS based methods. The ANN based control method is Park Transformation.
efficient and viable as it is able to identify as well as model ݅ௗ 
such non-linear systems [9]. However, the ANFIS based ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ˁ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ˁ ݅ఈ
ቈ݅ ቉ = ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ (1)
method has more efficiency as compared to the ANN based ௤  െ‫݊݅ݏ‬ˁ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ˁ ݅ఉ

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 After getting the desired currents in d-q frame, quadra- 7.57E+00 -7.57E+00 -3.29E-04 1.24E-24
ture current is terminated and then direct current is added to -1.32E+01 7.52E+00 5.69E+00 4.87E-19
the error signal generated using the Proportional Integral (PI)
3.90E+00 -1.36E+01 9.74E+00 1.98E-15
control. This error signal is generated using 200V reference
and DC link voltage. Then d-q reference frame has been -2.55E-04 1.34E+01 -1.34E+01 7.94E-15
transformed back to the a-b-c frame by making quadrature 1.37E+01 1.32E-03 -1.37E+01 1.02E-13
current zero. This method is called Reverse Park Transfor- -4.31E+00 1.36E+01 -9.33E+00 1.72E-13
mation.
5.28E-01 -1.37E+01 1.32E+01 4.65E-13
݅ఈௗ௖ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ˁ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ˁ ݅ௗௗ௖ -1.36E+01 -5.13E-04 1.36E+01 1.29E-09
ቈ݅ ቉=ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ (2)
ఉௗ௖  െ‫݊݅ݏ‬ˁ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ˁ ݅௤ௗ௖
Then the resulting current is compared with source cur- The performance of the network is analyzed by its mean
rent using hysteresis current controller in order to produce square error (MSE). Its equation is as follows:
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals. These signals are ଵ 2
then fed to the main circuit. Emse = σே
௄ୀଵ ൣ‫ݔ‬௙೔ െ ‫ݔ‬௢೔ ൧ (3)
ଶ

B. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained on data where ‫ݔ‬௙೔ represents the calculated output and ‫ݔ‬௢೔ de-
obtained by SRF Method notes the desired output and N signifies the number of train-
Artificial Neural Network is comprised of three layers: ing samples
Firstly, the input layer followed by the hidden layer and fi-
The best validation performance Mean Square Error
nally the output layer as shown in Fig. 2.
(MSE) obtained is 5.98251e-8.

Fig. 2. Neural network structure

The Network is trained using the Feed-Forward Back-

Propagation Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm with three-
phase load current as the input for the ANN block shown in
Fig. 3.

Fig. 4. Error histogram of ANN

The importance of the proposed algorithm is that it needs

less time for training the data that has been obtained from the
SRFT algorithm, although more memory is required. Train-
Fig. 3. Simulation model of ANN controller ing stops when generalization does not improve further, as
shown by an increase in the MSE of the validation samples.
To produce hidden layer output, we have used the tan-
gent sigmoid activation function. This hidden layer has ten C. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) trained
neurons. The output layer neurons are trained using linear on data obtained by SRF Method
activation function to produce the output. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is ba-
200001 data collected from SRF control algorithm out of sically a family of artificial neural networks which are func-
which 70% of this data is used for training, 15% is used for tionally equivalent to the fuzzy inference systems and com-
testing and 15% is used for validation. The data samples bine non-linear and adaptive, non-time invariant problem-
used for the process of training is shown in Table I. solving attributes of artificial neural networks with the im-
portant notions of proximate rationale and analysis of infor-
TABLE I. DATA USED TO TRAIN ANN mation as given by the fuzzy set theory. Their general ad-
vantage over ANN is that ANFIS presents a significantly
better ability to learn.
LOAD CURRENT Direct Current
A fuzzy inference system has four components, which
Phase A Phase B Phase C
are an interface for fuzzification, a base for rules, an infer-
-5.03E-08 -1.07E-02 1.07E-02 0.00E+00 ence mechanism, and an interface for defuzzification. It is
6.46E-04 -2.17E+00 2.17E+00 1.12E-30 further split into five layers as shown in Fig. 5. Layer 1 is the

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input layer that takes three inputs that are the three-phase
load currents and sends the input to layer 2 which performs
the process of fuzzification by making crisp values fuzzy.
Layer 3 defines the layer which matches output to input.
Layer 4 defines the normalization layer which is used to
measure the firing strength of normalization for a particular
given rule. Layer 5 defines the defuzzification layer which is
used for converting into crisp values from fuzzy values and
give the desired output direct current. Accuracy is bettered as
a result. Epochs used for training the ANFIS structure is 10
and the triangular membership functions has been used. The
number of nodes is 78, with 27 linear and 27 non-linear pa-
rameters. The number of training data pairs are 200001. 27
fuzzy rules have been used for the training. The training
MSE obtained is 0.000041.

Fig. 5. Structure for ANFIS

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 6. Optimized membership function for input variables (a) input1, (b) input2, and (c) input3

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Fig. 7. Training error for 10 epochs

(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. Control circuit diagram of (a) ANN algorithm and (b) ANFIS algorithm
IV. MATLAB SETUP OF DSTATCOM DSTATCOM model. Fig. 8 (a) - (b) shows the control circuit
ARRANGMENT diagram of the algorithms used. The following algorithms
are implemented using the MATLAB SIMULINK block set.
MATLAB Simulink model consists of a DSTATCOM
Simulation is accomplished in discrete mode at a maximum
system corresponding to the system arrangement presented
step size of 5e-06 with ode23s solver.
above in Fig. 1 comprising the source, load, DSTATCOM,
and control blocks. The first part of the circuit is basically a V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
distribution system circuit including a combination of in-
ductance and resistance and a diode which makes the whole The behavior of the DSTATCOM using ANN and
system a nonlinear load. The above-mentioned SRF, ANN ANFIS control algorithms in enhancing the power quality of
and ANFIS based theories are used to simulate this

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the above distribution system can be observed by studying 
ܸ௡̴௥௠௦ is the RMS voltage of the nth harmonic
the waveforms of the various parameters after compensation. 
ܸ௙௨௡ௗ̴௥௠௦ is the RMS voltage of the fundamental frequen-
A. Results obtained using ANN based controller
cy
Fig. 9 shows the simulation results when the
Since THD is calculated using the amplitudes of the
DSTATCOM is controlled using ANN control algorithm and
harmonics, Fourier analysis is a method that helps determine
connected to the common coupling point. Here the source
THD. THD for source current and source voltage is calculat-
current is a sine wave approximately. In addition, the source
ed by using the FFT Analysis of the power GUI block. The
current and the voltage are in phase with each other at the
ANFIS control algorithm as compared to ANN control algo-
point. Hence, the source current is maintained at unity power
rithm provides better waveforms and lower THD. The THD
factor. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is found to be
graph for ANFIS shows more distortion as compared to the
1.65% for the source current.
one obtained using ANFIS.
B. Results obtained using ANFIS based controller
Fig. 10. Shows the results obtained on controlling the
DSTATCOM using ANFIS based technique. Here also the
source current and voltage at the common coupling point are
in phase with each other. Thus, unit power factor is obtained.
Total Harmonic Distortion of the source current as seen is
1.51% that is lesser than what is obtained using ANN.

Fig. 10. Waveforms obtained using ANFIS control algorithm

The results obtained from the conventional method, that

is SRFT control algorithm and from the artificial intelli-
gence-based control algorithms, ANN and ANIFIS have
been compared.

Fig. 9. Waveforms obtained using ANN control algorithm

C. Comparison between ANN and ANFIS control

algorithms
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measure that is
used for comparing the results obtained on applying the two
control algorithms. THD can be defined as the equivalent
root mean square (RMS) voltage of all the harmonic fre-
quencies divided by the root mean square voltage of the fun-
damental frequency.

ටσಮ మ
೙సమ ௏೙̴ೝ೘ೞ
THD =  (4)
௏೑ೠ೙೏̴ೝ೘ೞ Fig. 11. THD Using ANN control algorithm

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 TABLE III. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Shunt Capacitor Capacitance and Initial Voltage 1500e-06 F, 156 V
Sampling Time 5e-06 s
PI Controller (Proportional, Integral) 0.4, 50
Source Inductance 2e-06 H
Load Inductance 0.003 H
Shunt Inductance 0.002 H
Source RMS Voltage 110 V

VI. Conclusion
In this paper, we have used Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Fig. 12. THD Using ANFIS control algorithm (ANFIS) control methods to improve the power quality
compensation. SRF theory, ANN as well as ANFIS based
TABLE II. COMPARISON RESULTS OF THD OBTAINED IN THE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM techniques have shown the satisfactory operation of
DSTATCOM. The ANFIS control technique has considera-
DSTATCOM Rise Peak Settling THD Conver- bly improved the performance of the DSTATCOM as com-
Control Time Overshoot Time gence
Algorithm Rate
pared to that of the ANN technique. The ANFIS based tech-
SRFT 0.001 4.55 0.0142 1.75% High nique utilizes both Fuzzy Logic as well as ANN algorithm
ANN 0.0013 4.42 0.0139 1.65% Low and provides higher accuracy and lower THD in source cur-
ANFIS 0.0014 4.02 0.0135 1.51% Low rent in conditions of varying load. MATLAB simulation
along with test results prove the efficacy of the mentioned
algorithms.
Thus, ANFIS has proven to be more efficient as well as
effective method in order to control the DSTATCOM for the
improvement of power quality. A considerable change in the
THD can be observed as ANFIS reduces the THD obtained
using ANN as mentioned above, and thus reduces the effect
of harmonics. This is how better results are obtained and the
power quality is improved.
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