Actual Fluid Flow - Homework

with Solutions | ENGR 2250

Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
52 pag.

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-1 Steam at 160 psia and 400oF enters a nozzle with a volumetric flow rate of 6615 cfm (cubic feet per
minute). The inlet area is 14.5 in2. If the steam leaves at 1500 ft/s at a pressure of 40 psia, find the exit
temperature.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle. Find properties in
the steam tables.
P1 = 160 psia P2 = 40 psia
Assumptions: T1 = 400 o F ft
1. Potential energy change is negligible. V 2 = 1500
2. The system operates in steady-state. V = 6615cfm
1
s
3. The nozzle is adiabatic.

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
The inlet velocity may be found from
ft 3 ⎛ 1min ⎞
( 6615 ) ⎜ ⎟
V min ⎝ 60s ⎠ ft
V1 = 1 = = 1095
⎛ 2
⎞
(14.5in.2 ) ⎜ 144in.2 ⎟
A 1ft s
⎝ ⎠
Taking the inlet enthalpy from Table B-12,
⎛ ⎞
V1 2 V 2 2 Btu 1 2 ft ⎛
2
1 Btu ⎞ ⎜ 1 lbf ⎟ Btu
h2 = h1 + − = 1218 + ⎡⎣1095 − 1500 ⎤⎦ 2 ⎜
2
⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1197
2 2 lbm 2 s ⎝ 778ft ⋅ lbf ⎠⎜ 32.2 lbm ⋅ ft ⎟⎟ lbm
⎜
⎝ s2 ⎠
Btu
At P2 = 40 psia, h2 =1197 , from Table B-12,
lbm
T2 = 320 o F Answer

6- 1

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-2 Oxygen at 220oF enters a well-insulated nozzle of inlet diameter 0.6 ft. The inlet velocity is 60 ft/s. The
oxygen leaves at 75oF, 10 psia. The exit area is 0.01767 ft2. Calculate the pressure at the inlet.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle. Apply conservation
of mass and the ideal gas law to determine
inlet pressure.
T1 = 220 o F
T2 = 75 o F
ft
Assumptions: V1 = 60 P2 = 10 psia
1. Potential energy change is negligible. s
2. The system operates in steady-state.
3. The nozzle is adiabatic.
4. Specific heat is constant.
5. Oxygen behaves like an ideal gas under
these conditions.

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
Solving for V 2 and noting that, for an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T
V 2 = 2 ( h1 − h2 ) + V1 2 = 2c p (T1 − T2 ) + V1 2
Using data for specific heat from Table B-8
⎛ 778 lbf ⋅ ft ⎞ ⎛ 32.17 lbm ⋅ ft ⎞ ⎛ ft ⎞
2
⎛ Btu ⎞ ft
V 2 = 2 ⎜ 0.2215 ⎟ ( 220 − 75 ) R ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ 60 ⎟ = 1269
⎝ lbm ⋅ R ⎠ ⎝ 1Btu ⎠ ⎝ 1lbf ⋅ s
2
⎠ ⎝ s⎠ s
From conservation of mass,
m 1 = m 2
ρ1V1 A1 = ρ 2 V 2 A2
Using the ideal gas law,
MP1 MP2
V1 A1 = V 2 A2
RT1 RT2
Solving for inlet pressure,
V 2 A2 T1 ⎛ 1269 ⎞ ⎛ 0.01767 ⎞ ⎛ 220 + 460 ⎞
P1 = P2 = (10 psia ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟ = 16.8 psia Answer
V1 A1 T2 ⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎜⎝ π ( 0.3) ⎟⎠ ⎝ 75 + 460 ⎠

6- 2

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-3 A well-insulated nozzle has an entrance area of 0.28 m2 and an exit area of 0.157 m2. Air enters at a velocity
of 65 m/s and leaves at 274 m/s. The exit pressure is 101 kPa and the exit temperature is 12°C. What is the
entrance pressure?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle. Apply conservation
of mass and the ideal gas law to determine
inlet pressure. P2 = 101 kPa
m
V1 = 65 T2 = 12 o C
Assumptions: s
1. Potential energy change is negligible. m
V 2 = 274
2. The system operates in steady-state. s
3. The nozzle is adiabatic.
4. Specific heat is constant.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
V 2 2 V1 2
c p (T1 − T2 ) = −
2 2
Solving for T1,
V 2 − V1 2
T1 = 2 + T2
2c p
Specific heat depends on temperature, and should be evaluated at the average of inlet and outlet temperatures, but
the inlet temperature is unknown. As an approximation, evaluate the specific heat at the exit temperature, and
correct later if necessary. From Table A-8,
kJ
At T2 = 273 + 12 = 285 K, c p ≈ 1.004
kg ⋅ K
2
⎡( 274 )2 − ( 65 )2 ⎤ m
⎣ ⎦ s 2
T1 = + 285 K = 320 K
kJ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
2 (1.004 ) ⎜ ⎟
kg ⋅ K ⎝ 1kJ ⎠
From conservation of mass,
m 1 = m 2
ρ1V1 A1 = ρ 2 V 2 A2
Using the ideal gas law,
MP1 MP2
V1 A1 = V 2 A2
RT1 RT2
Solving for inlet pressure,
V A T ⎛ 274 ⎞ ⎛ 0.157 ⎞ ⎛ 320 ⎞
P1 = P2 2 2 1 P1 = (101) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 268 kPa Answer
V1 A1 T2 ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 0.28 ⎠ ⎝ 285 ⎠
Comment:
The entrance temperature of 320 K is very close to the exit temperature of 285 K. Specific heat does not vary
significantly between these two temperature and there is no need to iterate on specific heat.

6- 3

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-4 Carbon monoxide enters a nozzle at 520 kPa, 100oC, with a velocity of 10 m/s. The gas exits at 120 kPa
and 500 m/s. Assuming no heat transfer and ideal gas behavior, find the exit temperature.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle.

Assumptions: P1 = 520 kPa P2 = 120 kPa

1. Potential energy change is negligible. T1 = 100 o C m
2. The system operates in steady-state. V 2 = 500
3. The nozzle is adiabatic. m s
V1 = 10
4. Specific heat is constant. s
5. Carbon monoxide behaves like an ideal
gas under these conditions.

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
V 2 2 V1 2
c p (T1 − T2 ) = −
2 2
Specific heat depends on temperature, and should be evaluated at the average of inlet and outlet temperatures, but
the outlet temperature is unknown. As an approximation, evaluate the specific heat at the inlet temperature, and
kJ
correct later if necessary. From Table A-8, at T1 =100 + 273 = 373K, c p ≈1.045 .
kg ⋅ K
2 2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞
V1 2 − V2 2 ⎜ 10 ⎟ − ⎜ 500 ⎟
T2 = + T1 = ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
+ 100 o C
2c p ⎛ ⎞
kJ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
2 ⎜ 1.045 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠
T2 = − 19.6 o C Answer

6- 4

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-5 Low-velocity steam with negligible kinetic energy enters a nozzle at 320oC, 3 MPa. The steam leaves the
nozzle at 2 MPa with a velocity of 410 m/s. The mass flow rate is 0.37 kg/s. Determine
a. the exit state
b. the exit area

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle. Find properties in
the steam tables.
T1 = 320 o C P2 = 2 MPa
Assumptions: P1 = 3MPa m
1. Potential energy change is negligible. V 2 = 410
2. The system operates in steady-state. V1  0 s
3. The nozzle is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
Determining the inlet enthalpy by interpolation in Table A-12,
V 2 V 2 ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ ⎛ 410 m/s ⎞ ⎛ 6 J ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
2

h2 = h1 + 1 − 2 = ⎜ 3042 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 2.96 × 10 ⎟ = 2960 ⎜ ⎟

2 2 ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎠
Interpolate in Table A-12 at 2 MPa and h = 2960 kJ/kg to find the final temperature of
T2 = 274 o C
o
The exit state is superheated vapor at 2 MPa and 274 C.

b) The mass flow rate is given by

m = ρ 2 V 2 A2
To determine the exit density, find the specific volume at the exit state by interpolation in Table A-12,
v2 = 0.118 m3 /kg
1 1 kg
ρ2 = = 3
= 8.47 3
v2 0.118 m /kg m
Solving the mass flow rate equation for exit area,
kg
0.37
m s
A2 = = = 1.07 × 10−4 m 2 Answer
ρ2 V 2 ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m⎞
⎜ 8.47 3 ⎟ ⎜ 410 ⎟
⎝ m ⎠⎝ s ⎠

6- 5

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-6 Steam enters a diffuser at 250oC and 50 kPa and exits at 300oC and 150 kPa. The diameter at the entrance
is 0.25 m and the diameter at the exit is 0.5m. If the mass flow rate is 9.4 kg/s, find the heat transfer to the
surroundings.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
eliminating work and potential energy.
Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions: T1 = 250 o C T2 = 300 o C

1. Potential energy change is negligible. P1 = 50 kPa P2 = 150 kPa
2. The system operates in steady-state.

Solution:
a) From the first law,
dEcv ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Q cv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no work, and no change in potential energy, the
first law becomes
⎛ V 2⎞ ⎛ V 2⎞
0 = Q cv + m ⎜ h1 + 1 ⎟ − m ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The area at the inlet is
2 2
⎛D ⎞ ⎛ 0.25 ⎞
A1 = π r12 = π ⎜ 1 ⎟ = π ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0491m
2

⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The velocity at the inlet is, using data from Table A-12,
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
⎜ 9.4 ⎟ ⎜ 4.82 ⎟

mv ⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠
V1 = 1 = = 646 m s
A1 0.0491m 2
The exit area is
2
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
A2 = π ⎜ ⎟ = 0.196 m
2

⎝ 2 ⎠
Obtaining specific volume by interpolating in Table A-12,

V2 = 2 =

mv ( 9.4 )(1.98 ) = 95.0 m
A2 0.196 s
Rearranging the first law,
⎛ V 2 V 2⎞
Q cv = m ⎜ h2 + 2 − h1 − 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎡ 2 m
2
2 m ⎤
2

kg ⎢⎛ ( ) ( )
s 2 ⎥⎥
95 646
kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ s 2 − ⎛ 2976 kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ −
Q cv = 9.4 ⎢⎜ 3073 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
s ⎢⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ 2 ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Q = −107,146 W = −107.1kW
cv Answer

6- 6

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-7 Air enters a diffuser at 50 kPa, 85oC with a velocity of 250 m/s. The exit pressure is atmospheric at 101
kPa. The exit temperature is 110oC. If the diameter at the inlet is 8 cm,
a. Find the exit velocity.
b. Find the diameter at the exit.
Assume constant specific heats.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
eliminating work, heat, and potential
energy. Use ideal gas relations to
evaluate properties. T1 = 85 o C
T2 = 110 o C
Assumptions: P1 = 50 kPa
P2 = 101 kPa
1. Potential energy change is negligible. V1 = 250 m/s
2. The system operates in steady-state.
3. The diffuser is adiabatic.
4. Air behaves like an ideal gas under
these conditions.
5. Specific heats are constant.

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a diffuser
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
V 2 2 V1 2
c p (T1 − T2 ) = −
2 2
Evaluating specific heat at the average temperature of Tave = 197 o C = 370 K using data in Table A-8,
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ 2 m
2
V 2 = 2c p (T1 − T2 ) + V1 2 = 2 ⎜ 1.01 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ( 85 − 110 ) + ( 250 ) 2
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠⎝ 1kJ ⎠ s
m
V 2 = 110 Answer
s
b) By conservation of mass
m 1 = m 2
ρ1V1 A1 = ρ 2 V 2 A2
Using the ideal gas law,
2 2
PM ⎛D ⎞ PM ⎛D ⎞
1
V1π ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 2 V 2π ⎜ 2 ⎟
RT1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ RT2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
P1 P
V1 D12 = 2 V 2 D22
T1 T2
Solving for exit diameter,
⎛ P ⎞⎛ T ⎞ V ⎛ 50 ⎞⎛ 110 + 273 ⎞ ⎛ 250 ⎞
D2 = D1 ⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟ 1 = 8 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 8.78cm Answer
⎝ P2 ⎠⎝ T1 ⎠ V 2 ⎝ 101 ⎠⎝ 85 + 273 ⎠ ⎝ 110 ⎠

6- 7

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-8 Superheated steam enters a well-insulated diffuser at 14.7 psia, 320oF and 400 ft/s. The steam exits as
saturated vapor at a very low speed. Find the exit pressure and temperature.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
eliminating work, heat, and potential energy.
Find properties in the steam tables.
T1 = 320 o F
Assumptions:
P1 = 14.7 psia V2  0
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. The system operates in steady-state. V1 = 400 ft/s
3. The diffuser is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a diffuser
V 2 V 2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
Using values of enthalpy at the inlet from Table B-12 at 14.7 psia, 320oF,
2
⎛ ft ⎞ ⎧ Btu ⎫
( 400 )
2
⎜ ⎟ ⎪ 1 ⎪⎪
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎝ s⎠ ⎪ lbm Btu
h2 = ⎜1202.1 ⎟+ ⎨ 2 ⎬
=1205.3
⎝ lbm ⎠ 2 ft
⎪ 25, 037 ⎪ lbm
⎪⎩ s 2 ⎪⎭
In Table B-10, for hg = 1205.3Btu/lbm, there are two possible solutions – one at 440oF, and 381.2 psia and the
other at about 470oF, and 514.1 psia. Either solution could occur, depending on the exit pressure imposed. Note
also that the exit enthalpy is rather insensitive to pressure between these two values. Changing the exit pressure
has little effect on the exit state. Answer

6-9 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 0.8 MPa and 500oC. It exits at 0.05 MPa and 150oC. If the turbine
develops 24.5 MW of power, what is the mass flow rate?

Approach: T1 = 500 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic P1 = 0.8 MPa
energy and potential energy. Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the first law becomes T2 = 150 o C
W = m ( h1 − h2 ) P2 = 0.05 MPa
With values of enthalpy from Table A-12
W 24.5 ×103 kW
m = = = 34.98 kg s Answer
h1 − h2 ( 3480.6 − 2780.1kJ kg )

6- 8

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-10 Air enters an adiabatic turbine at 900 K and 1000 kPa. The air exits at 400 K and 100 kPa with a velocity
of 30 m/s. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. If the power delivered by the turbine is
1000 kW,
a. find the mass flow rate.
b. find the diameter of the duct at the exit.

Approach: T1 = 900 K
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic P1 = 1000 kPa
energy and potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas
relations.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
6. Specific heat is constant.
T2 = 400 K
Solution: P2 = 100 kPa
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and V 2 = 30 m/s
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
W W
m = =
h1 − h2 c p (T1 − T2 )
With values of specific heat from Table A-8 at the average temperature of 650 K,
1000 kW kg
m = = 1.88 Answer
kJ
1.063 ( 900 − 400 ) K s
kg ⋅ K
b) Exit area is related to velocity and mass flow rate through

mv
A2 = 2
V2
From the ideal gas law,
⎛ kJ ⎞
RT2 ⎜⎝
8.314 ⎟ ( 400 K )
kmol ⋅ K ⎠ m3
v2 = = = 1.15
MP2 ⎛ kg ⎞ kg
⎜ 28.97 ⎟ (100 kPa )
⎝ kmol ⎠
Substituting values
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
⎜ 1.88 ⎟ ⎜1.15 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠
A2 = = 0.0721m 2
m
30
s
4 A2 ( 4 )( 0.0721)
D2 = = = 0.303m Answer
π π

6- 9

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-11 Saturated steam at 320oC enters a well-insulated turbine. The mass flow rate is 2 kg/s and the exit pressure
is 50 kPa. Determine the final state if the power produced is:
a. 100 kW
b. 400 kW

Approach: T1 = 320 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic saturated steam
energy and potential energy. Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
P2 = 50 kPa
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
From Table A-10, the enthalpy of saturated steam at the initial temperature of 320 oC
h1 = 2700 kJ kg
⎛ 1000 W ⎞

W ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
(100 kW ) ⎜ ⎟
h2 = h1 − = ⎜ 2700 ⎟ ⎜ − ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 2.65 × 106 J = 2650 kJ
⎟
m ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ 2
kg kg kg
s
From Table A-11 at 50 kPa, we see that the exit enthalpy is greater than that of a saturated vapor; therefore, the
exit state is in the superheated region and, by interpolation in Table A-12,
T2 = 83.4 o C Answer
P2 = 50 kPa
b) Recalculating the exit enthalpy for the higher power condition,

( 400 kW ) ⎛⎜
1000 W ⎞
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ ⎟
h2 = ⎜ 2700 ⎟ ⎜ − ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ = 2.5 × 106 J = 2500 kJ
⎟
⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ 2 kg s kg kg
From Table A-11 at 50 kPa, we see that the exit enthalpy is between that of a saturated liquid and a saturated
vapor; therefore, the exit state is in the two-phase region and
h2 = h f + x ( hg − h f )
h2 − h f 2500 − 340.5
x= = = 0.937
hg − h f 2646 − 340.5
Summarizing, the final state is two-phase with
P2 = 50 kPa
x = 0.937 Answer

6 - 10

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-12 Superheated steam at 1.6 MPa, 600oC enters a well-insulated turbine. The exit pressure is 50 kPa. The
turbine produces 10 MW of power. If the exit pipe is 1.6 m in diameter and carries 11 kg/s of flow, find
the velocity at the exit. Neglect kinetic energy.

Approach: T1 = 600 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic P1 = 1.6 MPa
energy and potential energy. Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the first law becomes P2 = 50 kPa
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
With values of enthalpy from Table A-12 at 1.6 MPa, 600oC,
⎛ 1000 kW ⎞
 (10 MW ) ⎜ ⎟
h2 = h1 −
W
= 3693 −
kJ ⎝ 1MW ⎠ = 2784 kJ
m kg 11 kg/s kg
From Table A-12, at P2 = 50 kPa and h2 = 2784 kJ/kg, T2  150 o C . To find the exit velocity,
V 2 A2
m =
v2
Solving for velocity and using values of v2 from Table A-12 at T2  150 o C and P2 = 50 kPa,
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
⎜11 ⎟ ⎜ 3.89 ⎟
 2
mv ⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠ m
V2 = = 2
= 21.3 Answer
A2 ⎛ 1.6 ⎞ 2 s
π⎜ ⎟ m
⎝ 2 ⎠

6 - 11

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-13 Air at 550oC and 900 kPa is expanded through an adiabatic gas turbine to final conditions of 100 kPa and
300oC. The total power output desired is 1 MW. If the inlet velocity is 30 m/s, what should the inlet pipe
diameter be? Neglect kinetic and potential energy.

Approach: T1 = 550 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic P1 = 900 kPa
energy and potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas
relations. V1 = 30 m/s

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
6. Specific heat is constant.

Solution: T2 = 300 o C
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
P2 = 100 kPa
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
W W
m = =
h1 − h2 c p (T1 − T2 )
With values of specific heat from Table A-8 at the average temperature of 700 K,
1000 kW kg
m = = 3.72
kJ
1.075 ( 500 − 300 ) Co s
kg ⋅ K
b) Exit area is related to velocity and mass flow rate through

mv
A1 = 1
V1
From the ideal gas law,
⎛ kJ ⎞
RT1 ⎜⎝
8.314 ⎟ ( 550 + 273 ) K
kmol ⋅ K ⎠ m3
v1 = = = 0.262
⎛ kg ⎞ kg
⎟ ( 900 kPa )
MP1
⎜ 28.97
⎝ kmol ⎠
Substituting values
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
⎜ 3.72 ⎟ ⎜ 0.262 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠
A1 = = 0.0325 m 2
m
30
s
4 A1 ( 4 )( 0.0325 )
D1 = = = 0.203m Answer
π π

6 - 12

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-14 Air at 510°C and 450 kPa enters an ideal, adiabatic turbine. The exit pressure is 101 kPa. In steady state,
the turbine produces 50 kW of power. Find
a. the exit temperature. (Hint: use Eq. 2-56)
b. the mass flow rate.

Approach: T1 = 510 o C
Use Eq. 2-56 to find the final temperature. Then apply the first P1 = 450 kPa
law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic energy and
potential energy to obtain mass flow rate.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
6. Specific heat is constant.
7. The process is quasi-static. P2 = 101kPa

Solution:
a) Since the turbine is ideal, the process is quasi-static. For an
adiabatic, quasi-static, process of an ideal gas with constant
specific heat (from Eq. 2-56),
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
From Table A-8, for air k =1.4
k −1 1.4 −1
⎛P ⎞ k ⎛ 101 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 510 + 273) ⎜ ⎟ = 511 K = 238 o C
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 450 ⎠
b) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
W W
m = =
h1 − h2 c p (T1 − T2 )
With values of specific heat from Table A-8,
W 50 kW kg
m = = = 0.173 Answer
c p (T1 − T2 ) ⎛ kJ ⎞ s
⎜ 1.06 ⎟ ( 510 − 238 ) K
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

6 - 13

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-15 Saturated steam at 3 MPa enters a well-insulated turbine operating in steady state. The turbine produces
600 kW of power. The mass flow rate through the turbine is 84 kg/min and the exit quality is 0.93. Find
the exit temperature.

Approach: P1 = 3MPa
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic saturated steam
energy and potential energy. To find the final temperature, it is
necessary to iterate with data from the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
x2 = 0.93
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
From Table A-11, the enthalpy of saturated steam at the initial pressure of 3 MPa is
hg = h1 = 2804 kJ kg
W 600 kW kJ kJ
h2 = − + h1 = − + 2804 = 2375
m ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞ kg kg
⎜ 84 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
The exit state is in the two-phase region, but neither temperature nor pressure is known. The exit temperature is
found by trial and error. Begin by assuming a value for T2 , then use x2 to compute h2 with data from Table A-10. If
h2 = 2375 kJ/kg , the iteration is complete, if not, select a new value of T2 and recompute h2 . To begin, assume
T2 = 25°C. From Table A-10,
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f )
=104.9 + ( 0.93)( 2547 − 2442 ) = 2376 kJ kg
This is very close to the calculated value of 2375, therefore
T2 = 25°C Answer

Comment:
In this example, we selected the correct result immediately. In reality, it would be necessary to try several
temperatures before zeroing in on the correct value.

6 - 14

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-16 In a 3-hp compressor, carbon dioxide flowing at 0.023 lbm/s is compressed to 120 psia. The gas enters at
60oF and 14.7 psia. The inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter. Find the final temperature and the
volumetric flow rate at the exit (in ft3/min). Assume constant specific heat at 100oF.

Approach: T1 = 60 o F
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic P1 = 14.7 psia
energy and potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas
relations.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The compressor is adiabatic.
5. Carbon dioxide behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions. P2 = 120 psia
6. Specific heat is constant.

Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic compressor with negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
W = m c (T − T )
p 1 2

W
T2 = T1 −
m c p
With data from Table B-8
⎛ Btu ⎞
⎜ 2544 h ⎟
( −3hp ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1hp ⎟
T2 = 60 o F − ⎝ ⎠ = 533 o F Answer
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 3600s ⎞
⎜ 0.023 ⎟ ⎜ 0.195 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⋅ R ⎠ ⎝ 1h ⎠
From conservation of mass
V V P M
m 1 = m 2 = 2 = 2 2
v2 RT2
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎞ ⎛ 60s ⎞
⎜ 0.023 ⎟ ⎜10.73 ⎟ ( 533 + 460 ) R ⎜ ⎟
m RT ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠ ⎝ 1min ⎠ ft 3
V2 = 1 2 = = 2.78 Answer
(120 psia ) ⎛⎜ 44.01
P2 M lbm ⎞ min
⎟
⎝ lbmol ⎠
Comments:
If more accuracy is desired, the calculation should be repeated with specific heat evaluated at the average of the
inlet and outlet temperatures, i.e. at (60+533)/2 or 296.5 F. The outlet temperature was not known at the beginning
of the calculation, so specific heat at a temperature near the inlet temperature was used.

6 - 15

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-17 A well-insulated compressor is used to raise saturated R-134a vapor at a pressure of 360 kPa to a final
pressure of 900 kPa. The compressor operates in steady state with a power input of 850 W. If the flow rate
is 0.038 kg/s, what is the final temperature?

Approach: P1 = 360 kPa

Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic saturated vapor
energy and potential energy.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The compressor is adiabatic.

Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic compressor with negligible kinetic and P2 = 900 kPa
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h2 − h1 )
W
h2 = + h1
m
From Table A-15 at 360 kPa, h1 = hg = 250.6 kJ/kg
850 W kJ kJ
h2 = + 250.6 = 272
kg kg kg
0.039
s
From Table A-16, at P2 = 900 kPa and h2 = 271.6, T2 ≈ 40 °C Answer

6 - 16

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-18 Air flowing at 0.5 m3/min enters a compressor at 101 kPa and 25oC. The air exits at 600 kPa and 300oC.
During this process, 250 W of heat are lost to the environment. What is the required power input?

Approach: T1 = 25 o C
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating kinetic energy and P1 = 101kPa
potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas relations.
V = 0.5 m3 /min
Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
5. Specific heat is constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system P2 = 120 psia
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no
change in kinetic or potential energy, the first law becomes
0 = Q − W + m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
W = Q + m c p (T1 − T2 )
Using data in Table A-1,
⎛ m3 ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞
  ⎜ 0.5 ⎟ (101kPa ) ⎜ 28.97 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠ ⎝ 60s ⎠
m = 1 = 1 1 = ⎝
V V PM min ⎠ kg
= 9.84 × 10−3
⎛ kJ ⎞ s
⎟ ( 25 + 273) K
v1 RT1
⎜ 8.314
⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠
The average temperature of the air is
25 + 300
Tave = = 162 o C = 435 K
2
Using specific heat values from Table A-8 interpolated at Tave
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ J ⎞
W = −250 W + ⎜ 9.84 × 10−3 ⎟ ( 25 − 300 ) C = −3000 W = −3kW
o
⎟ ⎜1018 Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

6 - 17

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-19 Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor at 0oF and 10 psia with a volumetric flow rate of 15 ft3/min. The
refrigerant exits at 70 psia and 140oF. If the power input is 2 hp, find the rate of heat transfer in Btu/h.

Approach: T1 = 0 o F
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating kinetic and P1 = 10 psia
potential energy.
V = 15ft 3 /min
1

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.

Solution:
From the first law, neglecting kinetic and potential energy
0 = Q − W + m ( h1 − h2 )
The mass flow rate is T2 = 140 o F
V P2 = 70 psia
m =
v1
Taking the inlet specific volume, v1 , from TableB-16,
ft 3
15
m = min = 3.19 lbm
ft 3 min
4.703
lbm
Q = W + m (h2 − h1 )
Again using Table B-16,
⎛ Btu ⎞
 ⎛ 746 W ⎞ ⎜ 3.412 h ⎟ ⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 60 min ⎞
Q = (−2 hp) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ 3.19 ⎟⎜ 129.1 − 102.9 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 hp ⎠ ⎜⎜ 1W ⎝ min ⎠⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎝ 1 h ⎠
⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
Btu
Q = −76.0 Answer
h

6 - 18

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-20 A pump is used to raise the pressure of a stream of water from 10 kPa to 0.7 MPa. The temperature of the
water is the same at inlet and outlet and equal to 20oC. The velocity also does not change across the pump.
If the mass flow rate is 14 kg/s, what power is needed to drive the pump? Assume frictionless flow and no
significant elevation change.

Approach:
Use the equation for pump work in the form W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 ).

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is ideal.
5. Water is incompressible.

Solution:
For a frictionless pump with no elevation changes:
W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 )
so, using the density of water at 20oC from Table A-6,
P −P
W = m 1 2
ρ
⎛ kg ⎞ (10 kPa − 700 kPa ) ⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞
= ⎜14 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = −9677 W = −9.68 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg
998.2 3 ⎝ 1kPa ⎠
m

6-21 A 2-hp pump is used to raise the pressure of saturated liquid water at 5 psia to a higher value. Assume the
velocity is constant, the water is incompressible, and the flow is frictionless. If the mass flow rate is 6
lbm/sec, find the final pressure.

Approach:
Use the equation for pump work in the form W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 ).

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is ideal.
5. Water is incompressible.

Solution:
For a frictionless pump with no elevation changes:
W = mv ( P1 − P2 )
W
P2 = P1 −

mv
From Table B-11, vf = 0.0164 ft3/lbm at P = 5 psia. Substituting values
⎛ ft ⋅ lbf ⎞
⎜ 550 s ⎟ ⎛ 1ft 2 ⎞
( −2 hp ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ 1 hp ⎟ ⎝ 144in. ⎠
lbf
P2 = 5 2 − ⎝ ⎠
in. ⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ ft 3 ⎞
⎜6 ⎟ ⎜ 0.0164 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⎠
P2 = 82.6 psia Answer

6 - 19

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-22 Water is pumped at 12 m/s through a pipe of diameter 1.2 cm. The inlet pressure is 30 kPa. If the pump
delivers 6 kW, find the final pressure. Assume frictionless, incompressible flow with no elevation or
velocity changes.

Approach:
Use the equation for pump work in the form W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 ).

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is ideal.
5. Water is incompressible.

Solution:
For a frictionless pump with no elevation changes:
m ( P1 − P2 )
W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 ) =
ρ
The mass flow rate is
2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ 0.012 m ⎞ kg
m = ρ V A = ⎜ 998 3 ⎟ ⎜12 ⎟ π ⎜ ⎟ = 1.35
⎝ m ⎠⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ s
⎛ 1000 W ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞
W ρ ⎜ −6 kW ⎟ ⎜ 998 3 ⎟
⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞ ⎝ 1 kW ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠
P2 = P1 − = ( 30 kPa ) ⎜ ⎟− = 4.45 × 106 Pa = 4.45 MPa
m ⎝ 1 kPa ⎠ 1.35
kg
s
P2 = 4.45 MPa Answer

6-23 A 1-hp pump delivers oil at a rate of 10 lbm/s through a pipe 0.75 in. in diameter. There is no elevation
change between inlet and exit, no velocity change, and no oil temperature change. The oil density is 56
lbm/ft3. Find the pressure rise across the pump.

Approach:
Use the equation for pump work in the form W = mv
 ( P1 − P2 ).

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is ideal.
5. The oil is incompressible.

Solution:
For a frictionless pump with no elevation changes:
W = mv ( P1 − P2 )
W ρW
P1 − P2 = =

mv m
⎛ ft ⋅ lbf ⎞
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎜ 550 s ⎟ ⎛ 1ft 2 ⎞
⎜ 56 3 ⎟ (1hp ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ft ⎠ ⎜ 1 hp ⎟ ⎝ 144in. ⎠
P1 − P2 = ⎝ ⎠ = 21.4 psia Answer
lbm
10
s

6 - 20

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-24 An architect needs to pump 2.3 lbm/s of water to the top of the Empire State building, which is about 1000
ft high. Assume water at 45 psia is available at the base of the building. What is the power of the pump
needed, in hp, if the flow is assumed frictionless? The velocity of the water is constant.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system, dropping terms for
transients, heat, and kinetic energy. Replace the enthalpy
difference with h2 − h1 = v ( P2 − P1 ) .

Assumptions:
1. The system is adiabatic and isothermal.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is ideal.
5. Water is incompressible.

Solution:
The first law for an open system is
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Apply this between station 1 and station 2 on the figure above, neglecting kinetic energy and assuming steady,
adiabatic operation, to get
0 = −W + m ( h1 − h2 ) + mg
 ( z1 − z2 )
For an incompressible liquid undergoing an isothermal process
h2 − h1 = v ( P2 − P1 )
Substituting this into the first law and noting that v = 1 ρ
⎛P −P ⎞
W = m ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ + mg  ( z1 − z2 )
⎝ ρ ⎠
Using values for the density of water from Table B-6 and being very careful with units,
lbf ⎛ 144 in.2 ⎞
( 45 − 14.7 ) 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎛ lbm ⎞ in. ⎝ 1 ft 2 ⎠ 1 hp
W = ⎜ 2.3 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠ lbm lbf ⋅ ft
62.1 3 550
ft s
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ ft ⎞ ⎜ 1 lbf ⎟ ⎜ 1 hp ⎟
+ ⎜ 2.3 ⎟ ⎜ 32.17 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟( −1000ft )⎜ ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ s ⎠ ⎜ 32.17 lbm ⋅ft ⎟ ⎜⎜ 550 lbf ⋅ ft ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ s 2
⎠ ⎝ s ⎠

W = −3.89 hp Answer

Comment:
The actual pump chosen should have more horsepower than this because, in reality, there are some frictional
effects.

6 - 21

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-25 Air at 150oC, 40 kPa is throttled to 100 kPa. The inlet velocity is 3.6 m/s. Find the exit velocity.

Approach: P1 = 40 kPa
Use the first law specialized for a throttle.
T1 = 150 o C P2 = 100 kPa
Assumptions: V1 = 3.6 m/s
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. Air may be considered an ideal gas under these conditions.
5. The throttle is adiabatic.
6. The inlet and exit pipe have the same diameter.
7. Specific heat is constant.

Solution:
For a throttle with no heat transfer, no change in kinetic or potential energy, and no work, the first law reduces to
0 = h2 − h1
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
0 = c p (T2 − T1 ) → T1 = T2
From conservation of mass
m 1 = m 2
ρ V1 A1 = ρ 2 V 2 A2
Assuming the diameter of the inlet and exit pipes are the same and using the ideal gas law,
RT1 RT2
V1 = V2
PM
1 P2 M
Solving for exit velocity,
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞ m
V 2 = V1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 3.6 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 14.4 Answer
⎝ 1⎠
P ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ s

6 - 22

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-26 Saturated liquid R-134a at 24oC is throttled until the final quality is 0.116. Find the final temperature and
pressure.

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for a throttle. T1 = 24 o C
x2 = 0.116
saturated liquid
Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The throttle is adiabatic.

Solution:
From Table A-14 at 24oC
h1 = h f =82.9 kJ/kg
From the first law applied to a throttle,
h1 = h2
This problem must be solved iteratively, since neither the final temperature nor the final pressure is known. First
assume a final temperature and determine the corresponding quality, x2. For example, assume T2 = 0oC. Then,
from Table A-14
h2 − h f 82.9 − 50.0
x2 = = = 0.167
hg − h f 247 − 50.0
This value of x2 is too high, so a different value of T2 is chosen. By trial and error, the final value of T2 is found to
be
T2 ≈ 8 o C
To verify this result, calculate the final quality as
h2 − h f 82.9 − 60.7
x2 = = = 0.116
hg − h f 252 − 60.7
The final pressure is the saturation pressure at 8oC, which is given in Table A-14 as

P2 = 0.388 MPa Answer

6 - 23

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-27 Saturated liquid R-134a at 80oF undergoes a throttling process. The pressure decreases to ¼ of its original
value. Find the exit quality.

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for a throttle. T1 = 80 o F
P2 = P1 / 4
saturated liquid
Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The throttle is adiabatic.

Solution:
From the first law applied to a throttle,
h1 = h2
From Table B-14,
If Tsat = 80 o F then Psat = 101.4 psia
Btu
At P1 = 101.4, h1 = h f = 37.3
lbm
P1 101
P2 = = = 25.2 psia
4 4
To find the quality at the exit, we need to interpolate in Table B-14. From Table B-14

T P hf hg

5 23.8 13.14 102.5

10 26.7 14.66 103.2

By interpolation at 25.2 psia, hf =13.9 and hg =102.8. The quality is

h2 − h f 25.2 − 13.9
x2 = = = 0.127 Answer
hg − h f 102.8 − 13.9

6 - 24

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-28 A supply line contains a two-phase mixture of steam and water at 240°C. To determine the quality of the
mixture, a throttling calorimeter is used. In this device, a small sample of the two-phase mixture is bled off
from the line and expanded through a throttling valve to atmospheric pressure. If the temperature on the
downstream side of the throttling valve is measured to be 125°C, what is the quality of the mixture in the
main steam line?

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for a throttle.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The throttle is adiabatic.

Solution:
From the first law applied to a throttle,
h1 = h2
From Table A-12 (superheated vapor),
kJ
h2 = 2726
kg
From Table A-10 at T1 = 240°C
kJ kJ
h f = 1037 hg = 2804
kg kg
h1 = h f + x ( hg − h f ) = h2
h1 − h f 2726 − 1037
x= = = 0.956 Answer
hg − h f 2804 − 1037

6 - 25

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-29 In a heat pump, R-134a is throttled through an expansion coil, which is a long copper tube of small
diameter. The tube is bent in a coil both to fit in a compact space and to provide a large pressure drop. The
refrigerant enters as saturated liquid at 5oC with a flow rate of 0.025 kg/s and exits as a two-phase mixture
at a pressure of 200 kPa. The wall of the coil may be assumed to be at the average temperature of the inlet
and outlet. Heat is exchanged by natural convection and radiation from the outer surface of the coil with a
combined heat transfer coefficient of 6 W/m2·oC to the surroundings at 20oC. The expansion coil has an
outside diameter of 8mm and a length of 2.2 m. Calculate the quality at the exit state.

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for an open system, eliminating kinetic and
potential energy changes, work, and the transient term. Calculate the
heat transfer from the convection rate equation.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the surface of the coil
and independent of temperature.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system,
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Assuming no change in kinetic or potential energy and steady conditions with no work, the first law becomes
0 = Q + m ( h1 − h2 )
Interpolating in Table A-14 gives the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 5oC as h1 = 56.7 kJ/kg. The heat lost from the
surface of the coil is
Q = hA (Tave − Tsurr )
The saturation temperature at the exit condition of 200 kPa is, from Table A-15, T2 = −10.1o C. The average
temperature of the outside of the coil is
T + T 5 + ( −10.1)
Tave = 1 2 = = −2.55 o C
2 2
The surface area of the coil is
⎛ 1m ⎞
A = π DL = π ( 8 mm ) ⎜ ⎟ ( 2.2 m ) = 0.0553m
2

⎝ 1000 mm ⎠
Therefore, the rate of heat loss by convection/radiation is
⎛ W ⎞
Q = hA (Tave − Tsurr ) = ⎜ 6 2 o ⎟ ( 0.0553m 2 ) ( −2.55 − 20 ) o C = −7.48 W
⎝ m ⋅ C⎠
Solving the first law for exit enthalpy,
Q −7.48 W ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
h2 = + h1 = + ⎜ 56.7 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 56,396 J = 56.4 kJ
m 0.025
kg ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠
s
With values at the exit pressure of 200 kPa from Table A-15, the exit quality is
h2 − h f 56.4 − 36.84
x= = = 0.0956 Answer
hg − h f 241.3 − 36.84
Comment:
The exit enthalpy was very close to the inlet enthalpy, with heat loss having little influence on the final enthalpy.
This is often the case; therefore, throttles are usually assumed to be adiabatic.

6 - 26

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-30 One way to produce saturated liquid water is to mix subcooled liquid water with steam. In the tank below,
40 kg/s of subcooled liquid water enters at 15oC and 50 kPa. Superheated steam enters at 200oC and 50
kPa. What mass flow rate is required so that the exit stream is saturated liquid water at 50 kPa? Assume
the tank is well-insulated.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law
for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The tank is adiabatic.

Solution:
From conservation of mass
m 1 + m 2 = m 3
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic tank and steady operation, the first
law becomes
0 = m 1h1 + m 2 h2 − m 3 h3
For state 1, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid may be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 15oC,
which is, from Table A-10,
kJ
h1 = 63
kg
From Table A-12 at 200oC and 50 kPa,
kJ
h2 = 2877
kg
From Table A-11, the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 50 kPa is
kJ
h3 = 340.5
kg
Eliminating m 3 in the first law by using conservation of mass,
0 = m 1h1 + m 2 h2 − ( m 1 + m 2 ) h3
0 = m 1 ( h1 − h3 ) + m 2 ( h2 − h3 )
Solving for m 2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
− ⎜ 40 ⎟ ( 63 − 340.5 ) ⎜ ⎟
−m 1 ( h1 − h3 ) ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎠ = 4.38 kg s
m 2 = = Answer
h2 − h3 ⎛ kJ ⎞
( 2877 − 340.5) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⎠

6 - 27

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-31 In a desuperheater, superheated steam is converted to saturated steam by spraying liquid water into the
steam. Using data on the figure, calculate the mass flow rate of liquid water.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first
law for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The desuperheater is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the
process.

Solution:
From conservation of mass
m 1 + m 2 = m 3
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic tank and steady operation, the first
law becomes
0 = m 1h1 + m 2 h2 − m 3 h3
From Table A-12, the enthalpy of superheated steam at 250oC and 2 MPa is
h1 = 2902 kJ kg
For state 2, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid may be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 30oC,
which is, from Table A-10,
h2 =125.8 kJ kg
The desuperheater is effectively a mixing chamber, and the pressure is the same for all three streams. The
enthalpy of saturated vapor at 2 MPa, is, from Table A-11,
h3 = 2799 kJ kg
Eliminating m 3 in the first law by using conservation of mass,
0 = m 1h1 + m 2 h2 − ( m 1 + m 2 ) h3
0 = m 1 ( h1 − h3 ) + m 2 ( h2 − h3 )
Solving for m 2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
− ⎜ 0.3 ⎟ ( 2902 − 2799 ) ⎜ ⎟
−m 1 ( h1 − h3 ) ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎠ = 0.0116 kg s
m 2 = = Answer
h2 − h3 ⎛ kJ ⎞
(125.8 − 2799 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⎠

6 - 28

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-32 A laundry requires a stream of 8 kg/sec of hot water at 40oC. To obtain this supply, liquid water at 20oC is
mixed in an adiabatic chamber with saturated steam. All three process streams are at 100 kPa. What are
the required mass flow rates of the two inlet streams?

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law
for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The mixing chamber is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.

Solution:
From conservation of mass
m 1 + m 2 = m 3
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic tank and steady operation, the first
law becomes
0 = m 1h1 + m 2 h2 − m 3 h3
From Table A-11, for saturated steam at 100 kPa,
h1 = 2675.5 kJ kg
For state 2, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid may be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 20oC,
which is, from Table A-10,
h2 = 83.96 kJ kg
For state 3, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid is approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 40oC, which
is, from Table A-10,
h3 = 167.57 kJ kg
Using conservation of mass to eliminate m 1 in the first law
0 = ( m 3 − m 2 ) h1 + m 2 h2 − m 3h3
0 = m 3h1 − m 2 h1 + m 2 h2 − m 3 h3
Gathering terms
m 2 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3 ( h1 − h3 )
kg kJ
m 3 ( h1 − h3 )
8 ( 2675.5 − 167.57 ) Answer
s kg
m 2 = = = 7.74 kg s
( h1 − h2 ) ( 2675.5 − 83.96 )
kJ
kg
m 1 = 8 − m 2 = 0.26 kg s Answer

6 - 29

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-33 Steam with a quality of 0.88 and a pressure of 20 kPa enters a condenser. The steam flow is divided
equally among 20 tubes 2.1-cm in diameter which run in parallel through the condenser. The same amount
of heat is removed from each tube. Liquid water exits each tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s and a
temperature of 55oC. Find the total amount of heat removed from the entire condenser.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system,
eliminating all terms except heat and
enthalpy change.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. Pressure is constant in each tube.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming steady operation with no work, the first law
becomes
0 = Q + mh
 1 − mh 2
Using data from Table A-11 for saturated steam at 20 kPa,
h1 = h f + x ( hg − h f ) = 251.4 + 0.88 ( 2610 − 251.4 ) = 2327 kJ kg
For state 2, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid may be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 55oC,
which is, from Table A-10,
h2 = 230 kJ kg
The mass flow rate in each tube is (with values of density from Table A-6)
2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞ ⎡⎛ 2.1cm ⎞ ⎛ 1m ⎞ ⎤ kg
m tube = ρ 2 V 2 A2 = ⎜ 985.7 3 ⎟ ⎜ 1.5 ⎟ π ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0.512
⎝ m ⎠⎝ s ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ ⎦ s
The total mass flow rate for all 20 tubes is
kg
m = 20m tube = 20 ( 0.512 ) = 10.24
s
From the first law
kg kJ
Q = m ( h2 − h1 ) = 10.24 ( 230 − 2327 ) = −21, 478 kW Answer
s kg

6 - 30

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-34 Saturated steam at 120oF is condensed in a tube, as shown. Cooling water at 50oF flows in crossflow over
the exterior of the pipe, giving a heat transfer coefficient of 200 Btu/h·ft2·oF. Find the exit quality.

Approach:
Use the thermal resistance analogy to
determine the rate of heat transfer. Apply
the first law for an open system,
eliminating all terms except heat and
enthalpy change.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. Pressure is constant in each tube.
5. The interior of the tube wall is at the
condensing steam temperature.

Solution:
Apply the thermal resistance analogy to
find the heat removed from the pipe.
Assuming that the condensing heat transfer
coefficient is very large, the interior wall of
the tube is at the temperature of the
saturated steam. The resistance to
conduction in the tube wall is
⎛ 3.25 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
R1 = ⎝ 3 ⎠ = 0.000212 o
Btu
⎛ Btu ⎞ h⋅ F
2π ( 2 ft ) ⎜ 30 ⎟
⎝ h ⋅ ft ⋅ F ⎠
o

The resistance to convection on the exterior of the tube is

1 Btu
R2 = = 0.00147 o
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 1ft ⎞ h⋅ F
⎜ 200 ⎟ 2π ( 3.25in.) ⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ft )
⎝ h ⋅ ft ⋅
2 o
F ⎠ ⎝ 12in. ⎠
The two resistances add in series. The total heat transferred is
∆T (120 − 50 ) o F Btu
Q = = = 41, 640
Btu
Rtot
( 0.000212 + 0.00147 ) o h
h⋅ F
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming steady operation with no work, the first law
becomes
0 = Q + mh
 1 − mh
 2
Solving for exit enthalpy and using data in Table A-10,
Btu
−41, 640
Q h + 1113.5 Btu = 735 Btu
h2 = + h1 =
m 110
lbm lbm lbm
h
Using data in Table A-10,
h2 − h f 735 − 88
x= = = 0.63 Answer
hg − h f 1113.5 − 88

6 - 31

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-35 Superheated R-134a enters a well-insulated heat exchanger at 0.7 MPa, 70oC. It exits as saturated liquid at
0.7 MPa with a volumetric flow rate of 6000 cm3/min. The R-134a exchanges heat with an air flow, which
enters at 18oC at a mass flow rate of 195 kg/min. Find the exit air temperature.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open
system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is
negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The heat exchanger is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the
process.
6. Air may be considered an ideal gas
under these conditions.
7. The specific heat of air is constant.

Solution:
Using data in Table A-15 for a saturated liquid at 0.7 MPa, the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
3
cm3 ⎛ 1m ⎞
6000 ⎜ ⎟
V V min ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ kg
m r = ρ rVr = r = r = 3
= 7.2
vr v f m min
0.0008328
kg
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic heat exchanger in steady operation,
the first law becomes
0 = m r ( h1 − h2 ) + m a ( h3 − h4 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
0 = m r ( h1 − h2 ) + m a c p (T3 − T4 )
Using data from Tables A-16, A-15, and A-8,
⎛ kg ⎞ kJ
m r ( h1 − h2 ) ⎜ 7.2 ⎟ ( 307 − 86.78 )
T4 = + T3 = ⎝ min ⎠ kg
+ 18 = 26.1o C Answer
m a c p ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
⎜195 ⎟ ⎜1 ⎟
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

6 - 32

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-36 R-134a flows through the evaporator of a refrigeration cycle at a rate of 5 kg/s. The R-134a enters as
saturated liquid and leaves as saturated vapor at 12oC. Air at 25oC enters the shell side of the heat
exchanger. If the air leaves at 15oC, what mass flow rate of air is required?

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The evaporator is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.
6. Air may be considered an ideal gas under
these conditions.
7. The specific heat of air is constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic evaporator in steady operation, the
first law becomes
0 = m r ( h1 − h2 ) + m a ( h3 − h4 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
0 = m r ( h1 − h2 ) + m a c p (T3 − T4 )
Solving for the mass flow rate of the air,
h2 − h1
m a = m r
c p (T3 − T4 )
With values of enthalpy from Table A-14 and specific heat from Table A-8,
kJ
( 254.03 − 66.18)
⎛ kg ⎞ kg kg
m a = ⎜ 5 ⎟ = 93.5 Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎛ kJ ⎞ s
⎟ ( 25 − 15 ) C
o
⎜1.005
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

6 - 33

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-37 Superheated steam at 5 psia and 200°F is condensed in a heat exchanger. The steam flows at 39 lbm/s and
exits as saturated liquid. Cooling water at 45°F is used to condense the steam. The water and steam are not
mixed in the heat exchanger, but enter and leave as separate streams. If the maximum allowable water
temperature rise is 15°F and the maximum allowable water velocity is 11 ft/s, what is the diameter of the
pipe which carries water to the heat exchanger?

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The condenser is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.
6. The cooling water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic condenser in steady operation, the
first law becomes
m 1h1 + m 3 h3 = m 2 h2 + m 4 h4
Since the streams do not mix, m 1 = m 2 and m 3 = m 4 ; therefore
m 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3 ( h4 − h3 )
Assuming water is an ideal fluid,
m 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3c p (T4 − T3 )

m 3 = m 1
( h1 − h2 )
c p (T4 − T3 )
With h1 from Table B-12, h2 from Table B-11, and cp from Table B-6,
Btu
⎛ lbm ⎞
(1148 − 130.2 ) lbm
m 3 = ⎜ 39 lbm = 2646
⎟
s ⎠ ⎛ Btu ⎞
o ⎟(
⎝ 15 o F )
s
⎜1
⎝ lbm ⋅ F ⎠
To find the diameter
2
⎛D⎞
m 3 = ρ V A = ρ V π ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
lbm
2646
m 3 s
D=2 =2 = 2.21 ft Answer
V ρπ ⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛ lbm ⎞
⎜11 ⎟ ⎜ 62.4 3 ⎟ π
⎝ s ⎠⎝ ft ⎠

6 - 34

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-38 A two-phase mixture of steam and water with a quality of 0.93 and a pressure of 5 psia enters a condenser
at 14.3 lbm/s. The mixture exits as saturated liquid. River water at 45oF is fed to the condenser through a
large pipe. The exit temperature of the river water is 70oF less than the exit temperature of the other
stream. If the maximum allowable average velocity in the pipe carrying river water is 15 ft/s, calculate the
pipe diameter.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The condenser is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.
6. The river water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the river water is
constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic condenser in steady operation, the
first law becomes
m 1h1 + m 3 h3 = m 2 h2 + m 4 h4
Since the streams do not mix, m 1 = m 2 and m 3 = m 4 ; therefore
m 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3 ( h4 − h3 )
Assuming water is an ideal fluid,
m 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3c p (T4 − T3 )

m 3 = m 1
( h1 − h2 )
c p (T4 − T3 )
State 2 is a saturated liquid at 5 psia, since pressure is constant across the condenser. From Table B-11
T2 = 162.2 o F
T4 = T2 − 70 = 92.2 o F
State 1 is a two-phase mixture at 5 psia. With data from Table B-11,
h1 = h f + x ( hg − h f ) = 130.2 + 0.93 (1131 − 130.2 ) = 1061
Btu
lbm
The enthalpy of state 2 is
h2 = h f = 130.2 Btu lbm
Using the value of specific heat from Table B-6 at the average river water temperature of 69 oF
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu
m 1 ( h1 − h4 ) ⎜⎝
14.3 ⎟ (1061 −130.2 )
s ⎠ lbm
m 3 = = = 282 lbm s
( h3 − h4 ) ⎛1.00 Btu ⎞ ( 92.2 − 45) o F
⎜ ⎟
⎝ lbm ⋅ o F ⎠
2
⎛D⎞
m 3 = ρ V A = ρ V π ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
⎛ lbm ⎞
4 ⎜ 282 ⎟
4m 3 ⎝ s ⎠
D= D= = 0.620 ft Answer
ρV π ⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ ft ⎞
⎜ 62.2 ⎟⎜ 15 ⎟ π
⎝ ft 3 ⎠⎝ s ⎠

6 - 35

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-39 A heat exchanger is used to cool engine oil. The specific heat of the oil is 0.6 Btu/lbm·oF. Using data on
the figure below, find the exit temperature of the air.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The heat exchanger is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.
6. The oil is incompressible.
7. The specific heat is constant.
8. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic heat exchanger in steady operation,
the first law becomes
m 1h1 + m 3 h3 = m 2 h2 + m 4 h4
Since the streams do not mix, m 1 = m 2 and m 3 = m 4 ; therefore
m 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m 3 ( h4 − h3 )
Assuming the oil is an ideal liquid and the air is an ideal gas,
m 1c p ,oil (T1 − T2 ) = m 3c p ,air (T4 − T3 )
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞
⎟ (160 − 90 ) F
o
m 1c p ,oil (T1 − T2 ) ⎜ 3.8 ⎟ ⎜ 0.6
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⋅ o F ⎠
T4 = T3 + = 50 + = 85 o F Answer
m 3c p ,air ⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ Btu ⎞
⎜19 ⎟⎜ 0.24 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⋅ R ⎠

6 - 36

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-40 Saturated liquid Refrigerant-134a at 36oC is throttled to –8oC. The refrigerant then enters an evaporator
and exits as saturated vapor. The evaporator is used to cool liquid water from 20oC to 10oC. If the mass
flow rate of refrigerant is 0.013 kg/s, what is the mass flow rate of the water?

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system to each
component.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The throttle and evaporator are adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant across the evaporator.
6. The water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:
Taking a control volume around the throttle, and applying the first law,
h1 = h2
Using data in Table A-14
kJ
h1 = h f = 100.3
kg
From Table A-14 at –8oC, hf = 39.54 kJ/kg and hg = 242.5 kJ/kg. Since h2 = 100.3 kJ/kg falls between these two
values, state 2 is a two-phase mixture. Taking a control volume around the evaporator and applying the first law
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i ⎜ hi + i + gzi ⎟ − ∑ m e ⎜ he + e + gze ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic evaporator in steady operation, the
first law becomes
m 2 h2 + m 4 h4 = m 3 h3 + m 5 h5
The water and R-134a do not mix, therefore
m 2 = m 3 = m R m 4 = m 5 = m W
0 = m R ( h2 − h3 ) + m w ( h4 − h5 )
m R ( h3 − h2 )
m w =
( h4 − h5 )
Assuming the water is an ideal liquid
m ( h − h )
m w = R 3 2
c p (T4 − T5 )
The saturated vapor at state 3 is at the same pressure as state 2. We have already concluded that state 2 is a two-
phase mixture, so its saturation temperature is –8oC. During a constant pressure process entirely in the two-phase
region, temperature remains constant. Therefore, state 3 is a saturated vapor at –8oC. From Table A-14
h3 = hg = 242.5 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 = 100.3kJ/kg
Using values of specific heat at the average water temperature of 15 oC,

m w =
( 0.013kg s )( 242.5 − 100.3) kJ kg = 0.0441 kg Answer
( 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K )( 20 − 10 ) o C s

6 - 37

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-41 In a flash chamber, a pressurized liquid is throttled to a lower pressure where it becomes a two-phase
mixture. The saturated liquid and vapor streams are removed in separate lines. In the figure below, liquid
R-134a at 10°F and 30 psia is throttled to 12 psia. If 21.6 lbm/h of saturated vapor exits the flash chamber,
what is the inlet flow rate? Assume the flash chamber is adiabatic.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law for an
open system to the combination of the two
components.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The throttle and flash chamber are adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant in the flash chamber.

Solution:
In this problem, the easiest approach is to define a
control volume around the combination of the two
components. You could also analyze each
component separately, but that would take more
effort and produce the same final result. Applying
conservation of mass to the control volume shown,
m 1 = m 2 + m 3
From the first law with no kinetic or potential
energy change, and no heat transfer or work,
m 1h1 = m 2 h2 + m 3 h3
State 1 is a compressed liquid. Approximate the
enthalpy of the liquid as the enthalpy of the
saturated liquid at the same temperature. From
Table B-14
h1 = hf at 10°F = 14.66 Btu/lbm
From Table B-15, the enthalpy of states 2 and 3 is
h2 = hg at 5 psi = 93.79 Btu/lbm
h3 = hf at 5 psi = –3.73 Btu/lbm
Substituting the given value of mass flow rate into conservation of mass produces
lbm
m 1 = 21.6 + m 3
h
Substituting m 1 and the values of enthalpy into the first law,
lbm ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ lbm ⎛ Btu ⎞
( 21.6 + m 3 ) ⎜14.66 ⎟ = ⎜ 21.6 ⎟ ⎜ 93.79 ⎟ + m 3 ⎜ −3.73 ⎟
h ⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎝ h ⎠⎝ lbm ⎠ h ⎝ lbm ⎠
Solving for m 3 gives
lbm
m 3 = 92.9
h
From conservation of mass
lbm lbm lbm
m 1 = 21.6 + 92.9 = 114.5 Answer
h h h

6 - 38

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-42 Saturated liquid water at 40 kPa enters a 140 kW pump. The output of the pump is fed into a boiler where
heat is added at a rate of 302 MW. There is negligible pressure drop across the boiler. If the mass flow
rate of water is 70 kg/s, determine the boiler pressure and the state at the exit of the boiler.

Approach:
 ( P1 − P2 ) to the pump to
Apply W = mv
determine the exit pressure form the pump.
This is equal to the pressure at the exit of the
boiler, since there is negligible pressure drop
across the boiler. Draw a control volume
around both components and apply the first law
to determine exit temperature from the boiler.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The pump is adiabatic and ideal.
5. Pressure is constant across the boiler.
6. The water is incompressible.

Solution:
For the pump, power is related to pressure rise by
 ( P1 − P2 )
Wcv = mv
Solving for exit pressure and using the specific volume of saturated liquid water at 40 kPa from Table A-11,

( −140 kW ) ⎛⎜
1000 W ⎞
Wcv ⎟
⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞ ⎝ 1 kW ⎠
P2 = P1 − = 40 kPa ⎜ ⎟ − = 1.99 × 106 Pa ≈ 2.0 MPa

mv ⎝ 1 kPa ⎠ ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m ⎞
3

⎜ 70 ⎟ ⎜ 0.001027 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠
Pressure is constant across the boiler, so
P3 = P2 = 2.0 MPa Answer
To find the state at the exit of the boiler, draw a
control volume around both components. The first
law for this control volume is (assuming steady-state,
and no kinetic or potential energy changes)
0 = Q cv − Wcv + m i hi − m e he
0 = Q − W + m ( h − h )
cv cv 1 3

Q − Wcv
h3 = cv + h1
m
302, 000 kW − (−140)kW kJ
= + 318
kg kg
70
s
kJ
h3 = 4634
kg
The exit state of the boiler has a pressure
of 2 MPa and an enthalpy of 4634 kJ/kg. From Table
A-12, this is superheated vapor with a temperature of
T = 1000 o C Answer

6 - 39

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-43 Air at 2000 R enters the turbine of a turbojet engine. The turbine is well insulated and produces 100 Btu of
work per pound mass of air flowing through the engine. Upon exiting the turbine, the air enters the inlet of
an insulated nozzle at 20 ft/s. The air leaves the nozzle at 2800 ft/s through an exit flow area of 0.6 ft2.
The pressure at the nozzle exit is 10 lbf/in2. What is the mass flow rate of air through the engine in lbm/s?

Approach:
Draw a control volume around each component
and apply the first law.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change in the turbine is
negligible.
3. The system operates in steady-state.
4. The nozzle and turbine are adiabatic.
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
6. The specific heat of the air is constant.

Solution:
Begin by constructing a control volume around the turbine. Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic
and potential energy changes, the first law becomes
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
 (T − T )
W = mc p 1 2

Specific heat depends on the average air temperature in the turbine, however, the exit temperature is unknown. To
make further progress, use cp of air at the inlet temperature of 2000 R (about 1500 o F ) and correct the calculation
later if necessary. Solving for T2 and using values of cp from Table B-8 at 1500°F,
W 100 Btu lbm
T2 = T1 − cv = 2000 R − = 1638 R
m c p 0.276
Btu
lbm ⋅ R
Apply the first law for an open system to a control volume around the nozzle:
dEcv  ⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
= Qcv − Wcv + m ⎜ h2 + 2 + gz2 ⎟ − m ⎜ h3 + 3 + gz3 ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Assuming an adiabatic nozzle, no work, no change in potential energy and steady conditions,
⎛ V 2⎞ ⎛ V 2⎞
0 = m ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟ − m ⎜ h3 + 3 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T , therefore
V 2 2 − V3 2
0 = c p (T2 − T3 ) +
2
V 2 2 − V3 2
T3 = + T2
2c p
The specific heat should be evaluated at the average temperature in the nozzle; however, the exit temperature is
unknown. The nozzle inlet temperature is 1638 R or 1178°F and we expect the outlet temperature to be lower.
For simplicity, we assume an average temperature of 1000°F and will correct the calculation later if necessary.
Using data from Table B-8,
⎛ ⎞
T3 =
( 202 - 28002 ) ft 2 s 2 ⎛ 1Btu ⎞ ⎜ 1lbf ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 1638 R = 1043R
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎝ 778ft ⋅ lbf ⎠ ⎜ 32.2 ft ⋅ lbm ⎟
2 ⎜ 0.263 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ lbm R ⎠ ⎝ s2 ⎠
From the ideal gas law:

6 - 40

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
 ⎛ ft ⋅ lbf ⎞ ⎛ 1ft 2 ⎞
⎜1545 ⎟ (1043R ) ⎜ 2 ⎟
RT3 ⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠ ⎝ 144in. ⎠ = 38.6 ft 3 lbm
v3 = =
⎛ lbm ⎞
⎟ (10 lbf in )
MP3 2
⎜ 28.97
⎝ lbmol ⎠
The mass flow rate may now be calculated as
V A ( 2800 ft s ) ( 0.6 ft )
2

m = 3 3 = = 43.5lbm s Answer
v3 38.6 ft 3 lbm

Comments:
For greater accuracy, you could recalculate the mass flow rate with improved values of specific heat, based on the
calculated temperatures. The specific heat is not a strong function of temperature over the range considered, so
this may not be necessary.

6 - 41

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-44 A well-insulated, rigid tank of volume 0.7 m3 is initially evacuated. The tank develops a leak and
atmospheric air at 20oC, 100 kPa enters. Eventually the air in the tank reaches a pressure of 100 kPa. Find
the final temperature.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system and integrate over
time. Note that the temperature of the air leaking into the
tank is constant with time, so the enthalpy of the air is
also a constant.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The tank is adiabatic.
4. Air may be considered to be an ideal gas.
5. The specific heat is constant.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system with no change in kinetic or potential energy
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
The tank is adiabatic. No work is done and nothing leaves the tank, so the first law reduces to
dU cv
= m i hi
dt
Integrating over time
∫ dU cv = ∫ m i hi dt
For an ideal gas, enthalpy depends only on temperature. The air entering the tank is at the same temperature
throughout the process, so enthalpy is constant and may be removed from the integral.
U 2 − U1 = hi ∫ m i dt = hi m2
where m2 is the mass in the tank at the end of the process. At the beginning of the process, the tank is evacuated,
therefore U1 = 0.
m2u2 = hi m2
u2 = hi = ui + Pvi
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆u = cv ∆T
RTi
cv (T2 − Ti ) = Pvi =
M
Solving for T2
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎜ 8.314 ⎟ ( 20 + 273) K
RTi ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠
T2 = + Ti = + (20 + 273)K
Mcv ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
⎜ 28.97 ⎟⎜ 0.718 ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠ ⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠
T2 = 410 K = 137 o C Answer

6 - 42

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-45 Helium at 150oF and 40 psia is contained in a rigid, well-insulated tank of volume 5 ft3. A valve is cracked
open and the helium slowly flows from the tank until the pressure drops to 20 psia. During this process, the
helium in the tank is maintained at 150oF with an electric resistance heater. Find
a. the mass of helium withdrawn.
b. the energy input to the heater.

Approach:
Use a mass balance and the ideal gas law to find the mass of
helium withdrawn. Use the first law for an open system to find
the energy input to the heater.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The tank is adiabatic.
4. Helium may be considered to be an ideal gas.
5. The specific heat is constant.

Solution:
a) From a mass balance
me = m1 − m2
where me is the mass of helium exiting. Using the ideal gas law,
⎛ lbm ⎞
⎟ ( 5ft )
3
⎜4
PMV
me = 1 1 − 2 2 =
P MV MV 1
( P1 − P2 ) = ⎝ lbmol ⎠ (40 − 20)psia = 0.061lbm
RT1 RT2 RT ⎛ psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎞
⎜10.73 ⎟ (150 + 460 ) R
⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠
b) From the first law with no kinetic or potential energy
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
The tank is adiabatic and nothing is entering, therefore
dU cv
= −Wcv − m e he
dt
Integrating over time,
∫ dU cv = −∫ Wcv dt − ∫ m e he dt
Since the temperature of the helium in the tank does not change, he is constant and
U 2 − U1 = −Wcv − he ∫ m e dt
m2u2 − m1u1 = −Wcv − he me
m2u2 − m1u1 = −Wcv − (ue + Pe ve )me
m2u2 − m1u1 = −Wcv − ( ue + Pe ve ) ( m1 − m2 )
Since u is only a function of temperature for an ideal gas and the temperature is constant
u1 = u2 = ue = u
Therefore
0 = −Wcv − Pe ve ( m1 − m2 )
RTe m RT
Wcv = − ( m1 − m2 ) = − e e
M M
ft ⋅ lbf ⎞
( 0.061lbm ) ⎛⎜1545 ⎟ (150 + 460 ) R ⎛ 1Btu ⎞
⎝ lbm ⋅ R ⎠
=− ⎜ ⎟
4
lbm ⎝ 778ft ⋅ lbf ⎠
lbmol
Wcv = −18.5 Btu Answer

6 - 43

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-46 A residential hot water heater initially contains water at 140oF. Someone turns on a shower and draws
water from the tank at a rate of 0.2 lbm/s. Cold make-up water at 50oF is added to the tank at the same rate.
A burner supplies 5472 Btu/h of heat. The water tank, which is a cylinder of diameter 1.8 ft, is filled to a
height of 4 ft. How long will it be before the exiting water reaches 100oF? Assume a well-mixed tank.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system. Use
ideal liquid relations to rewrite enthalpy and
internal energy in terms of temperature.
Separate variables and integrate.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. Water is an ideal liquid.
4. The tank is well-mixed and all tank contents
are at the same temperature.

Solution:
The first law for an open system with one stream in and one stream out, neglecting kinetic and potential energy
changes, is
dU cv 
= Qcv − W + m i hi − m e he
dt
The entering and exiting mass flow rates are equal and no work is done, therefore
d ( mcv ucv ) 
= Qcv + m ( hi − he )
dt
The mass in the control volume does not change with time. For an ideal liquid ∆h = c p ∆T . With these ideas, the
first law becomes
du
mcv cv = Q cv + mc  p (Ti − Te )
dt
The tank is well-mixed, so the temperature, T, of the water in the tank equals the temperature of the exiting
stream. The internal energy of the water in the tank is related to its temperature by
ducv = cv dT ≈ c p dT
since, for an ideal liquid, cv ≈ c p . The first law takes the form
dT 
mcv c p = Qcv + mc p (Ti − T )
dt
Separating variables and integrating from initial temperature T1 to final temperature T2
mcv c p dT
∫T1 Q + mc
 (T − T ) ∫ 0
T2 t2
= dt
cv p i

 p (Ti − T )
let ξ = Q cv + mc
dξ = −mc
 p dT
ξ2 dξ
−mcv c p ∫ =t
ξ1  pξ 2
mc
mcv
− ln ξ ξξ21 = t2
m
m
− cv ( ln ξ 2 − ln ξ1 ) = t2
m
mcv ξ 2
− ln = t2
m ξ1

6 - 44

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
  p (Ti − T2 ) ⎞
mcv ⎛ Q cv + mc
− ln ⎜ ⎟⎟ = t2
⎝ cv  p (Ti − T1 ) ⎠
m ⎜ Q + mc

Find mcv
2
⎛ 1.8 ⎞ 2
mcv = ρV = ( 62 lbm ft 3 ) π ⎜ ⎟ ft ( 4 ft ) = 631lbm
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 1h ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ( 5472 Btu h ) ⎜ ⎟ ( 50 − 100 ) F ⎥
o
⎟ + 0.2 lbm s ⎜1
−631 lbm ⎢ ⎝ lbm ⋅ F ⎠
o
t2 = ln ⎝ 2600s ⎠ ⎥
0.2 lbm s ⎢ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ( 5472 ) ⎜ ⎟ + ( 0.2 )(1)( 50 − 140 ) ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3600 ⎠ ⎦⎥

t2 = 2096s = 35 min Answer

6 - 45

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-47 In an industrial process, two streams are mixed in a tank and a single stream exits. Both streams may be
assumed to have the properties of water. The volume of fluid in the tank is constant. A paddle wheel stirs
the tank contents, doing work W . Initially, the water in the tank is at temperature T1. At time t = 0, stream
A at temperature TA enters with mass flow rate m A , and stream B enters at TB with rate m B . The quantities
TA, TB, m A , and m B are all constant with time. Assuming a well-mixed tank, derive a formula for the time,
t2, at which the tank water temperature is T2. The tank is well insulated.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system. Use
ideal liquid relations to rewrite enthalpy and
internal energy in terms of temperature.
Separate variables and integrate.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The liquid is ideal.
4. The tank is well-mixed and all tank contents
are at the same temperature.
5. The tank is adiabatic.
6. All fluids have the properties of water.

Solution:
The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
Since the tank is well-insulated
d ( mcv ucv )
= −W + m A hA + m B hB − m C hC
dt
The mass of liquid in the tank is constant, and conservation of mass requires that m C = m A + m B , therefore
ducv
mcv = −W + m A hA + m B hB − ( m A + m B ) hC
dt
du
mcv cv = −W + m A ( hA − hC ) + m B ( hB − hC )
dt

The liquid in the tank is ideal and has a temperature T. The exiting stream is also at T, because the tank is well-
mixed. With these considerations, the first law becomes
dT
mcv c p = −W + m Ac p (TA − T ) + m B c p (TB − T )
dt
= −W + m Ac pTA + m B c pTB − ( m Ac p + m B c p ) T
dT
mcv c p
dt
dT −W + m Ac pTA + m B c pTB ⎛ m A + m B ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟T
dt mcv c p ⎝ mcv ⎠
Define K1 and K2 so that
dT
= K1 − K 2T
dt
Separating variables and integrating
T2 dT t2
∫T1 K1 − K 2T = ∫ 0 dt
let
ξ = K1 − K 2T
dξ = − K 2 dT

6 - 46

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
 ξ2 dξ
−∫ = t2
ξ1 K 2ξ
1 ξ2
− ln ξ ξ1 = t2
K2
1 ξ2 1 ⎛ K1 − K 2T2 ⎞
t2 = − ln = − ln ⎜ ⎟
K 2 ξ1 K 2 ⎝ K1 − K 2T1 ⎠
⎡ Wcv ⎤
⎢− + m ATA + m BTB − ( m A + m B ) T2 ⎥
⎛ mcv ⎞ ⎢ c p ⎥
t2 = − ⎜ ⎟ ln Answer

⎝ m A + m B ⎠ ⎢ − Wcv + m T + m T − ( m + m ) T ⎥
⎢ A A B B A B 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ c p ⎥⎦

6 - 47

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-48 A well insulated tank of volume 0.035 m3 is initially evacuated. A valve is opened, and the tank is charged
with superheated steam from a supply line at 600 kPa, 500oC. The valve is closed when the pressure
reaches 300 kPa. How much mass enters?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system. Integrate the equation,
recognizing that the enthalpy entering is constant with time.
Properties are available in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The tank is adiabatic.
4. The state of steam in the supply line is constant.

Solution:
The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
The tank is well-insulated, no mass exits, and no work is done, therefore
dU cv
= m i hi
dt
d ( mcv ucv )
= m i hi
dt
∫ d ( mcvucv ) = ∫ m i hi dt
The state of the steam entering remains the same throughout the process, so hi is a constant. If m2 is the mass in
the tank at the end of the process and m1 is the mass at the start
m2u2 − m1u1 = hi ∫ m i dt = hi ( m2 − m1 )
Since the tank is initially evacuated, m1 = 0, and
m2u2 = hi m2
u2 = hi
From Table A-12, hi = 3483kJ kg , therefore
u2 = 3483kJ kg
At the final pressure of 300 kPa and u2 = 3483kJ kg
v2 ≈ 1.5 m3 kg
Therefore the mass in the tank at the end of the process is
V 0.035 m3
m2 = = = 0.0233kg Answer
v2 m3
1.5
kg

6 - 48

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-49 A well-insulated piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.06 kg of R-134a at –15oC with a quality of 0.92. A
supply line introduces superheated R-134a at 10oC, 200 kPa into the cylinder. Assuming the pressure in the
cylinder is constant, calculate the volume just when all the liquid has evaporated.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system. Integrate the equation,
recognizing that the enthalpy entering is constant with time.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The piston-cylinder assembly is adiabatic.
4. The state of R-134a in the supply line is constant.
5. The pressure in the cylinder is constant.
6. The expansion is quasi-static.

Solution:
From conservation of mass,
mi = m2 − m1
where m2 is the mass in the tank at the end of the process, m1 is the mass at the start, and mi is the total mass
introduced during the process. The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
The tank is well-insulated and no mass exits, therefore
dU cv
= −Wcv + m i hi
dt
d ( mcv ucv )
= −Wcv + m i hi
dt
∫ d ( mcvucv ) = −∫ Wcv dt + ∫ m i hi dt
The state of the R-134a entering remains the same throughout the process, so hi is a constant.
m2u2 − m1u1 = −Wcv + hi ∫ m i dt = −Wcv + hi mi
Noting that this is a quasi-static expansion at constant pressure, and substituting conservation of mass
m2u2 − m1u1 = − P (V2 − V1 ) + hi ( m2 − m1 )
m2u2 − m1u1 = − P ( m2 v2 − m1v1 ) + hi ( m2 − m1 )
m2u2 + Pm2 v2 − ( m1u1 + Pm1v1 ) = hi ( m2 − m1 )
Using the definition of enthalpy, h = u + Pv, and recognizing that P = P1 = P2 ,
m2 h2 − m1h1 = hi ( m2 − m1 )
Solving for m2,
m h − m1hi m1 ( h1 − hi )
m2 = 1 1 =
h2 − hi h2 − hi
The enthalpy of the R-134a in the cylinder at the start of the process is
h1 = h f + x ( hg − h f ) = 30.6 + 0.92 ( 238.3 − 30.6 ) = 222
kJ
kg
where hf and hg are found by interpolation in Table A-14 at –15oC. The contents of the cylinder remain at the
same pressure throughout the process and the R-134a changes from a two-phase mixture to a saturated vapor. A
constant pressure process in the two-phase region is also a constant temperature process, so the final enthalpy is
the enthalpy of saturated vapor at –15oC, that is h2 = 238.3kJ/kg. The enthalpy in the supply line, hi, may be
found in Table A-16. The final mass may now be calculated as

6 - 49

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
 kJ
m1 ( h1 − hi )
( 0.06 kg )( 222 − 259 )
kg
m2 = = = 0.106 kg
h2 − hi kJ
( 238 − 259 )
kg
The final volume, using data for specific volume interpolated in Table A-14, is
⎛ m3 ⎞
V2 = v2 m2 = ⎜ 0.120 ⎟ ( 0.106 kg ) = 0.0127 m
3
Answer
⎝ kg ⎠

6 - 50

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
6-50 The pressure inside a pot is maintained at an elevated level by a steel bob which rests on an open tube of
inside diameter 0.5 cm. The bob, which has a mass of 0.401 kg, jiggles whenever the pressure in the pot is
high enough to displace it, and steam is released. Heat is added to the bottom of the pot at a rate of 900 W.
Heat is lost from the sides and the top of the pot by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 3.9
W/m2·K. The pot has a height of 0.154 m and a diameter of 0.256 m. The ambient is at 20°C. Assume
conduction resistance through the pot sides and top is very small, and that there is no air in the pot (only
water and steam). The pot is half filled with water when the bob first lifts.
a. Find the temperature inside the pot.
b. Find the net rate of heat addition to the pot.
c. Find the initial mass of the two-phase mixture in the pot.
d. Find the fraction of the pot which is filled with liquid after one hour.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system.
Integrate the equation, recognizing that
the enthalpy entering is constant with
time. Properties are available in the
steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is
negligible.
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
3. The pot contains only steam and
water.
4. The conduction resistance is small.
5. The convection resistance on the
inside of the pot is small.
6. The work done in displacing the bob
is negligible.

Solution:
a) Define m as the mass of the bob and r as the radius of the small tube that the bob rests on. By definition,

( 0.401kg ) ⎛⎜ 9.81 2 ⎞⎟
m
P=
F
=
mg
= ⎝ s ⎠
= 200,300 Pa
A π r2 ⎛ 0.25 ⎞ 2
2

π ⎜ ⎟ m
⎝ 100 ⎠
Therefore, throughout the process, the pressure in the pot is P = 200.3 kPa. The saturation temperature at this
pressure is, from Table A-11, T = 120°C. Answer
b) The conduction resistance through the walls and lid of the pot is assumed to be small. Also the convective
heat transfer coefficient on the inside is assumed to be very large, so that the inside convective resistance is small.
Therefore, the outside of the pot is at the saturation temperature of the water. The net heat into the control volume
is
⎡ ⎛D⎞ ⎤
2

Q cv = Q burner + hA∆T = Q burner + h ⎢π DL + π ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ∆T

⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
W ⎞⎡ ⎤ 2
2
⎛ ⎛ 0.256 ⎞
Q cv = 900 W − ⎜ 3.9 2 ⎟ ⎢π ( 0.256 ) ( 0.154 ) + π ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ m (120 − 20 ) C
o

⎝ m ⋅ K ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Q cv = 831.4 W Answer
c) The volume of the pot is
2 2
⎛D⎞ ⎛ 0.256 ⎞
V = π ⎜ ⎟ ( L) = π ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.154 ) = 0.00793 m
3

⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The initial volumes of liquid and vapor are

6 - 51

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])
 Vf = V / 2 and Vg = V / 2
From Table A-11, v f = 0.00106 m 3 / kg and vg = 0.8857 m 3 / kg at 200 kPa. Therefore
Vf Vg
m1 = + = 3.74 kg Answer
vf vg
d) The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
dU cv 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ m i hi − ∑ m e he
dt
No mass enters the pot and no work is done, therefore
dU cv 
= Qcv − m e he
dt
d ( mcv ucv ) 
= Qcv − m e he
dt
∫ d ( mcvucv ) = ∫ Q cv dt −∫ m e he dt
The state of the steam leaving remains the same throughout the process, so he is a constant. If m2 is the mass in the
pot at the end of the process and m1 is the mass at the start
m2u2 − m1u1 = Q cv ∆t − he ∫ m e dt = Q cv ∆t − he me
where me is the total mass that escapes. Using conservation of mass,
m2u2 − m1u1 = Q cv ∆t − he ( m2 − m1 ) Eq. (1)
To find u1, we need the initial quality of the mixture in the pot. Use
V 0.00793m3 m3
v1 = = = 0.00212
m1 3.74 kg kg
With data from Table A-11 at 200 kPa,
v1 − v f 0.00212 − 0.00106
x1 = = = 0.001197
vg − v f 0.8857 − 0.00106
u1 = u f + x1 ( u g − u f ) = 504 + 0.001197 ( 2529 − 504 ) = 507 kJ/kg
Let y be the fraction of the liquid at the end by volume so that
yV (1 − y ) V
m2 = + Eq. (2)
vf vg
Additional equations for the final state are
v2 = V / m2 Eq. (3)
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg − v f) Eq. (4)
u2 = u f + x2 (u − u )
g f Eq. (5)
Equations (1) through (5) are five equations with five unknowns, i.e., m2, v2, x2, u2, and y. It is not a linear system
of equations because Eq. (3) is non-linear. Therefore, the solution is iterative. One approach is:

Assume m2
Find v2 from Eq. (3)
Find x2 from Eq. (4)
Find u2 from Eq. (5)

Check: Is Eq. (1) satisfied? If not, adjust m2. Once m2 is known, find y from Eq. (2). The final results are:
m2 = 2.38 kg
u2 = 509.8 kJ/kg
x2 = 0.002566
v2 = 0.003326 m3 /kg
y = 0.32
Therefore, 32% of the pot is filled with water at the end of the process. Answer

6 - 52

Document shared on www.docsity.com

Downloaded by: sara-weber ([email protected])