1948Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4Me; jpfjp ,yq;if Rje;jpu ehlhfpaJ.

mk;kfj;jhd jpdj;ij ,yq;ifau;fs; vd;w Kiwapy; ehk; tUlhe;jk;

czu;T G+u;tkhff; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;Nwhk;.
ehk; ahuplkpUe;J Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Nwhk;? Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F
Kd;du; ve;epiyapy; ,Ue;Njhk;?
,yq;if> gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpw;Ff; fPo;g;gl;l FbNaw;wk; xd;wh
apUe;jJ. vq;fs; ehL kl;Lky;y Mrpahtpy; gy ehLfSk; Mgpupf;f>
mnkupf;f fz;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j ehLfSk; FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;F cl;gl;
bUe;jd. gpupj;jhdpah kl;Lkd;wp INuhg;ghtpd; gy ehLfSk; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fSf;fhf FbNaw;wq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<Lgl;bUe;jd. ,t;thW INuhg;gpa ehLfspilNa Vw;gl;l mjpfhug; Nghl;b
gbg;gbahf tsu;rr; pAw;W KO cyfKk; ,jpy; rpff ; pf; nfhz;lJ. ,Wjpahf
cyf kfhAj;jkhf ,J cUntLj;jJ.
,t;thwhf INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; Vida ehLfspd;
tuyhw;iw khw;wpaikg;gjpy; gq;fspj;j tpjj;ij NguuRfspd; guk;gypD}
lhff; fw;gNj ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd;why; vd;d?

xU ehL> jd;Dila ehl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,d;Dk; gy ehLfisj;

jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp> mtw;iw Ml;rp GupAkhapd; mJ
Vfhjpgj; j pak; vdg; g Lk; . ,t; t hwhd Vfhjpgj; j paq; f Sf; F
mbikg;gl;l ehLfs; FbNaw;wq;fs s; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyu;r;rp gw;wp vl;lhe; juj;jpy; ePq;fs;

fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,k;kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpujpgydhf INuhg;gpau;fs; ehLfhz;
gazq;fspy; <Lgl;lik cq;fs; epidtpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. INuhg;gpau;fs;
fPioj;Njr> Nkiyj;Njr ehLfSf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhfg; Gjpa ghijfisf;
fz;lwptNj ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 128
 ehLfhz; gazq;fspdhy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; rpytw;wpd; nry;tKk;>
gyKk;> GfOk; Xq;fNt> Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gyTk; ,jpy; <Lgl
Muk;gpj;jd. gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Muk;gkhd ,g;Nghl;b
NguuRfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; msTf;F tsu;rr ; p mile;J nrd;wJ.

ehLfhz; gazq; f spy; Kjypy; <Lgl; l Nghu; j ; J f; N faUk;

];ghdpaUk; jj;jkf;nfd;W ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fisg; gpupjJ ; f; nfhz;ldu;.
,jw; N fw; g Nghu; j ; J f; N fau; fP i oj; N jrq; f spy; ,e; J rKj; j pug;
gpuNjrq;fspYk; ];ghdpau; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;jpYk; jkJ Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,Wjpahf ,g;gpuNjrq;fisj; jkf;F mbikg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;.

Nghu; j ; J f; f y; y p d Jk; ]; g hdp a htp d Jk; Mjp f ; f k;

,g;NghJ ehq;fs; 18Mk;> 19Mk;> 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; NguuRfis

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpw;F mbikg;gl;l
ehLfs; gw;wpAk; mwpNthk;.

Nghu;jJ; f;Nfau; fPioj;Njrq;fspYk; ];ghdpau;fs; mnkupf;fhtpYk;

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l tu;j;jf Mjpf;fq;fSf;fpilNa xU NtWghL
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;J rKj;jpuj;ijr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;> muhgpauhYk;
VidNahuhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;j tu;jj ; fj;ij mtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L tu;jj; f Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij epWtpf; nfhs;tJ mtu;fsJ
Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. mtu;fs; fPioehLfspypUe;J jq;fk;> nts;sp> Kj;J>
khzpf;fk;> ahidj;je;jk;> thridj;jputpaq;fs; INuhg;ghtpw;F nfhz;L
nrd;W tpw;wdu;. Mdhy; ];ghdpau; tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; ,yhgj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNjhL khj;jpuk; epyy; hJ> jq;fKk;> nts;spAk; epiwe;jpUe;j
mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrq;fis Mf;fpukpj;J Nguunrhd;iwAk; cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;tij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mjd;gb Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfau; ,q;fpUe;J
ngUe; n jhifr; nry; t j; i jj; jkJ ehl; b w; F vLj; J r; nrd; w du; .
];ghdpau;fs; mnkupf;fhtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ INuhg;ghtpYk; Nguunrhd;iw
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,j;jhypapd; rpy gpuNjrq;fSk; xy;yhe;Jk;
,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.

,t;thwhfg; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ];ghdpahTk; Nghu;j;Jf;fYk;

kpfTk; gyk; tha;ej ; ehLfsha; tpsq;fpd. vdpDk; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;by;
mg;NguuRfs; Ntfkhfr; rpijtile;J nry;y mt;tplj;ij xy;yhe;J>
gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpah Nghd;w ehLfs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.

129 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
xy; y he; j uJ Mjp f ; f g; guk; g y;
gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;ghjpapy; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy;
xy;yhe;J Kjyplj;ijg; ngw;wJ. xy;yhe;ju;fs; fpof;F Mrpahtpy; ,e;J
rKj;jpuj;ijr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; tu;j;jf epiyaq;fisAk;
Nfhl;ilfisAk; epu;khzpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mj;NjhL mtu;fs; tl
mnkupf;fhtpd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspYk; Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfspYk; tpahghu
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;.

gp u hd; ] ; > gp u p j ; j hdp a Mjp f ; f k;

gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;ghjpapy; xy;yhe;jUf;Fg; Nghl;bahf
gpuhd;]paUk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdu;.
v tl mnkupf;fhtpy; gpuhd;]pau; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;
,Ue;Nj Ma;Tg; gazq;fspd; %yk; FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpy;
<Lgl;bUe;jdu;. mNj Nghd;W fPioj;Njrq;fspYk; Mgpupf;fg;
gpuNjrq;fspYk; jkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpdu;.
v Mq;fpNyau;fSk; tu;j;jf epiyaq;fisAk; FbapUg;Gf;fisAk;
epu;khzpg;gjpy; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj <Lgl
Muk;gpj;jdu;. me;E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; mtu;fSila
Mjpf;fk; NkYk; gutpr; nrd;wJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; xy;yhe;jupd;
tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;ij tPo;j;Jtjpy; Mq;fpNyau; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.
v 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpYk; tl mnkupf;fhtpYk;
Mjpff ; j;ij epiy ehl;Ltjpy; gpupjj
; hdpaUk;> gpuhd;]paUk; Nkhjypy;
<Lgl;ldu;. gpd;du; gpuhd;]paiug; Gwe;js;sp KO ,e;jpahtpYk;
jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; Mq;fpNyau; ntw;wp
ngw;wdu;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fk;
gu;kh> kNyah> ,yq;if Mfpa ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. mj;NjhL
fdlhtpy; ,Ue;j gpuhd;]paupd; FbNaw;wq;fisAk; gpupj;jhdpau;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.

20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ gpupj;jhdpau; cyfpd; gy

ehLfisAk; jkJ Mjpff ; j;jpwF
; cl;gLj;jpfn
; fhz;L NguuR
xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

,Jtiu mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis

mtjhdpj;Njhk;. ,dp> mtu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd;
epiyia Muha;e;J ghu;g;Nghk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 130
 NguuRfsp d ; tp ] ; j up g ; G

15Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehLfhz; gazq;

fs; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;Fk; mnkupf;fh
tpw; F k; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l d. gbg; g bahf
mT];jpNuypahTf;Fk; epA+rpyhe;J Nghd;w
ehLfSf;Fk; tp];jupf;fg;gl;ld.

18Mk; E}w; w hz; b d; ,WjpapypUe; J

gbg;gbahf mnkupff ; h> fdlh> mT];jpNuypah>
epA+rpyhe;J Mfpa ehLfs; Rje;jpukile;jd.
,jd; gpwF mtu;fSila ftdk; KOikahf
gpupjj
; hdpauJ gue;j
fPioj;Nja ehLfisAk; Mgpupf;fhitAk;; Nguuirf; fhl;Lk; glk;
Nehf;fpj; jpUk;gpaJ. Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj fpof;
Fyfpy; ,tu;fs; jkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;
jpduhapDk;; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk;tiu Mgpupf;fh ftd <u;g;igg;
ngwtpy;iy. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapNyNa Ma;Tg; gazq;fspd;
%yk; Mgpupf;fhtpy; fhzg;gLk; ngUQ;nry;tq;fisg; gw;wpj; njupa
te; j J. ,jdhy; 19Mk; E}w; w hz; L Kbtjw; F s; INuhg; g pau; f s;
Mgpupf;fhtpd; gpuNjrq;fisj; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpDs; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
,jw;fika 20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ INuhg;gpa Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd;
ftdk; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f gpuNjrq;fspy; epiy nfhz;lJ.

#upad; m];jkpf;fhj rhk;uh[;ak;

ehLfhz; gazq;fspy; Kjypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk;

gpuhd;]paUkhthu;. vdpDk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ cyfpd;
ngUksthd ehLfisj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;L rf;jp tha;e;j
Nguunrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ltu;fs; gpupj;jhdpaNu. Mjyhy;
mtu;fsJ rhk;uh[;ak; ~~#upad; m];jkpf;fhj rhk;uh[;ak;|| vd;w
ngUikiag; ngw;wJ. cyfk; KOtJk; ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fs; ,Ue;jjpdhy;> ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; #upad; ,Ugj;J ehd;F
kzpNeuKk; VNjDk; xU ,lj;jpyhtJ njuptjhy; gpupj;jhdpa
rhk;uh[;ak; ,g; Gfiog; ngw;wJ.

131 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 18> 19> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; fhydpj;Jt Mjpf;f ehLfSk; mtw;wpd; MSiff;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSk;

NguuR 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; MSifg; 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; MSifg; 20Mk; E}w;whz;by;

gpuNjrq;fs; gpuNjrq;fs; MSifg; gpuNjrq;fs;
gpupjj
; hdpah ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id> tq;fhsk; ,e;jpah> gu;kh> kyhah> ,yq;if> ,yq;if> ,e;jpah> gu;kh> kyhah>

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
vd;gdTk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; 13 fdlh> mT];Nuypah> epA+rpyhe;J> rpahuypNahd;> fhdh>ie[Pupah>

; hf
FbNaw;wq;fs;> gu;kpA+lh> g`hkh]; rk;gpah> rpahuhypNahd;> fhdh> Nfg; cfz;lh> nuhB]pah>
FbNaw;wk; nghl;]t; hdh

gpuhd;]; tlmnkupfhtpy; Yrpahdh gpuNjrk; my;[uP pah> Nkw;F Mgpupf;fhtpd; my;[uP pah> nkhNuhf;Nfh> yhNth];
nrdfy;> tpal;dhk;> yhNth]; fk;Nghbah> khyp> nfhq;Nfh>
fk;Nghbah nrdfy;> nfk&d;. \hl;> ie[u;>
,e;jpahtpd; m]hk;> tpal;dhk;.
gpNurpy>; ,e;jpahtpd; Nfhth

132
Nghu;jJ
; f;fy; ,e;jpahtpy; Nfhth> gpNurpy; gpNurpy; (1823,y; Rje;jpukile;jJ.) mq;Nfhyh> nkhrhk;gpf>; fpdpgpf]
; ;
(fpdpah)
nkhNwhf;Nfh> nfdup jPTfs;>
];ghdpah NgU> nkf;rpf;Nfh> gdhkh GNshuplh> nkf;]pNfh nkhNwhf;Nfh

xy;yhe;J ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrk;> 1796Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapd; ,e;NjhNdrpah

[hth> Rkj;uh fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Mq;fpNyau;
Ml;rpapd; fPo; tUjy;> ,e;NjhNdrpah
 nraw;ghL

18Mk;> 19Mk;> 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpupj;jhdpau;> gpuhd;]pau;>

xy;yhe;ju;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> ];ghdpau; Mz;l gpuNjrq;fisj;
jdpj;jdpahf cyfg;glk; xt;nthd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

ehLfis mbikg; g Lj; j p a jd; Nehf; f q; f s;

15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapypUe;J rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf

cyfpd; ngUk; gpuNjrk; INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ.
INuhg;gpau;fshy; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> mnkupf;ff; fz;lq;fspd; ngUk;
gpuNjrq;fspy; NguuRfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf
mike;jtu;fs; Nghu;jJ; f;NfaUk; ];ghdpaUkhthu;. mtu;fisj; njhlu;eJ
;
xy;yhe;jUk; gpupj;jhdpaUk; gpuhd;]paUk; ,jpy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;jdu;.
,Wjpahf N[u;kdpaUk; ,j;jhypaUk; ,k;Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdu;.

INuhg;gpau; NguuRfisg; gug;Gtjw;F gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

1. tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

2. mjd; thapyhf nghUshjhu uPjpahf ,yhgj;ijAk; kw;Wk;
gad;fisAk; mDgtpj;jy;.
3. rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy;.
4. ru;tNjr uPjpahfg; Gfo;ngWjy; vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

fhydpj; J tj; i j cUthf; F tjw; f hd Nehf; f q; f s;

v Muk;gj;jpy; rka uPjpahf ,Ue;J te;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 18>19Mk;

E}w;whz;Lfspy; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J 20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;
NghJ mJ jpirkhwpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
v Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Muk;gfhyq;fspy; INuhg;ghTf;F ntspapy;
fpilf;fg; ngw;w tu;jj
; fg; nghUl;fis> INuhg;ghTf;F vLj;Jr;
nrd;W tpw;W ,yhgk; <l;LtNj Muk;gpj;j fhyq;fspy;
nghUshjhu uPjpahf ,Ue;j Nehf;fkhFk;. vd;whYk;
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J me;Nehf;fKk;
khWjyile;jJ.

133 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fspd; nry;thf;fpwf
; ika Vfhjpgj;jpaf;
nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
,jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahFk;. (,ijg;gw;wp
vl;lhe; juj;jpy; ePq;fs; fw;wit epidtpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;iw kPsTk;
epidTgLj; j pf; nfhs; S q; f s; . ) ,jidf; fw; g ij ,yFgLj; j pf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fq;fis
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;F Kd;G> ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;G vd;W
NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;fyhk;.

ifj; n jhop y ; Gul; r p f ; F Kd; d u; Vfhjp g j; j p a q; f is cUthf; f p f ;

nfhz; l jd; Nehf; f q; f s; .

nghUshjhu Nehf; f k;

v Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;Wtpff

; g;gl;ljd; gpdd
; u; INuhg;ghtpy; xt;nthU
ehLk; jkJ ehl;il ,ad;wsT nry;te;j ehlhf Mf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jw;fhfj; jj;jkJ
FbNaw;w ehLfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jkJ nghUshjhuj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;g Kad;wdu;.

v 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk;> ];ghdpaUk; ehLfis

mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F MrpahtpYk; mnkupff
; htpYk; ehl;lQ;
nrYj;jpdu;.

v Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; njd; mnkupf;fhtpy;

gpNu]piyAk; Mrpahtpy; gy;NtW
ehLfisAk; jkJ MSiff; F
cl; g Lj; j papUe; j du; . ,tw; N whL
Mgpupf; f htpy; nkh]hk; g pf; f pYk;
mq; N fhyhtpYk; jkJ Ml; r pia
epiyepWj;jpdu;.

v mtu;fs; Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;

fg;ngw;w fWth> kpsF> Vyk;> Nghd;w
thridj; j putpaq; f isAk; > Jzp>
fk; g sk; > ahidj; j e; j k; > Kj; J >
khzpf;fk; vd;gtw;iwAk;>
Mgpupf; f htpypUe; J jq; f j; i jAk;
mbikfisAk; ngw;W> INuhg;ghTf; jq;fr; fl;b

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 134
 Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;W mjpf ,yhgk; <l;bdu;. ];ghdpau;fs;
gpujhdkhf mnkupff ; f;fz;lj;jpd; kPNj jkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jj;
njhlq;fpdu;. mq;F nkf;]pNfhTk;> NgUTk; jq;fKk; nts;spAk;
epiwe;j gpuNjrq;fshff; fhzg;gl;ld. mf;fhyj;jpy; ehL xd;wplk;
fhzg;gLk; jq;fj;jpdJk; nts;spapdJk; msT me;ehl;bd;
nghUshjhur; nrOikia mstpl;Lf; fhl;Lk; msTNfhyhff;
fUjg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 16Mk;> 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
mnkupf; f htpy; ,Ue; J nfhz; L tug; g l; l ,r; n ry; t q; f shy;
INuhg;ghtpNyNa ];ghdpah ngUQ; nry;te;j ehlhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. 16 k; E}w;whz;L ];ghdpahtpd; nghw;fhykhf
mike;jJ.

v Vida INuhg; g pa ehLfSk; Vfhjpgj; j paf; nfhs; i fiaf;

ifahStjw; F ,it J}z; L jyha; mike; j d. 18Mk;
E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ Nghu;j;Jf;fiyAk; ];ghdpahitAk; Ke;jpr;
nry;tjw;F xy;yhe;juhYk; Mq;fpNyauhYk; KbAkhapUe;jJ.

v INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd kw;nwhU nghUshjhu

Nehf;fk; fpof;F> Nkw;F tu;f;fj;ijj; jk; iff;Fs; nfhz;L
tUtjhFk;.

v Kd;G muhgpau; Mrpahtpd; nghUl;fis INuhg;ghTf;Ff; nfhz;L

nrd;W tu;j;jfk; Gupe;J te;jdu;. ,t; Ntisapy; 1453 Mk;
Mz;by; JUf;fpau; nfhd;];e;jhe;jpNehgps; efuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,e;eltbf;iffshy;>

• tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; mjpfupj;jd.

• nghUl;fs; kPjhd jPu;itfs; mjpfupf;fg;gl;ld.
• mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fis cupa fhy Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s ,ayhjpUe;jJ.
v ,jdhy; INuhg;gpau;fs; MrpahTf;Fr; nrd;W muhgpaupd; tu;j;jf
Mjpf;fj;ij xopj;J> jhNk tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Mrpag; g puNjrq; f isf; ifg; g w; w p tu; j ; j fj; i j Nkw; n fhs; s
Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,jpy; Kjypy; Nghu;jJ; f;NfaUk; gpd;du; xy;yhe;jUk;
Mq;fpNyaUk; gpuhd;]paUk; MrpahTf;F te;J muhgpa tu;j;jf
Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fp> ,Wjpapy; Mrpahtpy; jkJ Ml;rpia
epiyehl;bf; nfhz;ldu;.

135 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 rka Nehf;fk;

v ehLfhz; gazq;fis Muk;gpj;j Ntisapy; INuhg;gpau;fspd;

gpujhd Nehf;fq;fq;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.

v muhgpa Mjpf;fj;jpYs;s tu;j;jfj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;

v fpwp];jt rkaj;ij Mrpa ehLfspy; gug;Gjy;.

INuhg; g htpy; Vw; g l; l kjr; r P u ; j pUj; j k; fhuzkhfg; gy; N tW

ehLfSf;F nrd;w INuhg;gpau;fs; jk; rkaq;fisg; gug;g Kad;wdu;.
me;eltbf;iffSk;; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fs; cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. Nghu;j;JNfau; kw;Wk; ];ghdpau; fj;Njhypf;f
kjj;ijAk;> xy;yhe;ju; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyau; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijAk;
gug;gpdu;.

murpay; Nehf;fk;

INuhg; g htpy; Njrpa muRfs; Njhw; W tpf; f g; g l; l jd; gpd; d u;

me;ehLfs; jkJ Gfio Vida ehLfspy; gug;g tpUk;gpd. ehLfs;
gytw;iw mbikg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mg;Gfio <l;bf; nfhs;syhk;
vd;gJ mtu;fsJ mgpyhirahf ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW murpay; uPjpahfg;
Gfo; ngWtjw;fhf ,e;ehLfs; ,j;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;jd.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;

19Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ INuhg;gh KO cyfpw;Fk; Njitahd

nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jFjpapy; ,Ue;jJ. Vida ehLfs;
mtu; f Sf; F %yg; nghUl; f is toq; F NthuhfTk; > mtu; f sJ
cw;gj;jpfis Efu;NthuhfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,J ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapdhy;
cUthd xU epiyahFk;. ,jw;fika Mrpa> Mgpupff ; > yj;jd
P ; mnkupff;
ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;J> INuhg;gpa re;ijfspy; jq;fp
apUf;Fk; epiyf;F mit MshfpapUe;jd. ,jid ~~et FbNaw;w
thjk;|| vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fika ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd;
gpd;duhd FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; Nehf;fkhdJ
nghUshjhu uPjpapy; $ba nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ. mitahtd

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 136
1. %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpdd

; u; ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghl;bdhy;>
tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhfg; ghupa nghUSw;gj;jp nra;aNtz;ba Njit
,Ue;jJ.

mt;Tw;gj;jpf;fhf %yg; nghUl;fs; mjpfkhfj; Njitg;gl;ld.

cjhuzkhf Gilitf; ifj;njhopYf;fhd %yg; nghUshfg;
gUj;jpg; gQ;Rk; ifj;njhopy; NjitfSf;fhff; fdpaq;fSk; mtrpa
khapUe;jd.

2. re;ijiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njh

opy; Gul;rpapdhy; me; ehLfs;
cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fis
tpw;gjw;Fr; re;ijfs; Njitg;
gl;ld. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpau;fs;
jkJ nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;tjw;F re;ijfisg; ngw;
Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ehLfisf;
ifg; g w; w j; J}z; l g; g l; l du; .
,jd; thapyhf INuhg;gpag;
gz;lq;fis ,r;re;ijfspy;
cw;gj;jpfis re;ijg;gLj;j
$ba tpiyf;F tpw;W cr;r Maj;jg;gLj;jy;
,yhgj;ijg; ngWtJ mtu;
fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

137 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 3. INuhg;gpau;fSf;Fj; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj; j y;

ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r papd; N ghJ ,ae; j pu rhjdq; f s; ifahsg;

gl;likahy; INuhg;gpau;fs; jkJ Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis ,oe;jdu;.
,jw;Fj; jPut
; hf njhopy; tha;gG ; f;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; tz;zk;
jhk; MSk; ehLfspy; mtu;fisf; FbNaw;wpdu;. cjhuzk; :
If;fpa mnkupff ; h> fdlh> mT];Nuypah> epArpyhe;J> njd; Mgpupff ; h
Nghd;w ehLfspy; mk;kf;fSf;fhf FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;fpaik.

4. Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kaw;rpfspy; %yjdkpLtjw;F

re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpj; Jiwahy; <l;lg;gl;bUe;j

mjPj ,yhgj;ij kPsTk; KjypLk; Njit INuhg;gpa KjyhspfSf;F
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhfg; Gjpa FbNaw;wq;fis Muk;gpj;J mq;F Gjpa
Kaw;rpfspy; Kjypl;ldu;.

cjhuzkhf ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahy; ciof;fg;gl;l %yjdj;ijg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpNyNa ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpa> Mgpupf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; gytw;wpYk; ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt INuhg;gpau; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fis Muk;gpj;jdu;.

,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;if

Njapiyr; nra;if ,wg;gu;r; nra;if

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 138
 nraw; g hL

1. vkJ ehl; i l mbik nfhz; l INuhg; g pa ,dj; j tu; f spd;

ngau;fis tupirg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

2. INuhg;gpau;fs; FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ljd; Nehf;fk;>

,yq;ifia mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s
tpjj;ij tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu xd;W tiuf.

cyf kfhAj;jq;fSf;fhd gpd;dzp cUthf;fg;gly;

gy E}w; w hz; L fshfg; gy; N tW Nehf; f q; f Sld; cUthd

Vfhjpgj;jpag; Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpg; gpujpgyd;> cioj;Jj; jpul;lg;gl;l midj;J
nrhj;J Rfq;fisAk; mopj;njhopj;J cyfk; KOtijAk; Nghu;ff ; skhf
khw;wpajhFk;.

cyf kfhAj;jq;fspy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F

,JtiuAk; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis mikg;gjpy; ehl;lQ; nrYj;jhj

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; rpyTk; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapdhy; vOe;j Njitfshd
%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; KbTg; nghUs;fis tpw;f re;ijfisg;
ngwTk; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F Kd;te;jd.

Ntfkhd ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpia milag; ngw;w N[u;kdp>

Gjpjhf If;fpag;gl;l ,j;jhyp> Gj;jk; Gjpa Rje;jpu ehlhf cUthfp
tsu;r;rp ngw;w If;fpa mnkupf;fh> gdp ciwahj JiwKfk; xd;iwj;
Njbf; nfhz;bUe;j u\;ah> MrpahtpypUe;J NguuR xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;g
Kide;j [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfis ,g;gl;baypy; Nru;f;fyhk;.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapdhy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; tsu;r;rp

Vw;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf: ePuhtpf; fg;gy;fs;> Gifapujk;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;>
tpkhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; fz;Lgpbg;G> ehLfSf;fpilapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
nghUl;L Gjpa ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;likiaAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

♦ kj;jpajiuf; fliyAk; nrq;fliyAk; ,izf;Fk; Rna]; fhy;tha;

♦ me;jpyhe;jpf; gRgpf; rKj;jpuq;fis ,izj;J tl mnkupff
; hitAk;>
njd; mnkupf;fhitAk; gpupj;J ntl;lg;gl;l gdhkhf; fhy;tha;

139 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
♦ Nghy;bf; fliy tlflYld; ,izf;Fk; nld;khu;f;fpd; njw;fpy;
mike;Js;s fPy; fhy;tha;. ,f;fhy;tha;fshy; fggw; Nghf;Ftuj;J
,yFthdJ.

Rna]; fhy;tha; fPy; fhy;tha;

gdhkh fhy;tha;

njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fshy; cyfk; RUq;fpg; Nghdik

♦ je;jp ♦ njhiyNgrp ♦ thndhyp

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fshy; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis cUthf;f

Kd;te;j Gjpa ehLfs;kPJ> Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j ty;yuRfs; ve;NeuKk;
fz;fhzpg;Gld; ele;J nfhz;lik.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 140
INuhg;gpa ehLfspilNaahd Nghl;bAk;> gpsTfSk;

If;fpakile;j N[u;kdpapd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njhlu;e;J mjd;
nraw;ghLfs; INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa
mikjpfF; f; Fe;jfk; tpistpjj; d.

v N[u;kdp ty;yuR xd;whf

vOr;rp ngWifapy; gpuhd;
]pau; trk; ,Ue;j fdpa
tsk; epuk; g pa my; n r];
Nyhiud; gpuNjrj;ij N[u; my;rh]; gpuNjrk;
kdp ifg; g w; w pf; nfhz;
likahy; N[u; k d; kP J
gpuhd;]; FNuhjk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

v ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ cyf epyg;gug;gpy; ehd;fpd; xU

gFjpiaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUe;j gpupj;jhdpahTf;F cyfpNyNa
mjprpwe;j flw;gil xd;wpUe;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; tsu;e;J tUk;
N[u;kdpag; NguuR gpupj;jhdpahTf;F rthyhf mike;jJ. N[u;kdp>
mjpetPd MAjq;fSld; $ba fhyhl;giliaAk; flw;giliaAk;
cUthf; f pf; nfhz; L jkJ ifj; n jhopy; cw; g j; j pfisr;
re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,lq;fisj; Njbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

,t;Ntisapy; xl;Nlhkd; NguuRld; el;Gg; G+z;bUe;j N[u;kdp>

ngu;ypd;> nfhd;]j
; he;jpNehgps;> gf;jhj; efuq;fis ,izj;J Gifapujg;
ghij xd;iw mikf;f Kad;wikiaf; fz;l gpupjj ; hdpah> jkJ ,e;jpaf;
FbNaw;wq;fSf;F N[u;kdpahy; Mgj;J Neuyhk; vd;W mr;rkile;jJ.

1. gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;]_k; ,Jtiu ,Ue;j gifikia kwe;J

N[u;kDf;F vjpuhf 1904 Mk; Mz;by; Ner ehLfshapd.
,Nj fhuzj;ij itj;J u\;ahTk; 1907,y; ,t;tzpapy; Nru;eJ
;
nfhz;lJ.
2. ,jw;F vjpuhf N[u;kdpapd; jiyikapy; M];jpupahTk;
,j;jhypAk; ,ize;J kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfs; mzpia
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ld.

,t;tpU mzpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l NkhjNy Kjyhk; cyf

kfh Aj;jkhf cUntLj;jJ. ,g;NghUf;fhd cldbf; fhuzpahf
141 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
mike;jJ> M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturDk; ,sturpAk; ru[PNth
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; N\u;gpa ,dj;jtd; xUtdhy; nfhiy nra;ag;
gl;likahFk;. M];jpupah N[u;kDf;F rhu;ghd ehlhf ,Ue;jjhy; N[u;kdp
Nru;gpahTf;F tpNuhjkhf Aj;jg; gpufldk; nra;jJ. Nru;gpahTf;F cjt
Nermzpapdu; (gpupj;jhdpahit Kd;dzpahff; nfhz;l) Kd;te;jdu;.
,t;thW Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Muk;gkhapw;W.

Vwj;jho ehw;gJ Mz;Lfshf NguuRfis tp];jupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;

INuhg; g paupilNa Vw; g l; l gifikAk; > FNuhjKk; nfhz; l
Nghl;bahy; gy gpuNjrq;fspy; vOe;j Nkhjy;fs; ,Wjpahf cyf
kfh Aj;jkhf cUntLj;jJ.

Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jKk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk;

,Jtiu eLepiyikf;
nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;j If;fpa
mnkupf;fh> jdJ cw;gj;jpfis
re;ijg;gLj;Jk; xU re;ju;g;gkhf
Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ehLfSf;F
czT> cil> MAjq;fs; Mfpa
tw; i w tpepNahfpg; g jd; Clhf
nry;te;j ehlhf khwpf; nfhz;
bUe;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy;; gpupj;jh Y}rpjhdpah fg;gy;
dpahTld; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;
Ls; s rfyiuAk; vjpupfshff;
fzpj;j N[u;kdp> gpuahzpfs; fg;gyhd ~~Y}rpjhdpah||it %o;fbf;fNt
mnkupf;fh N[u;kDf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupy; Fjpj;jJ. ,J Ner ehLfspd;
mzpf;Fg; ngUk; MWjyha; mike;jJ.

FbNaw;wq;fs; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gLjy;

INuhg;gpaupd; NguuRf;Fl;gl;bUe;j ehLfSk; jkJ v[khdu;fSf;F

Mjuthf Aj;jj;jpy; gpuNtrpjj ; d Mifahy; INuhg;ghtpy; Muk;gpjj
;
,g;Nghu; gbg;gbahf cyf Aj;jkhf tbntLj;jJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 142
Aj;jj;jpd; NguopT

v ,e;j Aj;jkhdJ jhq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahj NguopTfSlDk;

kj; j pa INuhg; g pa $l; l zp ty; y uRfspd; Njhy; t pAlDk;
Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ.

v 80 ,yl;rj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l ,uhZt tPuu;fs; Aj;j fsj;jpNy khz;ldu;.

v Aj; j j; j hy; Vw; g l; l NguopT

fzf;fpl;Lf; $wKbahj
msTf;F ,Ue;jJ.

v 7.7 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu;

ifjpfshapdu;

v Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; gpupj;jhdpah>

gpuhd; ] ; > N[u; k dp Nghd; w
Aj;jj;jpd; mopT
ehLfs; fldhspfshapd.

v Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l rfy ehl;ltu;fSk;> ngUksT capu;> nghUs;

mopTf; F l; g l; l NjhL fld; Rikf; F k; Ml; g l; l du; . If; f pa
mnkupf;fhtpy; Nghu; ,lk;ngwhikahy; mJ kl;Lk; nry;te;j
ehlhfpaJ.

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jhy; tpise;j NguopTfs; ,d;ndhU
Kiw Vw;gl;L tplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhfr; ~~ru;tNjr rq;fk; (Leaque of
Nation) vDk; jhgdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

143 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshtd

1. ,dq;fSf;fpilNa rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij tsu;j;jy;.

2. Aj;jj;jpwF
; g; gjpyhfr; rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; Ngr;R thu;ji
; jfs;
%yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

3. ,dq;fspd; Raepu;zaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd rpy ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhik

„ Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;j

N[u;kdpf;F mq;fj;Jtk; fpilf;fhik

„ u\;ahTf;F mq;fj;Jtk; toq;fg;glhik

„ ru;tNjr rq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;dpdw

; If;fpa
mnkupf;fh mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhik

v jP u ; k hdq; f is nraw; g Lj; J tjw; f hd rl; l mikg; G xd; W

fhzg;glhik

,f; f huzpfshYk; NtW rpy fhuzq; f shYk; cyf

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; if$lhky; cyfk; ,uz;lhtJ ngUk;
Nghu; xd;iw Nehf;fp efu;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzp cUthjy;

Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; vy;yh ehLfspdJk;

Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis epWtpf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; rpije;J Nghdik>
cyfk; KOtJk; fhzf;$bajhapUe;j gpujhd mk;rkhFk;. me;epiy
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpw;F topfhl;bajid gy;NtW ehLfspYk;
fhzg;gl;l epiyikfis Muha;e;J ghu;f;ifapy; njspthfpd;wJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 144
 gpupj;jhdpahTk;> gpuhd;Rk; vjp;u;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;

v Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;w mzpapy; ,t;tpU

ehLfSk; ,Ue;jhYk; me;j Aj;jk; ,e;ehLfis kpf Nkhrkhfg;
ghjpg;gilar; nra;jpUe;jJ. ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijAk;>
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; capu;fisAk; ,e;ehLfs; ,oe;jd.

v cyfg; nghUshjhu rPuoptpd; tpisTfs;

v If;fpa mnkupf;fh> N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; cl;gl Vida ehLfspd;

ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fg; ghjfkhf mike;jJ.

v gpuhd;rpy; murpay; cWjpapd;ik epytpaik

,j;jhypapd; khw;wk;

v Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; ,ileLNt ,j;jhyp Ner mzpapy;

Nru;e;J nfhz;lhYk; Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; vjpu;ghu;j;j msT
Mjhaq;fs; fpilf;fhik.

v vjpu;ghu;j;j msTf;F FbNaw;w ehLfs; fpilf;fhik.

v Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpid mjpfupj;J> r%f nghUshjhug;

gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;lik.

v ehl;by; murpay; cWjpj;jd;ik mw;Wg; Nghdik

v njhopyhsu; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;L ehL KOtJk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;

,lk; ngw;wik

v ngdpl;Nlh KN]hypdpahy; ru;thjpfhu ghrprthj Ml;rp xd;W

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik KN]hypdp jkJ ehl;ilg; Nguurhf khw;wpf;
nfhs;Sk; MirAld; ,j;jhypapd; ,uhZt> flw;gilg; gyj;ij
mjpfupf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lik.

v FbNaw;wq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Mir.

145 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 N[u;kdpapd; vOr;rp

v Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; gL Njhy;tpAw;w N[u;kdp

cyfg; nghUshjhur; rPuoptpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neu;ej
; ikahy;
mjd; nghUshjhu epiy kpfTk; Nkhrkile;jJ.

• N[u;kdp jdJ FbNaw;wq;fis ,oe;jJ.

• ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;Fg; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij el;l

<lhf nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jikahy; gupjhgj;Jf;Fupa
epiyf;F MshdJ.

`pl;yu; Ml;rpf;F tuy;

v ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mNlhy;g; `pl;yu; vDk; ehrprthj

ru;thjpfhup N[u;kdpapd; Ml;rpahsdhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lik

v `pl;yu; N[u;kdpau;fNs cyfpy; kpfTk; cau;e;j rhjpapdu; vd;W

Fwpgg
; plL
; mtu;fspilNa Njrg;gw;iwAk;> ,dg;gw;iwAk; tsu;jj
; ik

v N[u;kdpapy; tptrha> ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaik

v ,uhZt> flw;gilg; gyj;ij mjpfupj;J NguuR xd;iw cUthf;f

eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik

Mrpahtpy; Nguunrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; [g;ghdpd;

nfhs; i f

v INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jhDk; gpdg

; w;wp
ifj;njhopy;> tptrhaj; Jiwfspy; ngUKd;Ndw;wj;ij
mile;jik

v jkJ KbTg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;jTk;> %yg;nghUl;fisg;

ngwTk; FbNaw;w ehLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Njit mjw;F
Vw;gl;lik.

v [g;ghd;> Nkw;fj;ija Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfSf;F mr;RWj;jyhf

,Ue;jik

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 146
INuhg;gh ,U mzpfshfg; gpupjy;

N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspd; vOr;rp> ,uz;lhk;

cyf kfhAj;jj;jpw;fhd gpujhd fhuzpahFk;. ,e;epiyikia NkYk;
Nkhrkhf;fpaJ mk;%d;W ehLfSk; ,ufrpa xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J
nfhz;likahFk;.

,k;Kf;$l;L mzpfF
; vjpuhf INuhg;ghtpy; gpupjj
; hdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk;
xd;W Nru;e;jd. ,t;tpU mzpfSk; cyfk; KOtJk; Aj;j gPjpia
tsu;jj
; d.

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; Njhy;tp

cyf rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; ru;tNjr rq;fk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk; tsu;rr
; pAw;W te;j gpur;rpidfis rkhspfF
; k; Mw;wy;
,r;rigaplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; jd;Dila gyj;ijf;
fhz;gpf;Fk; tz;zk; N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; vDk; ehLfs;
Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wp te;jd.

cjhuzkhf : N[u;kdp M];jp;upahit Mf;fpukpj;jy;> ,j;jhyp

mgPrPdpahit (vj;jpNahg;gpahit) Mf;fpukpj;jy;> [g;ghd; kQ;#upahit
Mf;fpukpj;jy;.

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;F mr;nray;fisf; fz;bg;gijj; jtpu> vjpuhf

nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; ru;tNjr rq;fk;
nraypoe;jJ.

,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;

,t;thwhd fhuzpfshy; ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jj;jpwf
; hd gpdd
; zp
cUthfpf; nfhz;L tUifapy;> Aj;jj;jpw;fhd cldbf; fhuzkhf
N[u;kdp> Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik mike;jJ.

Nghye;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;j u\;ahTf;F ,J

ngUk; Vkhw;wkhfpaJ. u\;ahTld; $l;Lr; Nru;e;jpUe;j gpuhd;Rk;>
gpupj;jhdpahTk; ,jdhy; N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf Aj;jg; gpufldk; nra;jd.
vdpDk; mg;Nghupy; N[u;kdp ntw;wpaile;jJ.

,jdhy; N[u;kdp jd; Mf;fpukpgG

; f; nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;eJ
; Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nrd;wJ. N[u;kdpAk;> ,j;jhypAk; ,t;thW Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifia

147 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 INuhg;ghtpy; Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;ifapy;> [g;ghd; Mrpahtpy;
Nguunrhd;iw fl;bnaOg;Gk;
tifapy; nraw; g l; l J. vdpDk;
FbNaw;wq;fspy; gy gpupj;jhdpah>
gpuhd; ] ; > mnkupf; f h Nghd; w
ehLfspd; fPo; ,Ue;jjhy; Nguuirf;
fl;b vOg;g [g;ghd; ,e;j
Vfhjpgj; j paq; f Sld; Nghuhl
Ngu;s; JiwKfk; jhf;fg;gly;
Ntz; b a epiy Vw; g l; l J. ,e;
epiyapy; `tha; jPtpy;
mike;jpUe; mnkupf;ff; flw;gil mjd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; jilahf
mike;jpUe;jjdhy; Ngu;s; Jiw Kfj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j mnkupf;ff;
flw;gil kPJ [g;ghd; Fz;L tPrpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpaJ.
,jdhy; Nfhgkile;j mnkupf;fh> [g;ghDf;F vjpuhf Aj;jg;
gpufldk; nra;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; N[u;kdpAk;> ,j;jhypAk; [g;ghDf;Fj;
Jizahf te;jd. INuhg;ghtpw;Fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j Aj;jk; cyf
Aj;jkhf khwpaJ.

cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpy; ,yq;if

vkJ ehlhd ,yq; i fAk; gpupj; j hdpahtpd; FbNaw; w khf

,Ue;jgbahy; Nghu;;f;fskhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; nfhOk;G>
jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; [g;ghd; Fz;L tPrpj; jhf;fpaJ.
,e;j Aj;jk; N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp Mfpa
ehLfs; cs;slq;fpa mr;R mzp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJld;
Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ.
,uz;lhk cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; mopTfs;.
cyf tuyhw;wpNyNa
,Jtiu ,lk;ngw;w nfh^ukhd
Nghuhf ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;
fUjg; g LfpwJ. ,jpy; Vw; g l; l
capupog; G 50 kpy; y paDf; F k;
mjpfk; vd kjpgg
; plg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
Vw;gl;l gz mopTfSk;> nrhj;J
mopTfSk; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F mg;ghw;
gl;litahFk;. tpNrlkhf ,e;j

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 148
`pNuhrpkh mopT
Aj;jj;jpy; mZFz;L Kjd; Kjyhf [g;ghd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,d;Wk; [g;ghdpy; `pNuh\pkh> ehf]hfp efuq;fspy; mjd; moptpd;
nfh^uj;ijg; ghu;f;ff; $bajhAs;sJ. 1960 fspd; jrhg;jk; KbtilAk;
jWthapy; Mrpahtpy; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; gy Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;wd.

,uz;lhk cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd; Rje;jpukile;j ehLfs;

1' gpypg;igd;]; - 1946 2' ,e;jpah - 1947

3' ,yq;if - 1948 4' ,e;NjhNd\pah - 1949
5' fk;Nghbah - 1953 6' yhNth]; - 1953
7' kNy\pah - 1957

tpisTfs; .

1. cyfpd; Kjd;ik ty;yuRfshd gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk;

mt;t;plj;ij ,of;f> If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTk;
mjidj; jkjhf;fp nfhz;ld.

2. FbNaw;wthjk; Kw;Wg; ngw;W mbik ehLfs; Rje;jpukilaj;

njhlq;fpd. 1947 ,y; ,e;jpahTk; ghfp]j
; hDk;> 1948 y; ,yq;ifAk;
Rje;jpuk; mile;jd. cyf ehLfs; If;fpa mnkup;f;fhtpd;
jiyikapy; XuzpahfTk;> Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; jiyikapy;
kW mzpahfTk; khwpg; Gjpa mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;J
itj;jd. u\;ahtpy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;L> cyfpd; KjyhtJ nghJTlik
nghUshjhuKk; fk;A+dp];l; muRk; Njhd;wp cyfpw;F Gjpa
topiaf; fhz;gpj;jd.

3. Aj;jk; Kbtile;jJk; mnkupf;f If;fpa ,uhr;rpaKk; Nrhtpaj;

u\;ahTk; mjp gyk; nghUe;jpa ehLfshf vOr;rp ngw;wNjhL
jj;jk; gf;fk; ehLfis Nru;jJ
; f; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld; Kaw;rpjj
; d.
,jdhy; Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh ehLfSf;F gupG+uz murpay; Rje;jpuk;
toq;f Ntz;ba epiy Nkw;fj;jpa cyFf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

149 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 rkhjhd Kaw;rp

xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg; Ngzpf; nfhz;L cyf

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ru;tNjr rq;fj;ij tplg; gyk; tha;e;j
jhgdk; xd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; mtrpak; ,uz;lhk; cyf
kfhAj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; ntFthf czug;gl;lJ.

,jw;fika If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah> gpupj;jhdpah

Mfpa ehLfs; xd;W Nru;e;J If;fpa ehLfs; rigiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd.
,j;jhgdj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fshtd

♦ cyf rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;

♦ ru;tNjr ghJfhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jy;
♦ ePjp epahaj;ijg; Ngzy;
♦ Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
♦ kdpj cupikfis kjpj;Jg;
Ngzy; I.eh rigapd; jyikafk;

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; Fiwepiwfisg; guprPypj;J> gyk; tha;e;j

mikg;ghf If;fpa ehLfs; rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpujhdkhf
MW mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;L mike;jJ.

♦ nghJr;rig
♦ ghJfhg;Gr; rig
♦ r%f nghUshjhu rig
♦ nrayfk;
♦ ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig
♦ ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wKk; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; Kf;fpa

nghWg;ig tfpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

If;fpa ehLfs; rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L miu E}w;whz;Lfs;

fle;Jtpl;l epiyapy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; kfj;jhd
gq;fspg;ig mJ toq;fpAs;sJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 150
 nraw;ghL

1. FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fk; cyf

kfhAj;jk; tiu tpUj;jp mile;J nrd;w tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

2. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd ehLfis

cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;J> mzp uPjpahf epw%l;Lf.

3. ~~,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpujhd Fw;wthsp N[u;kdpNa”

vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpthjk; xd;iw elhj;Jf.

RUf;fk;

♦ kWkyu;rr ; pf; fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpa ehLfhz; gazq;fs;

NguuRfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; msTf;F
tsu;r;rpAw;wd.

♦ Muk;g fhyj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

Nehf;fk; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; NtW tbtk; vLj;jJ.
,jpypUe;J gy;NtW rf;jpfshy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mjd; Nehf;fk;;
khWjy; mile;J te;jJ.

♦ ty;yuRfspd; Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;gpf; nfhs;Sk; Nghl;bapdhy;

ngUksT capu; clikfs; mopTw Neu;e;jJ.

♦ cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig ngUk;

gzpahw;wpAs;sJ.

151 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf