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Models of Policy Making

The document outlines several models of policy making: 1) The institutional model focuses on the traditional organization of government and constitutional provisions. 2) The elite-mass model views a policy-making elite governing a passive mass through a top-down flow of policy. 3) The group model sees groups as bridges between individuals and government, with the political system establishing rules and compromises. 4) The systems model views policy-making as a cyclical process that converts demands into policy through inputs, outputs, and feedback within a "black box".

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Investor MRK
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
160 views

Models of Policy Making

The document outlines several models of policy making: 1) The institutional model focuses on the traditional organization of government and constitutional provisions. 2) The elite-mass model views a policy-making elite governing a passive mass through a top-down flow of policy. 3) The group model sees groups as bridges between individuals and government, with the political system establishing rules and compromises. 4) The systems model views policy-making as a cyclical process that converts demands into policy through inputs, outputs, and feedback within a "black box".

Uploaded by

Investor MRK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODELS

OF
POLICY MAKING

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


INSTITUTIONAL MODEL

• Focuses on the traditional organization of government.


Describes the duties and arrangements of bureaus and
departments. Considers constitutional provisions,
administrative and common law, and judicial decisions. It
focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism
executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc.

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


ELITE-MASS MODEL

A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by


apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely
passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the
mass. Society is divided into those who have power and those
who do not. Elites share values that differentiate them from the
mass.

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


GROUP MODEL

The group is the bridge between the individual and the


government.
The task of the political system is to
• 1) establish the rules of the game
• 2) arrange compromises and balance interests

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


SYSTEMS MODEL
Relies on information theory concepts such as input, output, and
feedback. Sees the policy process as cyclical. Asks, "what are the
significant variables and patterns in the public policy-making system?"
What goes on within the 'black box' of conversion of demands into public
policy? What are the inputs and outputs? Public policy is viewed as the
response of the political system to forces brought to bear on it from the
outside environment. The environment surrounds the political system. In
this model, "environment" means physical: natural resources, climate,
topography; demographic: population size, age, and distribution, and
location; political: ideology, culture, social structure, economy, and
Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib

technology.
STREAMS AND WINDOWS MODEL
The political stream is where the government agenda is formed: the list
of issues or problems to be resolved by government. This occurs as the
result of the interaction of major forces such as the national mood,
organized interests, and dynamics of public administration
(jurisdictional disputes among agencies, the makeup of government
personnel, etc). The players are often quite visible, as members of the
administration, appointees and staff, Congress, media, interest groups,
those associated with elections, parties and campaigns, and public
opinion. A consensus is achieved among those groups and a bandwagon
effect
Public orwithtitle
Administration effect
Syed Ahsan Zohaib occurs as everyone wants to be in on the policy
resolution and not excluded.
GAME THEORY

Game theory is the process of modeling the strategic


interaction between two or more players in a situation
containing set rules and outcomes. While used in a
number of disciplines, game theory is most notably
used as a tool within the study of economics.

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


OPTIMAL – NORMATIVE MODEL

A normative model is one which asks what the answer to a


problem should be, and a process model is one that asks how
it is solved. A normative model answers an
optimization question – if you are trying to solve a problem,
what's the optimal way to solve it?

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


MARKET EXCHANGE MODEL

Free market economy (already discussed)

Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib


BOUNDED RATIONALITY MODEL

Bounded rationality is the idea that rationality is


limited, when individuals make decisions, by the
tractability of the decision problem, the cognitive
limitations of the mind, and the time available to make
the decision. Decision-makers, in this view, act
as satisfices, seeking a satisfactory solution rather than
an optimal one.
Public Administration with Syed Ahsan Zohaib

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