Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.1:

Gases are more compressible than liquids because the distance between the gas molecules is
much greater than the distance between molecules in a liquid.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.2:

The pressure at the bottom of a stagnant fluid is greater than at the top of the fluid. The
higher pressure at the bottom is due to the weight of the fluid above it.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.3:

a. Since mass is conserved and the density and area are constant, the average outlet velocity
out must be equal to the average inlet velocity. In equation form:

This does not change if you are going uphill or downhill.

b. The pressure will drop as the fluid flows through the pipe due to friction losses.

c. The potential energy of the liquid increases as it is pumped up a hill. The numerical
value of the shaft work term (ws) will be positive. The pump performs work on the fluid
in order to increase the energy of the fluid.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.4:

The first drawback is that the pressure available at the bottom of the tank is a function of the
height of the fluid in the tank. Because the height is expected to vary with time, the resulting
flow rate would also vary with time.

The second drawback is that the pressure at the bottom of the tank may not be high enough to
provide the NaOH at the desired flow rate.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.5:

Neither the dishwasher nor the clothes washer require extremely high pressures. Therefore,
either type of pump is capable of supplying the desired pressure. The centrifugal pump has
the additional advantage of running safely even when the outlet line is completely plugged.
A centrifugal pump is the recommended type of pump (and is the type of pump typically
used).
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 7.6.:

The rupture disc provides a safety feature by which the pressure downstream of the pump
will not exceed a specified threshold pressure. Furthermore, when the threshold pressure is
reached, the rupture disc and enclosure ensure that a rupture will occur within the safe
enclosure rather than somewhere else where people or the environment may be adversely
affected.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.1:

a. Because the pressure-measuring device reads the atmospheric pressure as zero, all
pressures are read as gauge pressures, so

peak pressure:

mm Hg: P = 120 mm Hg (gauge)

1atm
atm: P = 120 mm Hg = 0.16 atm
760 mm Hg

pressure between beats:

mm Hg: P = 80 mm Hg (gauge)
1 atm
atm: P = 80 mm Hg = 0.11 atm
760 mm Hg

b. The absolute pressures will be the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure, so

peak pressure:

mm Hg: P = = 120 mm Hg + 760 mm Hg = 880 mm Hg

atm: P = 0.16 atm + 1 atm = 1.16 atm

pressure between beats:

mm Hg: P = = 80 mm Hg + 760 mm Hg = 840 mm Hg

atm: P = 0.11 atm + 1 atm = 1.11 atm

Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.2:

The relationship for the gauge pressure of a stagnant liquid is: P = ρgh

Writing this equation twice, once for a depth of 8 ft and once for a depth of 48 ft:

P8 ft = ρg(8 ft) (1)

P48 ft = ρg(48 ft) (2)

Taking a ratio of these two equations and recognizing that the density of the water is the
same at both depths and that the acceleration due to gravity is also the same at both depths,
P48 ft ρ g(48 ft )
= =6
P8 ft ρ g(8 ft)
Solving for P48 ft,
P48 ft = 6 P8 ft = 6(3.5 psi) = 21 psi
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.3:

We begin by selecting reference points at the locations shown.

Pressure = pg (absolute)
1 Gas

L1 Liquid 1 Density = !1
2

L2 Liquid 2 Density = !2
3

The relationship for pressures at locations 1 and 2 in a stagnant liquid is

P2 – P1 = ρ1g (z1 – z2) (1)

Similarly, for pressures at locations 2 and 3

P3 – P2 = ρ2g (z2 – z3) (2)

However, z1 – z2 = L1, z2 – z3 = L2, and P1 = pg, so Equations 1 and 2 become

P2 – pg = ρ1gL1 (3)
and
P3 – P2 = ρ2gL2 (4)

Solving Equation 3 for P2,

P2 = pg + ρ1gL1 (5)

Solving Equation 4 for P3 and substituting Equation 5,

P3 = P2 + ρ2gL2 = pg + ρ1gL1 + ρ2gL2
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.4:

Equation 7.8a is

⎛P 1 αv 2
⎞ ⎛P 1 αv 2
⎞
⎜ + avg + gz⎟ - ⎜ + avg + gz⎟ = w s - w f
⎝ρ 2
⎠2 ⎝ρ 2
⎠1

a. Converting to Btu/lbm:

P lb f in ⎛ 1 Btu ⎞ ⎛ 144 in 2 ⎞
2
⎜ Btu
: ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⇒
ρ lbm ft3 ⎝ 778.1 ft lb f ⎠ ⎝ ft 2 ⎠ lbm

⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛⎜ 1 s lb f ⎞ ⎛⎜ 1 Btu ⎞⎟
2 2
2 Btu
2 αv avg ⎟ ⇒
1
: ⎝ ⎠
s ⎝ 32.174 lb m ft ⎠ ⎝ 778.1 ft lb f ⎠ lb m

⎛ 32.174 ft ⎞ ⎛ 1 s2 lb ⎞ ⎛ 1 Btu ⎞ Btu

⎟( )⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
f
gz : ⎜ ft ⎟⎟ ⇒
⎝ s2 ⎠ 32.174 lb ft ⎟ ⎜ 778.1 ft lb lbm
⎝ m ⎠⎝ f ⎠

b. Converting to J/kg:

P N m2 ⎛ 1 J ⎞ J
: ⎜ ⎟ ⇒
ρ kg m 3 ⎝1 N m ⎠ kg

1 αv 2 ⎛ m ⎞2 ⎛ 1 N ⎞ ⎛ 1 J ⎞ J
avg : ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⇒
2 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 1 kg m s2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 N m ⎠ kg

⎛ 9.80 m ⎞ ⎛ 1N ⎞⎛ 1J ⎞ J
gz : ⎜ 2 ⎟ ( m) ⎜ 2⎟⎜ ⎟ ⇒
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝1 kg m s ⎠ ⎝ 1 N m ⎠ kg
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.5:

First, we select the reference points as shown

tube
1

h
2

a. From Equation 7.9b,

P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = 0
We now make the following substitutions:

α = 1 (which you are instructed to assume in this class unless told otherwise)
P2 − P1
P1 = P2 = Patm, so =0
ρ
v1,avg = 0

z2 – z1 = -h (negative because z is positive upwards, and z1>z2)

Thus, Equation 7.9b becomes

1 2
2 v 2,avg - gh = 0

Solving for the exit velocity,

v 2,avg = 2gh

b. From the above results,

( )
v 2,avg = 2 980cm /s2 ( 7cm) = 117cm /s
But the area of flow is
π 2 π
d = (1cm) = 0.785cm 2
2
A=
4 4
so,
( )
V˙ =v 2,avg A = (117cm /s) 0.785cm 2 = 92.0cm 3 /s
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.6:

a. Absolute pressure = 100 mm Hg + 760 mm Hg = 860 mm Hg

101325 Pa
= 860 mm Hg = 114660 Pa
760 mm Hg

b. From Equation 7.9b (where friction and shaft work are considered negligible),
P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = 0
Assuming α1 = α2 ≈ 1, neglecting height changes, and rearranging

1
P2 = P1 − ρ v 2,avg
2
2
( 2
− v1,avg )
⎡ 2⎤
m ⎞⎟ ⎥⎛ 1Pa ⎞
⎛ 2
1⎜ kg ⎞⎟⎢⎛⎜ m ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜
= 114660Pa − 1060 ⎟⎢⎜ 4.50 ⎟ − ⎜0.50 ⎟ ⎥⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝1kg /m s2 ⎠
m 3 ⎠⎢⎣⎝ s⎠ ⎝

= 114,660 Pa – 10,600 Pa = 104,060 Pa

760 mm Hg
c. P2 = (104060 Pa −101325 Pa) = 20.5 mm Hg
101325 Pa
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.7: Once again, we start with Equation 7.9b (since we are neglecting
friction and there are no moving parts).
P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = 0
Not only will we set the values of α to 1.0, but we also recognize that, for a horizontal
Venturi meter, z2 – z1 = 0. Therefore
P2 - P1
ρ
(
+ 12 v 2,2 avg -v 1,avg
2
)= 0
or
(2
P1 - P2 = 12 ρ v 2,avg
2
-v1,avg ) (1)

Finally, from Equation 7.10,

V˙ V˙ V˙ V˙
v 1,avg = =π 2 and v 2,avg = =π 2 (2)
A1 4 d1 A2 4 d2

One strategy would be to substitute Equation(s) 2 into Equation 1, giving

⎡⎛ ⎞ 2 ⎛ V˙ ⎞ 2 ⎤ ˙2⎡ ⎤
⎟ ⎥ = 8 ρV ⎢ 1 − 1 ⎥
˙
P1 - P2 = 12 ρ⎢⎜⎜
V
⎟ −⎜ (3)
⎢ π d2 ⎟ ⎜ π d2 ⎟ ⎥ π 2 ⎣ d24 d14 ⎦
⎣⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 1⎠
⎦
Another strategy would be to separately perform the calculation converting each volumetric
flow rate into the two velocities as shown in Equation(s) 2 and then use Equation 1.
The volumetric flow rate is given in gal/min but would be more convenient in ft3/s, so one
could convert all flow rate values to ft3/s on the spreadsheet. This is done using the
following conversion factors:
gal ⎛ 1 min ⎞ ⎛ 1 ft 3 ⎞ ft 3
Flow rate conversion: ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⇒
min ⎝ 60 s ⎠ ⎝ 7.4805 gal ⎠ s

Finally, if Equation 1 or 3 is used with the units of density being lbm /ft3 and velocity being
ft/s, the units of the pressure difference will be
lbm ⎛ ft ⎞
2
lb
3 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ m2
ft ⎝ s ⎠ ft s
To convert that result to psi (which is lbf /in2), the following strategy is needed
lbm ⎛⎜ 1 lb f s
2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ft ⎞ 2 lb f
Pressure conversion: ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⇒
ft s2 ⎜⎝ 32.174 lbm ft ⎟⎠ ⎝12 in ⎠ in 2

The spreadsheet on the next page uses Equation(s) 2 to calculate velocities and then uses
Equation 1 to compute ∆P. It also uses the conversions described above to express the flow
rate in units of ft3/s and the pressure difference in units of psi. As shown by the lines drawn
on the graph, a pressure difference of 2.75 psi corresponds to a flow rate of approximately 72
gal/min.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.7 (continued):

Pipe diameter (in): 3
Throat diameter (in): 1.2
Liquid density (lbm/ft3): 62.4
For a venturi meter, ∆P=1/2 rho*(v2^2-v1^2)

Vol. flow Vol.flow velocity 1 velocity 2 p1-p2 p1-p2

gal/min ft^3/sec ft/sec ft/sec lbm/sec^2 ft lbf/in^2

(divide by (divide by (divide by (using above (divide by

7.4805 gal/ft^3 area of area of formula) 32.2 lbm ft/s^2 lbf
and 60s/min) pipe) throat) and
144 in^2/ft^2)

0 0 0.000 0.000 .0 .0000

5 .0111 0.227 1.418 61.2 .0132
10 .0223 0.454 2.837 244.7 .0528
15 .0334 0.681 4.255 550.5 .1187
20 .0446 0.908 5.674 978.6 .2111
25 .0557 1.135 7.092 1529.1 .3298
30 .0668 1.362 8.510 2201.9 .4749
35 .0780 1.589 9.929 2997.0 .6463
40 .0891 1.816 11.347 3914.4 .8442
45 .1003 2.042 12.766 4954.2 1.0685
50 .1114 2.269 14.184 6116.3 1.3191
55 .1225 2.496 15.602 7400.7 1.5961
60 .1337 2.723 17.021 8807.5 1.8995
65 .1448 2.950 18.439 10336.5 2.2292
70 .1560 3.177 19.858 11987.9 2.5854
75 .1671 3.404 21.276 13761.7 2.9679
80 .1782 3.631 22.694 15657.7 3.3768
85 .1894 3.858 24.113 17676.1 3.8121
90 .2005 4.085 25.531 19816.8 4.2738
95 .2117 4.312 26.950 22079.8 4.7619
100 .2228 4.539 28.368 24465.2 5.2763
Venturi meter

120

100

Vol.
80

Flow (gal/ 60

min)
40

20

0

0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00

Pressure Change (psi)

Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.8:

The relevant relationship is Equation 7.8b:
P2 − P1 1
+ (α 2v 2,avg
2
− α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 − z1) = ws − w f
ρ 2
It makes sense to define the blood inlet to the hemodialyzer as location “1” and the blood
outlet as location “2”. Because the inlet and outlet tubing have the same diameter, the
average inlet and outlet velocities are equal. Also, since there are no moving parts between
the inlet and outlet, there is no shaft work (ws).
a) For the horizontal orientation, z2 –z1 =0, so
P2 − P1
= −w f
ρ
P2 –P1 =-ρwf

= 1.06 g/cm3 (-45,000 cm2/s2) =-47,700 g/cm s2

g 760 mm Hg 1Pa 1kg 100 cm
= −47, 700 2 2
= −35.8 mm Hg
cm s 101, 325 Pa 1kg / m s 1000 g 1m
So, the pressure of the blood drops 35.8 mm Hg as it passes through the dialyzer.

b) For the vertical orientation with the outlet at the top, z2 –z1 =L, so
P2 − P1
+ gL = −w f
ρ
P2 –P1 =ρ(-wf –gL)

= 1.06 g/cm3 [-45,000 cm2/s2-(980 cm/s2)(30 cm)] =-78,900 g/cm s2

g 760 mm Hg 1Pa 1kg 100 cm
= −78, 900 2 2
= −59.2 mm Hg
cm s 101, 325 Pa 1kg / m s 1000 g 1m
So, the pressure of the blood drops 59.2 mm Hg as it passes through the dialyzer.

c) For the vertical orientation with the outlet at the bottom, z2 –z1 =-L, so
P2 − P1
− gL = −w f
ρ
P2 –P1 =ρ(-wf +gL)

= 1.06 g/cm3 [-45,000 cm2/s2+(980 cm/s2)(30 cm)] =-16,500 g/cm s2

g 760 mm Hg 1Pa 1kg 100 cm
= −16, 500 2 2
= −12.4 mm Hg
cm s 101, 325 Pa 1kg / m s 1000 g 1m
So, the pressure of the blood drops 12.4 mm Hg as it passes through the dialyzer.
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.9:

a. The reference locations of interest are

location #1: turbine inlet
location #2: turbine outlet
Once again, the governing equation is
P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = ws − w f
In this case, the following simplifications apply:

P1 = P2 = Patm (since both the inlet and outlet steam jets are in the open atmosphere)

z1 = z2 (since the system is horizontal)

wf = 0 (since we are told to neglect friction)

α1 = α2 = 1.0 (our usual assumption)

v1,avg = vi and v2,avg = vo (given)

Thus, the mechanical energy equation becomes

1
2 (v 2o -v i2 ) = ws
b. For the given values,

⎡ m⎞ ⎤⎛ 1 J ⎞
1 ⎢⎛126 m ⎞
2
⎛ 2
J
ws = 2 ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ 317 ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ = - 42,300
⎢⎣⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝1 kg m s ⎠
2 kg

This number is negative, because ws is the amount of work done by the environment on
the fluid, but in this case, the fluid is doing work on its environment. Therefore, we want
the negative of ws, or

wturbine = -ws = 42,300 J/kg

Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.10: Again, the first step is to select reference locations. In this case, we
select reference location #1 at the top of the water in the reservoir and location #2 at the inlet
to the treatment pipe.

From Equation 7.8b,

P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = ws − w f
We now make the following substitutions:
α = 1 (which you are instructed to assume in this class unless told otherwise)
P1 = Patm= 0 psig
v1,avg = 0
v2,avg ≈ 0 (given as a hint)
The mechanical energy equation now becomes
P2
+ g(z2 - z1 ) = ws − w f
ρ
or
P2
ws = + g(z2 - z1 ) + w f
ρ
The other given values are:
P2 = 450 psig
z2 – z1 = -2800 ft
wf = 4.9 hp s/lbm
and the density of water is 62.4 lbm/ft3.
As these values are substituted into the mechanical energy equation, each term will be
converted to the same units as given for the friction term, namely hp s/lbm.
P2 450 lb f in ⎛ 12 in ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
2 2
1 hp hp s
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.9
ρ 62.4 lbm ft ⎝ 1 ft ⎠ ⎝ 550 ft lb f s ⎠
3 lbm

⎛ ⎛ 1 s2 lb ⎞⎛ ⎞
ft ⎞ 1 hp hp s
g(z2 − z1 ) = ⎜ 32.174 2 ⎟(−2800 ft)⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
f
⎜ ⎟⎟ = −5.1
⎝ s ⎠ ⎟
⎝ 32.174 lbm ft ⎠⎝ 550 ft lb f s ⎠ lbm

Thus
ws = 1.9 - 5.1 + 4.9 = 1.7 hp s/lbm
But from Equation 7.11 (as suggested by the hint in the problem)
Power = ρV˙w s
Inserting the appropriate values
⎛ lb ⎞ ⎛ gal ⎞ ⎛⎜ 1 ft 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ hp s ⎞⎟
Power = ⎜ 62.4 m3 ⎟ ⎝ 63.5 1.7 = 900 hp
⎝ ft ⎠ s ⎠ ⎝ 7.48 gal ⎠ ⎝ lb m ⎠
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.11:

a. The pressure will vary as shown below.
2

Pressure
Patm

Location
The gradual decrease in pressure depicted for the horizontal sections of pipe is due to
friction. For the case where friction is neglected, the pressure would not change for those
horizontal sections. The steeper fall and rise is due to the change in height. The very
sharp rise in pressure, of course, is due to the pump.
b. As depicted on the drawing in part a., the lowest pressure will be at the top of the hill.
c. For this calculation, the most convenient locations are at the inlet to the system and at the
top of the hill, as depicted in the drawing above. This is because we want the pump to be
within the region we calculate (so we can find the amount of work) and we want to use
the information about the lowest pressure being equal to the vapor pressure (the lowest
pressure is at the top of the hill).
Once again, the governing equation is
P2 - P1
ρ
+ 1
2 (α 2v 2,2 avg - α1v1,avg
2
) + g(z2 - z1) = ws − w f
For this problem, the simplifications are
P1 = 0 (gauge)
α1 = α2 = 1.0 (our usual assumption)
v1 = v2 (because the pipe diameter is the same at both locations)
wf = 0 (we are told to neglect friction)
Thus, the equation becomes
P2
+ g(z2 - z1 ) = ws
ρ
Chapter 7 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Homework Problem 7.11 (continued):

Because we are working with gauge pressure, we need to convert the value of P2 into
gauge pressure, preferably psig.

P2,gauge = P2,abs – Patm = 17 mm Hg – 760 mm Hg = -743 mm Hg

Converting to psig (using the fact that 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psi)
14.7 psi
P2, gauge = −743 mm Hg (gauge) = − 14.4 psig
760 mm Hg
We also recognize that
z2 – z1 = 2500 ft

So,
P2
ws = + g(z2 - z1 )
ρ
−14.4 lb f in 2 ⎛ 32.2 lbm ft ⎞⎛ 12 in ⎞
2
⎛ ft ⎞ ft 2
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ 32.174 ⎟(2500 ft) = 79400
62.4 lbm ft 3 ⎜⎝ s2 lb f ⎟⎠⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ s2 ⎠ s2

Finally, from Equation 7.11

Power (delivered to the water) = ρV˙w s

ft 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ft 3 ⎞⎛1 min ⎞⎛⎜ 1 lb f s ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎛ lb ⎞⎛ gal ⎞⎛
2
1 hp
= ⎜62.4 m3 ⎟⎜150 ⎟⎜ 79400 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ft ⎠⎝ min ⎠⎝ s2 ⎠ ⎝ 7.4058 gal ⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠⎜⎝ 32.174 lbm ft ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 550 ft lb f s ⎟⎠
= 94.5 hp

or, in units of W,

ft 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ft 3 ⎞⎛1 min ⎞⎛⎜ 1 lb f s ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ gal ⎞⎛
2
1W
= ⎜62.4 3 ⎟⎜150 ⎟⎜ 79400 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ft ⎠⎝ min ⎠⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 7.4058 gal ⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠⎝ 32.174 lbm ft ⎟⎠⎜⎝ .7376 ft lb f s ⎟⎠
= 70,500 W = 70.5 kW

But we want the power to operate the pump, which from Equation 7.12, is
Power delivered to the pump 70.5 kW
Power to operate the pump = = = 90.4 kW
Efficiency .78

Thus the cost to operate the pump will be

⎛ $0.12 ⎞
Cost = ⎜ ⎟ (90.4 kW ) = $10.85 hr
⎝ kW hr ⎠