FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE  The major purpose of care is to achieve an

 Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of interpersonal relationship with the individual to
the Environmental Theory.  facilitate the development of the core.
 Defined Nursing as “the act of utilizing the  The “care” circle defines a professional nurse’s
environment of the patient to assist him in his primary role, such as providing bodily care for
recovery.” the patient. The “core” is the patient receiving
 Stated that nursing “ought to signify the proper nursing care. The “cure” is the aspect of nursing
use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, that involves the administration of medications
and the proper selection and administration of and treatments.
diet – all at the least expense of vital power to JEAN WATSON
the patient.”  She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory
 Identified five (5) environmental factors: fresh of Transpersonal Caring.
air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or  “Nursing is concerned with promoting health,
sanitation, and light or direct sunlight. preventing illness, caring for the sick, and
VIRGINIA HENDERSON restoring health.”
 Developed the Nursing Need Theory  Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their
 Focuses on the importance of increasing the patients and how that caring progresses into
patient’s independence to hasten their progress better plans to promote health and wellness,
in the hospital. prevent illness and restore health.
 Emphasizes the basic human needs and how  Focuses on health promotion, as well as the
nurses can assist in meeting those needs. treatment of diseases.
 “The nurse is expected to carry out a physician’s  Caring is central to nursing practice and
therapeutic plan, but individualized care is the promotes health better than a simple medical
result of the nurse’s creativity in planning for cure.
care.” PATRICIA BENNER
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH  Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in
 Developed the 21 Nursing Problems Theory Nursing Practice
 “Nursing is based on an art and science that  “The nurse-patient relationship is not a uniform,
molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, professionalized blueprint but rather a
and technical skills of the individual nurse into kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some
the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, of the most dramatic, poignant, and mundane
cope with their health needs.” moments of life.”
 Changed the focus of nursing from disease-  Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses’ caring
centered to patient-centered and began to practices when nurses are rewarded more for
include families and the elderly in nursing care. efficiency, technical skills, and measurable
 The nursing model is intended to guide care in outcomes.
hospital institutions but can also be applied to  States that caring practices are instilled with
community health nursing, as well. knowledge and skill regarding everyday human
LYDIA E. HALL needs.
 Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory is also MARTHA E. ROGERS
known as the “Three Cs of Lydia Hall.“  In Roger’s Theory of Human Beings, she
 Hall defined Nursing as the “participation in defined Nursing as “an art and science that is
care, core and cure aspects of patient care, humanistic and humanitarian.
where CARE is the sole function of nurses,  The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains
whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is
other members of the health team.” the knowledge specific to the field of nursing
 that comes from scientific research; and the art community) and on the client’s responses to
of nursing, which involves using nursing stressors.
creatively to help better the lives of the patient.  The client system includes five variables
 A patient can’t be separated from his or her (physiological, psychological, sociocultural,
environment when addressing health and developmental, and spiritual). It is
treatment. conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy
DOROTHEA E. OREM resources) surrounded by concentric circles that
 In her Self-Care Theory, she defined Nursing as include lines of resistance, a normal defense line,
“The act of assisting others in the provision and and a flexible line of defense.
management of self-care to maintain or improve SISTER CALLISTA ROY
human functioning at the home level of  In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a
effectiveness.” “health care profession that focuses on human
 Focuses on each individual’s ability to perform life processes and patterns and emphasizes the
self-care. promotion of health for individuals, families,
 Composed of three interrelated theories: (1) the groups, and society as a whole.”
theory of self-care, (2) the self-care  Views the individual as a set of interrelated
deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems that strives to maintain a balance
systems, which is further classified into wholly between various stimuli.
compensatory, partially compensatory, and  Inspired the development of many middle-range
supportive-educative. nursing theories and adaptation instruments.
IMOGENE M. KING MARGARET A. NEWMAN
 Conceptual System and Middle-Range Theory  Health as Expanding Consciousness
of Goal Attainment  “Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient
 “Nursing is a process of action, reaction and in relation to the environment, and it is the
interaction by which nurse and client share process of the understanding of consciousness.”
information about their perception in a nursing  “The theory of health as expanding
situation” and “a process of human interactions consciousness was stimulated by concern for
between nurse and client whereby each those for whom health as the absence of disease
perceives the other and the situation, and or disability is not possible . . . “
through communication, they set goals, explore  Nursing is regarded as a connection between the
means, and agree on means to achieve goals.” nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of
 Focuses on this process to guide and direct higher levels of consciousness.
nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH
hand-in-hand with their patients to meet good  Developed The Helping Art of Clinical
health goals. Nursing conceptual model.
 Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-  Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife
hand in communicating information, set goals experience as “People may differ in their concept of
nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is
together, and then take actions to achieve those
nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly
goals.
fashion.”
BETTY NEUMAN  Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and
 In Neuman’s System Model, she  defined specified four elements of clinical nursing:
nursing as a “unique profession in that is philosophy, purpose, practice, and art.
concerned with all of the variables affecting an  Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient’s
individual’s response to stress.” perceived need for help in a vision of nursing that
 The focus is on the client as a system (which indicates considerable importance on the art of
may be an individual, family, group, or nursing.
HISTORY OF NURSING THEORIES  In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of
 In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as
her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing they intertwine with scientific knowledge and
the patient’s environment to assist him in his nursing practice.
recovery.”
 In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing
scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through
the production of its own scientifically tested body of
knowledge.
 In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of
Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-
client relationship as the foundation of nursing
practice.
 In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the
nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to
gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs.
Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed.
 In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work
“Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted
the focus of nursing from a disease-centered
approach to a patient-centered approach.
 In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the
reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and
viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out
and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help.
 In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral
System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient
and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to
prevent illness.
 In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a
science and an art as it provides a way to view the
unitary human being, who is integral with the
universe.
 In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that
nursing care is required if the client is unable to
fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or
social needs.
 In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment
stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s
environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for
meeting goals towards good health.
 In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that
many needs exist, and each may disrupt client
balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the
system model of nursing practice.
 In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a
set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance
between these various stimuli.