2.

1 Mechanics - Ls 1 motion
Today’s lesson: Homework:
• Define vector and scalar’s
and solve problems.
• Determining instantaneous
Starter:
and average values for
Vector or scalar? Put into a table.
velocity, speed and
acceleration
• Solving problems using Mass, length, displacement, velocity
equations of motion for distance, energy, work, acceleration
uniform acceleration , power, force, speed, momentum
• Sketching and interpreting
motion graphs

Big Question:
How were the kinematic equations developed?
https://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/SeniorTopic3/3i/3i_4history_1.html
• Define vector and scalars and solve problems.

Scalars and vectors

Scalar: has a magnitude (size only).
Vector: has BOTH magnitude and direction.

Scalar Vector
Mass Displacement
Length Velocity
Distance Acceleration
Energy Force
Power Momentum

If you walked 4 m north, then 6m east what is

your total (resultant) displacement?
Can you draw it out?
•• Define
Define vector
vectorandand
scalar’s and solve
scalars problems.
and solve problems.

Vector diagrams
You can often be asked to draw vectors out, find the resultant vector in the
IB course, which means you should be comfortable with trigonometry and
Pythagoras theorem.

Have a go at finding X, once your done find out the hypotenuse.

• Define vector and scalars and solve problems.

Vector diagrams
• Define vector and scalars and solve problems.

Vector diagrams
• Define vector and scalars and solve problems.

Vector diagrams

a) 5.2cm a) 5 cm
b) 4.8cm b) 5.66cm
c) 3cm c) 6.32cm
d) 8.8cm d) 3.61cm
• Define vector and scalars and solve problems.

How fast are we going?

• Determining instantaneous and average values for velocity, speed and acceleration

Speed and velocity

Speed is a scalar it is measured in metres per second.
Velocity is a vector is is also measured in metres per second
but it is a vector as it also tells us the direction

Instantaneous vs average velocity.

• Average velocity is the total displacement over the total
time.
• Instantaneous velocity is how fast its going at that
moment in time in that direction.

The easiest way to think of the two is

by imagining a car’s speedometer.

Speed = distance velocity= displacement

time time
 Determining instantaneous
• Determining and average
instantaneous values forvalues
and average velocity,for
speed and acceleration
velocity, speed and acceleration

Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration = change of velocity

time

It is a vector quantity
It is measured in ms-2

We can calculate velocity,

acceleration, displacement and
time using the SUVAT equations.

S - displacement (m)
U - initial velocity (ms-1)
V - final velocity (ms-1)
A - acceleration (ms-2)
T - time (s)
 2.1 Mechanics - Ls 2 graphs of
Today’s lesson: Homework:
• Define vector and scalar’s
and solve problems.
• Determining instantaneous
and average values for
velocity, speed and
acceleration Starter:
• Solving problems using graphs of motion card sort
equations of motion for
uniform acceleration
• Sketching and interpreting
motion graphs

Big Question:
How were the kinematic equations developed?
https://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/SeniorTopic3/3i/3i_4history_1.html
• Sketching and interpreting motion graphs

Graphs of motion
• We use graphs in physics to give us a visual representation of
relationships.
• We have displacement time graphs, velocity time graphs and acceleration
time graphs.
• The time is always on the x axis.

Can you sort the cards so that they are interpreted correctly

• What is the gradient of a

displacement-time
displacement

acceleration
graph?
Velocity

• What is the gradient of a

velocity time graph?
• What is the area under a
velocity time graph
Time Time Time • What is the area under an
acceleration time graph
• Sketching and interpreting motion graphs

Graphs of motion
• Sketching and interpreting motion graphs

Graphs of motion
• What is the gradient of
a displacement-time
graph?
Velocity

• What is the gradient of

a velocity time graph?
Acceleration

• What is the area under

Constant displacement - green a velocity time graph?
Constant velocity - red Distance
Constant acceleration - blue
• What is the area under
an acceleration time
graph?
Change in velocity
• Sketching and interpreting motion graphs

Graphs of motion
The next lesson is going to be
spent in groups using the motion
sensors
and logger pro (type it into finder
to open on your laptops)

Try the different settings, can

you calculate the velocity using
Make sure you remember to use the start and
the gradient setting? stop button each time!

can you calculate the gradients.

can you recognise the different graphs?
• Sketching and interpreting motion graphs

Graphs of motion - tasks

need some more help or consolidation go
through these yourself at home

graphs of motion extra activities

• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT equations
These are our kinematic equations.

Motion equations for constant

acceleration!

s - displacement - m
u - initial velocity - ms-1
v - final velocity - ms-1
a - acceleration - ms-2
t - time taken - s
• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT practice
A car starts from rest and accelerates at 2 ms-2
How fast is it travelling when it has gone 100m?
Write down SUVAT then
plug in what you have.

S: 100m
U: 0 ms-1
V:
A: 2ms-2
T:

What are you trying to work

out? In this case it is v.

Sub in the numbers (you

may have to rearrange) and
solve!!!
• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT practice
A car starts from rest and accelerates at 2 ms-2
How fast is it travelling when it has gone 100m?
Write down SUVAT then
plug in what you have. v2 = 02 + 2 x 2 x 100
S: 100m
U: 0 ms-1
V:
v2 = 400
A: 2ms-2
T:
v = √400 = 20 ms-1
What are you trying to work
out? In this case it is v.

Sub in the numbers (you

may have to rearrange) and
solve!!!
not required: but how to derive the SUVAT
equations
•• Solving
Solving problems using equations
problems usingofequations
motion for uniform acceleration.
of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT example
1. A ball is dropped from a cliff top and takes 3.0s to reach the beach below.

Calculate (a) the height of the cliff,

(b) the velocity acquired by the ball.

(write out suvat, select equation, show working, state answer and unit, check
sig figs)

a) s= ut + ½ at2 b) v= u + at
S: ? = 0 + ½ 9.81 x 3.02 = 0 + 9.81 x 3.0
U: 0.0 ms-1
V: ? = 44.1m = 29.4 m s-1
A: 9.81ms-2 =44m (2sf) = 29 m s-1 (2sf)
T: 3.0 s
• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT example
2. A ball freely falls from rest with the acceleration due to
gravity of 9.8 m/s2. How far will the ball fall in (a) the first 1 s,
(b) the first 2.0 s?
(write out suvat, select equation, show working, state answer and unit, check
sig figs)

A) B)
s- ? s- ?
u-0 u-0
v-? v-?
a - 9.81 a - 9.81
t - 1s t - 2s

s=ut + ½ at2 s=ut + ½ at2

= 0x1 + ½ x 9.81 x 12 = 0x1 + ½ x 9.81 x 22
= 4.91 m = 19.6 m
= 4.9 m (2sf) = 20 m (2sf)
• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

Special cases to look out for

The case of free fall
An object undergoing free fall on the Earth has an acceleration of g = 9.81 m s-2.
Acceleration is a vector quantity (for this case) and g acts vertically downward.

If you throw it up and then let it fall back down

With this case the initial velocity would be positive, the final velocity
would be negative (they are in opposite directions)

Read the question carefully what would the displacement be?

Again remember as it goes back down it is going in the opposite
direction!
If it was caught at same height it would have a displacement of zero
•• Solving
Solving problems using equations
problems usingofequations
motion for uniform acceleration.
of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT practice
Have a go at the 15 SUVAT questions.
We will go through the first couple on the board.
 2.1 Mechanics - Ls 3 SUVAT
Homework:
finish suvat sheet
Today’s lesson:
• Solving problems using
equations of motion for Starter:
uniform acceleration. Entrance ticket: questions
• Determining the on motion graphs.
acceleration of free-fall
experimentally

Big Question:
• Solving problems using equations of motion for uniform acceleration.

SUVAT practice
Task A
Make 5 of your own questions and a mark scheme (use some
questions which exist already to help you)

Task B
Make some questions to which these are the answers:
1. V= 5.6ms-1
2. S=45m
3. a= 7.43ms-2
4. U = 2.1ms-1
5. T = 40s

Task C
Complete your notes in your booklet

Need some more help? have a go at the extra worksheet

worksheet
useful summary video on motion so far - especially
graphs
• Qualitatively describe the effect of fluid resistance on falling objects or projectiles including reaching
terminal speed.

The effects of air resistance

Generally when we think of fluids most people
What is a would assume a liquid, but gasses are also fluids.
fluid? Fluids have different viscosities (we don’t need to
know this) and this can affect the velocity of an
object moving through it
• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.
 The motion of a skydiver
Immediately jumps out plane After a few seconds reaches terminal velocity

Opens parachute After a while reaches terminal velocity

Draw a diagram showing the forces, describe the size, explain what this means in terms of motion. Draw a velocity-time graph of
this motion.
• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.

Velocity time graph of a skydiver

• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.

Galileo’s leaning tower of Pisa experiment

In 1589 the Italian scientist Galileo had dropped two
balls that were different masses from the Leaning
Tower of Pisa and observed that both hit the ground at
the same time. He did this to demonstrate that the time
of descent was independent of their mass.

An object moving solely under the influence of gravity

is said to be in free fall; near the surface of the Earth
such an object falls at an acceleration of 9.81 ms-2

Would this have

actually
happened?
• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.

Galileo’s leaning tower of Pisa experiment

In fact this would not have happened, some argue
that Galileo did not actually conduct the
experiment but he postulated it as a thought
experiment)

Galileo correctly reasoned that when an object falls

more slowly, it is due to air resistance.

So this was all hypothetical and a theory unless we

could prove this by conducting the experiment
somewhere where there was no atmosphere….
• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.
• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describe the effect
describe theofeffect
fluid resistance on falling objects
of fluid resistance on or projectiles
falling including
objects reaching terminal
or projectiles speed. reaching
including
terminal speed.
 2.1 Mechanics - Ls 4 projectile motion
Homework:
finish projectile motion worksheet

Today’s lesson:
• Analysing projectile motion
including the resolution of
Starter:
vertical and horizontal Where should the hunter
components of aim to hit the falling
acceleration, velocity and monkey?
displacement. why?
Discuss in your tables
• Practice projectile motion
questions.

Big Question:
The ideas of motion are fundamental to many areas of physics, providing a link to the
consideration of forces and their implication. The kinematic equations
for uniform acceleration were developed through careful observations of the natural world.
• Analysing projectile motion including the resolution of vertical and horizontal components of acceleration,
velocity and displacement.

The monkey and the hunter

The hunter should aim directly at
the monkey!

Why?
As the only force that is acting on the
bullet and the monkey is gravity

The constant acceleration due to

gravity affects both the monkey and
the bullet. So, the bullet will fall a little
bit below the initial aim trajectory.

By the time the bullet travels the

horizontal distance to reach the
branch, the monkey will have fallen
the same amount as the bullet in the
vertical direction, leading to impact.
• Analysing projectile motion including the resolution of vertical and horizontal components of
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

The monkey and the hunter

The speed of the bullet doesn’t
even matter in this case.

A faster bullet will hit the

monkey at a higher height
while a slower bullet will simply
meet the monkey closer to the
ground.

Because gravity imparts the

same acceleration (9.81ms-2)
on both objects, their vertical
positions will be always linked
if the hunter aims directly at the
monkey.
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Projectile motion
The bullet in the monkey and the
hunter is an example of projectile
motion.

What is a projectile?
A projectile is an object by which
gravity is the only force (of relevance)
acting upon it.

A projectile gives parabolic motion.

We neglect the effect of air

resistance at IB in our equations
but we will discuss this later
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

When looking at projectiles and its

motion we have to think about it in
terms of:
• Vertical component of velocity
• Horizontal component of
velocity

• Gravity influences the vertical motion of the projectile, causing vertical

acceleration.
• The horizontal motion of the projectile is the result of the tendency of any object in
motion to remain in motion at constant velocity.
• As there is no horizontal forces acting on the object the horizontal component of
velocity remains unchanged (uniform motion)

Key points:
• Vertical component of velocity changes.
• Horizontal component of velocity remains constant.
• Acceleration always acts down due to gravity at 9.81ms-2
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Good phet
simulation to play
around with:
● try different
masses
● initial speeds
● angles
● with and without
air resistance

have a look at
adding the velocity
components

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/projectile-motion/latest/proj
ectile-motion_en.html
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

We are going to look at 3 different

types of problem:
• Firing a projectile horizontally.
• Firing a projectile at an angle
• Firing a projectile from an
elevated angle
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Firing from a horizontal plane

300ms-1
A ball is fired at 300 ms-1 off a cliff of
50m. Where does it land?
50m +
1. Split into your two types of motion.
2. Fill in what you know.
3. What do we need to find out?

Vertical In this case it’s the horizontal distance.

Horizontal
component: To work this out we need to first
component
S : 50m calculate time.
U : 0 ms-1
V: 300ms-1
V: To do this we need to use the vertical
s:
A : -9.81 component and our SUVAT equations.
T:
T:
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

The only equation using: S, U, A, T is

300ms-1
s = ut + ½ at2

50m = 0t + ½ (-9.81)t2
50m +
50 = ½ (-9.81)t2 rearrange

√( (2 x 50) /9.81) = 3.19s

Then sub into your horizontal

Vertical
Horizontal component:
component:
component
S : 50m
V=d/t so d=v*t
U : 0 ms-1 -1
V: 300ms
V:
s: d= 300*3.19 = 957m
A : -9.81
T: 3.19s
T : 3.19s
Now this should only be to 1sf as the
question is to 1sf
957m ≈1000m
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

A plane needs to drop a package on an island.

It is travelling at 245 ms-1 at an altitude of 1050m.
At what distance from the island does the plane
need to drop the package for it to land on the
island?

Vertical Horizontal
S: -1050 s: ?
U: 0 V: 245 ms-1
V: ? T: ?
A: -9.81 ms-2
T: ?
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

A plane needs to drop a package on an island.

It is travelling at 245 ms-1 at an altitude of 1050m.
At what distance from the island does the plane
need to drop the package for it to land on the
island?

Vertical Horizontal Calculate time:

S= ut + ½ at2
S: -1050 s: ? Becomes s = ½ at2 since u=0
U: 0 V: 245 ms-1
V: ? T: ? t= =
A: -9.81 ms-2
T: ?
t= 14.6s (3.s.f)

So distance = v x t = 245 x 14.6 = 3577m

= 3580m
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Firing projectile at an angle

When we fire projectiles at an angle we still
have to split the velocity into their horizontal
and vertical components but this time we have
to take into consideration the angle at which
they are fired.

SOH
A ball is launched at 25ms-1 CAH
At an angle of 35° TOA
What are the vertical and horizontal
components?
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Firing projectiles at an angle

Calculating the maximum height.

Example 1; when it is launched from a

ground

A ball is kicked with a velocity of 12ms-1 at an

angle of 45° to the horizontal.
Find the maximum height it can reach.

Example 2: when it launched from a platform

A ball is launched off a platform 60m from the

ground at an angle of 53° what is the
maximum height? How long does it take and
how far does it land?
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Effect of air resistance

We neglect air resistance in our calculations but they may ask you to
draw the path however.

• You can see the height and range are less.

• It is also now not a parabola, as it is steeper on the decline than it was
on the way up.
• Analysingprojectile
Analysing projectile
motion
motion
including
including
the resolution
the resolution
of vertical
of vertical
and horizontal
and horizontal
components
components
of acceleration,
of
velocity and displacement.
acceleration, velocity and displacement.

Practice questions.
Have a go at the practice projectile motion questions sheet.

Show your working clearly and neatly, I will be marking this.

If you are struggling come and go through with me at the front or

watch the links to the projectile motion videos here:

• 20min step by step

• Khan academy part of a series
• Good lecture series part of a series. My personal favourite

extra questions
projectile motion worksheet
projectile motion answers
question
booklet link

question
booklet answers
link
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f6c4f1b86bbd9001c06180f/kinematics-review

self assessment - link on google classroom for own practice