ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3

BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan

Electrical Circuit I

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises and
drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero.
A closed loop is any continuous path that leaves a point in one direction and returns to
that same point from another direction without leaving the circuit.

∑V = 0

+E − V1 − V2 = 0
E = V1 + V2

Example (1): Determine the unknown voltages for the network

Solution:
+E1 − V1 − V2 − E2 = 0
16 − V1 − 4.2 − 9 = 0
V1 = 2.8 V

Example (2): Determine the unknown voltages for the network

Solution:
+E − 12 − Vx = 0
32 − 12 = Vx
Vx = 20 V

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

OR
Vx − 6 − 14 = 0
Vx = 20 V

Example (3): Find V1 and V2 for the network

Solution:
For path 1, starting at point a in a clockwise direction
+25 − V1 + 15 = 0
V1 = 40 V
For path 2, starting at point a in a clockwise direction
−20 − V2 = 0
V2 = −20 V

Example (4): For the circuit shown in the figure

a. Find RT.
b. Find I.
c. Find V1 and V2.
d. Find the power to the 4 Ω and 6 Ω resistors.
e. Find the power delivered by the source, and compare it to that dissipated
by the 4 Ω and 6 Ω resistors combined.
f. Verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law (clockwise direction)

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Solution:
a. R T = R1 + R 2 = 4 + 6 = 10 Ω
E 20
b. I = = =2A
RT 10

c. V1 = I R1 = 2 ∗ 4 = 8 V, V2 = I R 2 = 2 ∗ 6 = 12 V
V21 82 64 𝑉22 122 144
d. P4Ω = = = = 16 W, 𝑃6Ω = = = =1W
R1 4 4 R2 4 4

e. Pt = I ∗ E = 2 ∗ 20 = 40 W
f. 𝐸 − V1 − V2 = 0 → 20 − 8 − 12 = 0

Example (5): For the circuit of the figure

a. Determine V2 using Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
b. Determine I.
c. Find R1 and R3.

Solution:
a. E − V1 − V2 − V3 = 0
54 − 18 − V2 − 15 = 0
V2 = 21 V

V2 21
b. I = = =3A
R2 7
V1 18
c. R1 = = =6Ω
I 3

V2 15
R2 = = =5Ω
I 3

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering
and leaving an area, system, or junction is zero.
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I1 = I1 + I2
6=2+4

Example (6): Determine the currents I3 and I4 of the figure using Kirchhoff’s current
law.
Solution:
At a
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I1 + I2 = I3
2 + 3 = I3
I3 = 5 A
At b
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I3 + I5 = I4
5 + 1 = I4
I4 = 6 A

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Example (7): Determine I1, I3, I4, and I5 for the network of the circuit.
Solution:

At a

∑ Ientering = I = 5 A

At b
Since R1 & R 3 are in series connection, so I1 = I3
At c
Also R 2 & R 4 are in series connection, so I2 = I4 = 4 A
∑ Ileaving = I1 + I2

∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

5 = I1 + 4
I1 = 1 A
At d
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I3 + I4 = I5 → I5 = 4 + 1 = 5 A

Example (8): Determine I3, and I5 for the circuit.

Solution:
At a
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I1 + I2 = I3 → I3 = 4 + 3 = 7 A
At b
∑ Ientering = ∑ Ileaving

I3 = I4 + I5 → I5 = I3 − I4 = 7 + 1 = 6 A

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE

Voltage divider rule states that the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to
the value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements
divided by the total resistance of the series elements.
𝐄 ∗ 𝐑𝐱
𝐕𝐱 =
𝐑𝐓
where Vx is the voltage across Rx, E is the impressed voltage across the series elements,
and RT is the total resistance of the series circuit.

Example (9): Determine the voltage V1 for the network below.

Solution:
E ∗ R1 64 ∗ 20 1280
V1 = = = = 16 V
RT (20 + 60) 80

Example (10): Using the voltage divider rule, determine the voltages V1, V' and V3 for
the series circuit.
Solution:
E ∗ R1 45 ∗ 2 ∗ 103 45 ∗ 2 ∗ 103
V1 = = =
RT (2 + 5 + 8) ∗ 103 15 ∗ 103
90
V1 = =6V
15
E ∗ R3 45 ∗ 8 ∗ 103 45 ∗ 8 ∗ 103
V3 = = =
RT (2 + 5 + 8) ∗ 103 15 ∗ 103
360
V3 = = 24 V
15

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

′
E ∗ (R1 + R 2 ) 45 ∗ (5 + 2) ∗ 103 45 ∗ 7 ∗ 103 315
V = = = = = 21 V
RT (2 + 5 + 8) ∗ 103 15 ∗ 103 15
Example (11): Design the voltage divider of Figure such that VR1 = 4VR2
Solution :
Since the circuit connection is series
E 20
RT = = −3
= 5 ∗ 103 Ω = 5 kΩ
I 4 ∗ 10
Since VR1 = 4VR2
I ∗ R1 = 4 ∗ I ∗ R 2
R1 = 4 ∗ R 2 … … … … . . (1)
R T = R1 + R 2
5 = 4 ∗ R2 + R2
5 = 5*R 2
R 2 = 1 kΩ
Substituting the value of R 2 in equation (1);
R1 = 4 ∗ R 2 = 4 ∗ 1 = 4kΩ

DOUBLE-SUBSCRIPT NOTATION
The double-subscript notation Vab specifies point a as the higher potential. If this is not
the case, a negative sign must be associated with the magnitude of Vab.

SINGLE-SUBSCRIPT NOTATION
The single-subscript notation Va specifies the voltage at point a with respect to ground
(zero volts). If the voltage is less than zero volts, a negative sign must be associated with
the magnitude of Va.
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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Vab = Va − Vb
Va = 10 V , 𝑉𝑏 = 4 V
Vab = 10 − 4 = 6 V

Example (12): Find the voltage Vab for the conditions of the figure.
Solution:
Vab = Va − Vb = 16 − 20 = −4 V
Note the negative sign to reflect the fact that point b is at a higher potential than point
a.

Example (13): Find the voltage Vab for the configuration of the figure.
Solution:
Vab = Va − Vb = 20 − (−15) = 35 V

Example (14): Using the voltage divider rule, determine the voltages V1 and V2 of the
figure.
Solution: by using voltage divider rule
E1 ∗ R1 24 ∗ 4
V1 = = = 16 V
R1 + R 2 4 + 2
E1 ∗ R 2 24 ∗ 2
V2 = = =8V
R1 + R 2 4 + 2

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Example (15): For the network shown below,

a. Calculate Vab.
b. Determine Vb.
c. Calculate Vc
Solution: by using voltage divider rule
E∗R1 10∗2
a. Vab = = =2V
R1 +R2 +R3 2+3+5

b. Vab = Va − Vb → Vb = Va − Vab = 10 − 2 = 8 V
c. Vc = ground potential = 0 V

CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

• For two parallel elements of equal value, the current will divide equally.
• For parallel elements with different values, the smaller the resistance, the greater
the share of input current.
• For parallel elements of different values, the current will split with a ratio equal
to the inverse of their resistor values.
𝐈 ∗ 𝐑𝐓
𝐈𝐱 =
𝐑𝐱
Example (16): Determine the current I2 for the network of the figure using the current
divider rule.
Solution:
Is ∗ R T
I2 =
R2
R1 ∗ R 2 4∗8
R T = R1 //R 2 = = = 2.67 kΩ
R1 + R 2 4 + 8
Is ∗ R T 6 ∗ 2.67
I2 = = =2A
R2 8

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Example (17): Find the current I1 for the network of the figure.
Solution:
R1 ∗ R 2 6 ∗ 24
R x = R1 //R 2 = = = 4.8 Ω
R1 + R 2 6 + 24
Rx ∗ R3 4.8 ∗ 48
R T = R x //R 3 = = = 4.36 Ω
R x + R 3 4.8 + 48
I ∗ R T 42 ∗ 4.36 ∗ 10−3
I1 = = = 30.52 mA
R1 6

Example (18): Determine the magnitude of the currents I1, I2, and I3 for the network
of the figure
Solution:
R1 ∗ R 2 2∗4
R T = R1 //R 2 = = = 1.3 Ω
R1 + R 2 2 + 4

I ∗ R T 12 ∗ 1.3
I1 = = = 7.8 A
R1 2
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law;
I = I1 + I2 → I2 = I − I1 = 12 − 8 = 4 A
I3 = I1 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 12 A

OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS

• An open circuit can have a potential difference (voltage) across its terminals, but
the current is always zero amperes.
• A short circuit can carry a current of a level determined by the external circuit,
but the potential difference (voltage) across its terminals is always zero volts.

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Example (19): Determine the voltage Vab for the network

Solution:
The open circuit requires that I be zero amperes. The voltage drop across both resistors
is therefore zero volts since V =IR = (0)R = 0 V. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law
around the closed loop;
E − Vab = 0 → Vab = E = 20 V

Example (20): Determine the voltages Vab and Vcd for the network

Solution:
The current through the system is zero amperes due to the open circuit, resulting in a 0-
V drop across each resistor. Voltage Vab is then directly across the 10 V battery, and
Vab = E1 = 10 V
The voltage Vcd requires an application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

E1 − E2 − Vcd = 0 → Vcd = 10 − 30 = −20 V

Example (21): Calculate the current I and the voltage V for the network
Solution:

E 18
I= = = 3.6 mA ; V = E = 18 V
R1 5

Example (21): Determine V and I for the network if a short jumper is placed on R2

Solution:
The current through the R3 resistor is zero due to the open circuit, causing all the
current I to pass through the jumper. Since V3 =IR = (0)R =0 V, the voltage V is directly
across the short, and
𝑉 = 0;
E 6
I= = =3A
R1 2

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

Homework:
1. Determine the current I and the voltage V1 for the network using Kirchhoff law

2. Find the unknown resistance using the voltage divider rule and the information
provided for the circuit s of the figure.

3. Given the information appearing in Fig. 5.88, find the level of resistance for R1 and
R3.

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ALESRAA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LECTURE 3
BIOMEDICAL ENGINERRRING Asst. Lect. Salwa Marwan
Electrical Circuit I

4. Using Kirchhoff’s current law, determine the unknown currents for the network.

5. Find the unknown quantities using the information provided for the network

6. For the network of the figure, determine

a. the short-circuit currents I1 and I2.
b. the voltages V1 and V2.
c. the source current Is

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