Chapter 9

Material Models

ANSYS AUTODYN

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Material Models
Material Models in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS) Training Manual

AUTODYN
Equation of State
Strength Model
Failure Model

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Material Models
AUTODYN Material Models Training Manual

• An AUTODYN material model consists of 3 components

– Equation of State (EOS)
– Strength Model Models Also Available in
Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)
– Failure Model
EOS Strength Failure

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Material Models
AUTODYN Additional Material Models Training Manual

• Ideal Gas Equation of State • Orthotropic Materials

• Two Phase Equation of State – Orthotropic Solids

– Composite Shells
• SESAME Tables
• High Explosives (HE)
• Cumulative Damage Model
– Detonation
• Beam Resistance Model – Expansion of detonation
products (gases)
• Fragment Analyzer – After-burn
– Ignition and Growth
• Rigid Materials (specification is
different in AUTODYN) • Slow-burning Explosives
• User Material Models

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Material Models
Ideal Gas Equation of State Training Manual

• Energy dependant EOS

P = (γ −1)ρe +
γ = ideal gas constant, Gamma
ρ = density,
e = specific internal energy

• Adiabatic Constant, C
– Enter non-zero value to calculate adiabatic
response

P/ργ = C
• Pressure shift
– Lets you subtract atmospheric pressure

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Material Models
Two Phase Equation of State Training Manual

• Used to model the expansion and vaporization of superheated liquids

– e.g. a reactor coolant

• Used together with a compression EOS

• A Gruneisen EOS is used for the single phase region

– Saturation curve is the reference curve

• The saturation curve for the material is defined in user subroutine EXTAB
– The saturation curve for water is provided with AUTODYN

Pressure Single phase

Vapour region

Single phase
Liquid region

Two phase
Liquid and Vapour region
Specific Volume

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Material Models
Sesame Library Training Manual

• The Sesame library is not an EOS but a table

format for storing state data
– Contains data for over 200 materials including
metals, minerals, polymers and mixtures
– Most of the tables have data for very wide
ranges of density and internal energy, but were
developed for particular applications where a
particular range was required

– Use with caution

• The Sesame Library is US export-controlled

– Not included in standard distribution

– Library can be obtained from ANSYS if

required permissions are provided

– Can also be obtained directly from LANL

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Material Models
Cumulative Damage Failure Model Training Manual

• Allows progressive degradation of the strength of a material

•

• Early model developed to represent brittle materials under crushing

– Predates the Johnson-Holmquist Model

• First developed using User Subroutines

– Good example of the effective combination of multiple user subroutines

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Material Models
Beam Resistance Model Training Manual

• Strength data for the beam-resistance model is

defined using four 10 point piecewise linear
curves

– Axial Force vs. Axial Strain along axis 11

– Moment vs. Curvature about axis 11
– Moment vs. Curvature about axis 22
– Moment vs. Curvature about axis 33

• Load-deflection data from experiments on

reinforced concrete beams fed directly into beam
resistance model to obtain realistic structural
response

• There is no inter-dependence between the four

piecewise curves defining the axial, torsional and
bending response of the elements

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Material Models
Beam Resistance Model Training Manual

• Example: 1/3 Scale Pullover

Tests

– Experiment
• Failure Load: 86kN ± 4KN

– Simulation
• Failure Load: 83kN ± 5KN

Courtesy of AWE (A), UK

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Material Models
Fragment Analyzer Training Manual

• View and Tabulate the fragments formed during an analysis

• Example: Out-of-barrel Bullet Deflagration

Courtesy Sandia National Lab.

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Material Models
Rigid Materials Training Manual

• Select “EOS Rigid” in the standard

material input
• Fill any Unstructured Part with a rigid
material
– Not available for Structured Parts
• Elements filled with a Rigid material will
act as a single rigid body with mass /
inertia
• Mass / inertia is defined by
– Material density and volume of filled
elements
– Explicitly in the material definition
• You can use more that one Rigid material
to define multiple rigid bodies
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Material Models
Rigid Materials Training Manual

• Example: 3D Oblique Impact

Deformable Projectile Rigid Projectile

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Material Models
Rigid Materials Training Manual

• Example: Sheet Metal Forming

– Rigid Punch and Die

– Unstructured Shell (Quad dominant)

Work Piece

Punch
Work Piece

Die
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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• AUTODYN has extensive capabilities for modeling orthotropic materials

under a wide range of loading conditions
– Orthotropic linear-elastic response (structural loading)
• Orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix
– Linear volumetric response

– Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-linear equation of state

(transient shock loading)
• Modified orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix
– Non-linear volumetric response

– Orthotropic plasticity
• Generalized quadratic plasticity surface

– Orthotropic failure
• Damage model
• Brittle Failure
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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Use Orthotropic EOS, Yield and Softening models to obtain fully response

Orthotropic EOS
Orthotropic Yield

Orthotropic Softening

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Orthotropic materials are represented using solid continuum elements

Represented by a continuum with

equivalent orthotropic material
Laminated Composite OR properties - individual layers not
represented explicitly

3
2
1

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Orthotropic Linear-elastic Response

– Linear Equation of State implicitly assumed for the
volumetric response

C S = C-1 =
=

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-

linear equation of state
– Polynomial
– Shock
– Porous

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Orthotropic Plasticity
– Uses Generalized quadratic plasticity surface

f (σ ij ) = a11σ 11
2
+ a22σ 22
2
+ a33σ 33
2
+ 2a12σ 11σ 22 +
2a23σ 22σ 33 + 2a13σ 11σ 33 + 2a44σ 23
2
+
2a55σ 31
2
+ 2a66σ 12
2
=k

– Shape of the surface defined by coefficients, aij

– Hardening defined by the parameter, k

– General form reduces to

• Hills orthotropic yield function

• Von-mises yield function

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Orthotropic Failure : Brittle Failure

– Three orthotropic brittle failure initiation

models are available
• Material Stress
• Material Strain
• Material Stress / Strain
– These allow different tensile and shear
failure stresses and/or strains to be
specified for each of the principal
material directions

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

– The failure initiation criteria (surfaces) for this model are

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

– Once failure is initiated, a damage tensor is computed and used to soften
the failure surfaces

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Static Tensile Test results for KEVLAR®-epoxy

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Example: Impact of a fragment onto a GFRP target

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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Layered Composite Shells

– Intended for thin composite structures
under structural (rather than shock) type
loading
– Layered composite shells are defined
during the “Fill” of the shell part
• Select the Composite button
• Lay-up’s are applied to the mesh
along with the normal initial
conditions
– Any number of lay-up’s can be defined,
stored and selected
• Each layer can be an isotropic or
orthotropic material
– For orthotropic materials, you
must specify the 11 direction
• Each layer is assigned a thickness
• Each layer can be viewed
independently
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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Layered Composite Shells

– Material models
• Models compatible with standard shells can be applied to
individual layers of composite shell elements
• Orthotropic material models can also be used
– Material directions need to be define
• Tsai-Wu, Hoffman and Tsai-Hill failure criteria can be applied
– Including both compressive and tensile failure strengths
– Bulk failure only
– Material Directions
• 11 and 22 always in plane of shell
• 33 always through thickness
• Material Axes Options
– I-J-K (recommended)
• Default 11 : direction of increasing K lines
• Set θ to rotate 11 about centre of element
• 22 always perpendicular to 11 in plane of element
– X-Y-Z
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Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual

• Example: Bird Strike on Aircraft Wing (Composite Shell used for wing)

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Material Models
High Explosives Training Manual

• Detonation process
– Burn on time

• Initiation points / planes

– Burn on compression

• Not recommended

– Insufficient physics

– Use ignition and growth model instead

• Expansion of detonation products (gases)

– JWL Equation of State (Jones, Wilkins, Lee)

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Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Process Training Manual

• Burn on Time
– Detonation is initiated at a node or plane
(user defined)
Detonation Fronts
– Detonation front propagates at the
Detonation Velocity, D T2
T1
– Cell begins to burn at time T1
Cell
– Burning is complete at time T2
S1
– Chemical energy is released linearly from T1
to T2 S2
• Burn fraction increases from 0.0 to 1.0 over
this time Initiation Node
– Element Variable alpha
–
T1 = S1 / D
= -T1, T<T1
= Burn fraction, T>T1
T2 = S2 / D
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Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Process Training Manual

• Burn on Time
– Direct Path detonation
• Detonation paths are computed by calculating a straight line from the detonation
node to each cell center (not necessarily through explosive regions)

– Indirect Path detonation

• Detonation paths are computed by finding either a direct path through explosive
regions or by following straight line segments connecting centres of cells containing
explosives

Good use of direct

path detonation

Bad use of direct

path detonation

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Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Process Training Manual

• Burn On Time
– Indirect path with multiple initiation points
• Detonation in the shadow zone is calculated accurately only if point #2 is defined

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Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Paths Training Manual

Direct Path

Indirect Path
1 det. point

Indirect Path
2 det. points

Indirect Path
3 det. points

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Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual

• JWL EOS
– Used to model the rapid expansion of high explosive
detonation products (gases)
– The JWL EOS is empirical and the data required is log p
derived from fitting numerical experiments to
physical experiments
– Data for a wide range of high explosives is available
– The pressure for the expanding gas is given by

⎛ ωη ⎞ ⎛ ωη ⎞
R1 R2 log v
− −
P = A ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟e η
+ B⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟e η
+ ωρ e
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R2 ⎠
– where A, B, R1, R2, ω are empirically derived
constants and ρ = density, ρ0 = reference density, η
= ρ / ρ0, e = specific internal energy

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Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual

• JWL EOS
– Input parameters include
• EOS parameters

• Detonation Velocity

• Chemical Energy / unit volume

– Data for most High Explosives are

included in the standard material
library distributed with AUTODYN

– Burn on compression fraction and

Pre-burn bulk modulus
• Not recommended, leave zero

– Auto-convert to Ideal Gas

• Recommended for accuracy

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Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual

• JWL EOS – Miller Extension

– Non-ideal explosives, containing Aluminum (Al) or Ammonium Perchlorate (AP)
can release substantial amount of energy from burning Al and AP particles
after detonation

– Miller extension models this energy release

ω ω ω( E + λQ)
P = A(1 − )e−R1V + B(1 − )e−R2V +
R1V R2V V

dλ
= a(1 − λ )m Pn
dt
where
Q= additional specific energy,
a = energy release constant,
m= energy release exponent,
n = pressure exponent
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Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual

• JWL EOS - Energy release extension

– Thermobaric explosives produce more
explosive energy than conventional
explosives
• Typically achieved by inclusion of Aluminum

• Undergoes combustion with atmospheric

oxygen after detonation (after-burning)

– Additional Energy option in JWL EOS lets

you model this time-dependent energy
release
• Energy deposition over specific
time interval

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Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual

• JWL EOS - Energy release extension

– Effect of adding 2.15MJ/kg between 0.12 and 0.55 msec. to a spherical
charge of 10kg TNT

– Longer pulse duration and increased impulse

14000 700

12000 600

10000 TNT + additional Energy 500

Pressure (KPa)

TNT

Impulse (Pa S)
8000 400

6000 300

4000 200 TNT + additional energy

TNT
2000 100

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time (ms) Time (ms)

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Material Models
High Explosives Training Manual

• Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth Model

– Equation of State used for High
Explosive (HE) initiation studies

– Assumes ignition starts at local hot

spots and grows outward from these
sites

– Consists of three basic parts:

• An equation of state for the inert

explosive (a choice between a
Shock form or a JWL form)

• JWL equation of state for the

reacted detonation products

• Reaction rate equation to describe,

ignition, growth and completion of
burning

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Material Models
High Explosives Training Manual

• Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth Model

– Example: Sympathetic Detonation

0.5 km/s 0.7 km/s 1.0 km/s

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Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives Training Manual

• Powder Burning Model

Numerical Cell
– Simulates combustion of materials where of Volume V
dominant physical characteristic is deflagration
(incendiary devices, munitions)
– Two phase model
• Gas and solid present in a cell at the same
time
• Solid Phase: Linear/Compaction EOS
• Gas Phase: JWL/Exponential
– Burn velocity, c, dependant on gas pressure, Pg Solid Particles Gas

– Burn rate dependent on gas pressure , Pg and

burn fraction, F

– Formulation: A Atwood, EK Friis and JF Moxnes, A

Mathematical Model for Combustion of Energetic
Powder Materials, 34th International Annual
Conference of ICT, June 24-27, 2003, Karlsruhe
Federal Republic of Germany
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Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives Training Manual

• Powder Burn Model Model

– Example: Sabot and projectile
inside gun chamber

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Material Models
Material Libraries Training Manual

• A collection of published material

models and data is supplied with
AUTODYN
• Accessed through ‘Material’, ‘Load’
• Materials can be sorted by Name, EOS,
Strength or failure model
• All materials have an EOS defined,
most a strength model and only a few
have a failure model defined
• You can add to or modify data in the
supplied library or create new libraries
• Data is converted into current units
when it is retrieved

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Material Models
What Material Models to use? Training Manual

• How do we choose a set of material modelling options for a particular

material ?
– In terms of material itself, it is relatively easy to identify the basic category
that a material lies in
• Liquid or Solid?
• Isotropic or Anisotropic/Orthotropic ?
• Inert or Reactive?
• Porous or Not ?
• Ductile or Brittle ?
• Pressure Dependant Strength (cohesive) or not ?
– The actual set of models used however are highly dependant on the
application and the available material data
– Start with simple models and progress, as required, to more complex
models
• Lets you understand how parameters influence response and which
parameters are critical for good results

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Material Models
User Subroutines for Material Modeling Training Manual

• Modularized Material Modeling Routines let you:

– Build an input GUI

– Check the consistency of input parameters
– Map input parameters to solver parameters
– Write the solver equations

• Written in Fortran 90

MDEOS_USER_1 Equation of state

MDSTR_USER_1 Strength (Yield and/or Shear) Model

MDFAI_USER_1 Failure criteria

MDERO_USER_1 Erosion criteria

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Material Models

Training Manual

• Example Layout : Strength Model

– Module STR_USER_1
• Declare scalar and array variables used in the
model here

– INIT_STR_USER_1
• Define input parameters and create a menu to
read them in

– SET_STR_USER_1
• Copy input parameters to solver scalar/array
variables

– CHECK_STR_USER_1
• Check that input parameters are valid

– SOLVE_STR_USER_1
• Strength model solver
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Material Models
Global and Material Erosion Training Manual

• Erosion is a numerical mechanism for the

automatic removal (deletion) of elements during a
simulation.
– Removes very distorted elements before they become
inverted (degenerate).
– Ensures time step remains reasonably large.
– Ensures solutions can continue to the End Time.
– Can be used to allow simulation of material fracture, cutting
and penetration

• In Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS), an erosion model can be

specified globally
– Covered in the Explicit Dynamics training course

• In AUTODYN, an Erosion model can be specified for

each material
– Erosion is not a physical effect (or material property). It is a
mechanism to combat mesh distortion

• There are five options available to initiate erosion

of elements in AUTODYN
– Geometric Strain
– Plastic Strain
– Timestep
– Failure
– User Erosion
• Program user subroutine EXEROD

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